Abstract
The evaluation of exposure is an integral part of risk assessment for product safety and regulatory assessment purposes. The purpose of this document is to review the rationales for the possible approaches, the available methods of pesticide exposure assessment and to provide guidance on the determination of exposure to, and absorption of, pesticides by operators, workers and bystanders. The assessment of exposure to bystanders in the indoor environment is beyond the scope of this guidance document. A set of guidelines is appended and further detailed information on the proposed methods can be obtained from published guidelines and references given in this document. The guidance may be useful also to those investigators involved in post-registration surveillance or routine monitoring of exposure to pesticides. The guidance is provided essentially for the measurement of exposure and absorbed dose for quantitative risk assessment. It is not intended to cover biological effect monitoring which may be used as an adjunct to exposure or absorbed dose measurement.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott, I.M., Bonsall, J.L., Chester, G., Hart, T.B., and Turnbull, G.J., 1987, Worker exposure to a herbicide applied with ground sprayers in the United Kingdom, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48: 167–175.
Alessio, L., Bolin, A., Dell’Orto, A., Toffoletto, F., and Ghezzio, I., 1985, Reliability of urinary creatinine as a parameter used to adjust values of urinary biological indicators, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 55: 99–106.
Berkow, S.G., 1931, Value of surface area proportions in the prognosis of cutaneous burns and scalds, Amer. J. Surg. 11: 315–317.
Chester, G., Dick, J., Loftus, N.J., Woollen, B.H., and Anema, B.H., 1990, The effectiveness of protective gloves in reducing dermal exposure to, and absorption of, the herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl by mixer-loader-applicators using tractor sprayers, 7th. Int. Congr. of Pesticide Chemistry, Vol III, p. 378, IUPAC.
Curry, P., and Iyengar, S., 1992, Comparison of exposure assessment guidelines for pesticides, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 129: 79–93.
Davis, J.E., 1980, Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: Personal monitoring, Residue Rev. 75: 35–50.
Durham, W.F., and Wolfe, H.T., 1962, Measurement of the exposure of workers to pesticides, Bull. WHO 26: 75–91.
Fenske, R.A., 1987, Assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides: a comparison of the patch technique and video-imaging/fluorescent tracer technique, in: Sixth International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry IUPAC, 579–82.
GIFAP, Groupement International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochemiques, 1990. Monitoring studies in the assessment of field worker exposure to pesticides. Technical Monograph No. 14, Bruxelles, Belgium.
Henderson, P.Th., Brouwer, D.H., Opdam, J.J.G., Stevenson, H., and Stouten, J.Th.J., 1993, Risk assessment for worker exposure to agricultural pesticides: Review of a workshop, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 37 (5): 499–507.
Lewis, R.G., 1976, Sampling and analysis of airborne pesticides in air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes, R.E. Lee Jr., ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Mull, R., and McCarthy, J.F., 1986, Guidelines for conducting mixer-loader-applicator studies, Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 28 (4): 328–336.
NACA, National Agricultural Chemicals Association, 1985, Guidelines for Conducting Biological Monitoring - Applicator Exposure Studies, NACA
Washington, D.C. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992, GLP Consensus Document. The Application of the GLP Principles to Field Studies, Environment Monograph No. 50, OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring No. 6.
Peoples, S.A., and Knaak, J., 1982, Monitoring pesticide blood cholinesterase and analysing blood and urine for pesticides and their metabolites in pesticide residues and exposure, in: ACS Symp. Series No. 182:41–57
J.R. Plimmer, ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. PHED, 1992, Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Welfare Canada, National Agricultural Chemicals Association.
Popendorf, W.J., and Leffingwell, J.T., 1982, Regulating organophosphate pesticide residues for farmworker protection, Residue Rev. 82: 125–201.
Thongsinthusak, T., Ross, J.H., and Meinders, D., 1993, Guidance for the preparation of human pesticide exposure documents, HS-1612, May 4, California Environmental Protection Agency, Worker Health and Safety Branch.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision U, Applicator Exposure Monitoring, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
Van Dyk, L.P., and Visweswariah, K., 1975, Pesticides in air: Sampling methods, Residue Rev. 55: 91–134.
Van Heemstra-Lequin, E.A.H., and Van Sittert, N.J., eds, 1986, Biological monitoring of workers manufacturing, formulating and applying pesticides, Tox. Lett. 33:1–236, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Vincent, J.H., and Mark, D., 1987, Comparison of criteria for defining inspirable aerosol and the development of appropriate samplers, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48: 451–457.
Wang, R.G.M., Franklin, C.A., Honeycutt, R.C., and Reinert, J.C., 1989, “Biological Monitoring for Pesticide Exposure: Measurement, Estimation and Risk Reduction”, ACS Symp. Series No. 382, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Wolfe, H.R., 1976, Field exposure to airborne pesticides, in: Air Pollution from Pesticides and Agricultural Processes, R.E. Lee, Jr., ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Woollen, B.H., 1993, Biological monitoring for pesticide absorption, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 37 (5): 525–540.
World Health Organization, 1975, Survey of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture. Standard Protocol, VBC/75. 9, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization, 1982, Field surveys of exposure to pesticides. Standard Protocol, VBC/82. 1, WHO, Geneva.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chester, G. (1995). The Conduct of Field Studies to Evaluate the Exposure of Operators, Workers, and Bystanders to Pesticides. In: Curry, P.B., Iyengar, S., Maloney, P.A., Maroni, M. (eds) Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment. NATO · Challenges of Modern Society, vol 19. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0973-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0973-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0975-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0973-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive