Skip to main content

Abstract

Many lines of evidence suggest that behavioral and neuroendocrine factors are related to cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Methods of testing cardiovascular autonomic function can provide an explanation to the relationship between behavioral factors and cardiovascular disease. Successful treatments can then be developed based on that knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Barger, A. C., & Cohen, R. J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science, 213, 220–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, T., Hosking, D. J., & Hampton, J. R. (1975). Cardiovascular control in diabetes mellitus. British Medical Journal, 2, 585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, T., Hosking, D. J., & Hampton, J. R. (1976). Baroreflex sensitivity and responses to the Valsalva maneuver in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Neurology, Neu-rosurgery, and Psychiatry, 39, 178–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, T., Fentem, P. H., Fitton, D., Hampton, J. R., Hosking, D. J., & Riggott, P. A. (1977). Assessment of vagai control of the heart in diabetes: Measures of RR-interval variation under different conditions. British Heart Journal, 39, 25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, T., Farquhar, I. K., Hosking, D. J., & Hampton, J. R. (1978). Assessment of methods for estimating autonomic nervous control of the heart in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 27, 1167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. F., & Schonfield, A. (1962). Diminished pain in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Geriatrics, 17, 322–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, J. D., Honour, A. J., Pickering, B.W., Sleight, P., & Smyth, H. S. (1969). Diminished baroreflex sensitivity in high blood pressure. Circulation, 39, 48–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E., Goei, J., Greenfield, A. D. M., & Plassaras, G. (1966). Circulatory responses to simulated gravitational shifts of blood in man induced by exposure of the body below the iliac crests to sub-atmospheric pressure. Journal of Physiology (London), 183, 607–627.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D., Sundlof, G., & Wallin, B. G. (1977). Postural effects on muscle nerve sympathetic activity in man. Journal of Physiology (London), 272, 399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N. J. (1979). Catecholamines and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 16, 211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, B. F., Ewing, D. J., & Campbell, I. W. (1979). Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetologia, 17, 195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer, P. E. (1976). Isotope derivative measurement of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine in man. Diabetes, 25, 1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cryer, P. E. (1980). Physiology and pathophysiology of the human sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine system. New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeQuattro, V., Sullivan, P., Minagawa, R., Kopin, I., Bornheimer, J., Foti, A., & Barndt, R. (1984). Central and peripheral noradrenergic tone in primary hypertension. Federation Proceedings, 43, 47–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimsdale, J. E. (1984). Generalizing from laboratory studies to field studies of human stress physiology. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46(5), 463–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, E. D., Samols, E., Waite, L. C., & Pfeifer, M. A. (1987). Development of a method to determine autonomic nervous system function in the rat. Metabolism, 36(2), 193–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dysberg, T., Benn, J., Sandahl-Christiansen, J., Hilsted, J., & Nerup, J. (1981). Prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy measured by simple bedside tests. Diabetologia, 20, 190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckberg, D. L. (1979). Carotid baroreflex function in young men with borderline blood pressure elevation. Circulation, 59, 632–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckberg, D. (1980). Parasympathetic cardiovascular control in human disease: A critical review of methods and results. American Journal of Physiology, 239, H581–H593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckberg, D. L., Cavanaugh, M. S., Mark, A. L., & Abboud, F. M. (1975). A simplified neck suction device for activation of carotid baroreceptors. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 85, 167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernsting, J., & Parry, D. J. (1957). Some observations on the effects of stimulating the stretch receptors in the carotid artery of man. Journal of Physiology (London), 137, 45P–46P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. I., Halter, J. B., & Porte, D., Jr. (1978). Comparison of double and single isotope enzymatic derivative methods for measuring catecholamines in human plasma. Clinical Chemistry (New York), 24, 567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J. (1978). Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic neuropathy. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 55, 321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J. (1984). Cardiac autonomic neuropathy. In R. J. Jarrett (Ed.), Diabetes and heart disease (p. 122). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J., Irving, J. B., Ken, F., Wildsmith, J. A. W., & Clarke, B. F. (1974). Cardiovascular responses to sustained handgrip in normal subjects and subjects with diabetes mellitus. A test of autonomic function. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 46, 295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J., Campbell, I. W., Murray, A., Neilson, J. M. M., & Clarke, B. F. (1978). Immediate heart rate response to standing: Simple test for autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. British Medical Journal, 1, 145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J., Campbell, I. W., & Clarke, B. F. (1980a). Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Annals of Internal Medicine, 92 (Pt. 22), 308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J., Campbell, I. W., & Clarke, B. F. (1980b). The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 49, 95–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, D. J., Borsey, D. Q., Bellavere, F., & Clarke, B. F. (1981). Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: comparison of measure of RR-interval variation. Diabetologia, 21, 18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, B., Kushner, H., Gaddo, O., & Angelakos, S. (1981). Cardiovascular characteristics in adolescents who develop essential hypertension. Hypertension, 3, 521–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, A., Gordon, F., & Mark, A. (1984). Impairment of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed low salt. American Journal of Physiology, 247, H119–H123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freyschuss, U. (1970). Cardiovascular adjustment to somatomotor activation. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplementum, 342, 1–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, H. S., Sacerdote, A., Bandu, I., Jubay, F., Herrera, A. G., Vasavada, B. C., & Bleicher, S. J. (1984). Abnormalities of the cardiovascular response to cold pressor test in Type I diabetes. Correlation with blood glucose control. Archives of Internal Medicine, 144, 43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gash, A., Karliner, J. S., Janowsky, D., & Lake, C. R. (1978). Effects of smoking marijuana on left ventricular performance and plasma norepinephrine. Studies in normal men. Annals of Internal Medicine, 89, 448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hague, R., Scarpello, J., Sladen, G., & Cullen, D. (1978). Autonomic function tests in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Metabolism, 4, 227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, M., & Rodbard, S. (1979). Effect of posture on arterial pressures, timing of the arterial sounds and pulse wave velocities in the extremities. Cardiology, 64, 122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herd, J. (1984). Cardiovascular disease and hypertension. In W. D. Gentry (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 222–279). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilsted, J. (1982). Pathophysiology in diabetic autonomic neuropathy: Cardiovascular, hormonal, and metabolic studies. Diabetes, 31, 730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilsted, J., Madsbad, S., Krarup, T., Sestoft, L., Christensen, N. J., Tronier, B., & Galbo, H. (1981). Hormonal, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes, 30, 626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilsted, J., Christensen, N. J., & Madsbad, S. (1983). Whole body clearance of norepinephrine. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 71, 500–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, A. P., & Bouman, L. N. (1975). Cardiac acceleration in man elicited by a muscle-heart reflex. Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, 272–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking, D. J., Bennett, T., & Hampton, J. R. (1978). Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes, 27, 1043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, K. M., & Cooper, T. (1974). The denervated heart. New England Journal of Medicine, 290, 1017–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, K., & Brooks, C. (1980). The autonomic nervous system and its role in controlling body functions. In V. Mountcastle (Ed.), Medical physiology (Vol. I). St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollai, M., & Koizumi, K. (1979). Reciprocal and nonreciprocal action of the vagai and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart. Journal of Autonomic Nervous System Function, 1, 33–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kollai, N. M., & Koizumi, K. (1981). Cardiovascular reflexes and interrelationships between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Journal of Autonomic Nervous System Function, 4, 135–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, J., Cote, J., Tobin, M., & Labrie, A. (1979). Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascular responses to cold and mental activity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 47, 1207–1211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leon, D. F., Shaver, J. A., & Leonard, J. J. (1970). Reflex heart rate control in man. American Heart Journal, 80, 729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, A. B. (1966). A simple test of cardiac function based upon the heart rate changes induced by the Valsalva manoeuvre. American Journal of Cardiology, 18, 90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Mostyn, R. H., & Watkins, P. J. (1975). Defective innervation of heart in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. British Medical Journal, 3, 15–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Mostyn, R. H., & Watkins, P. J. (1976). Total cardiac denervation in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes, 25, 748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancia, G., Ludbrook, J., Ferrari, A., Gregorini, L., & Zanchetti, A. (1978). Baroreceptor reflexes in human hypertension. Circulation Research, 43, 170–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., Kaplan, J. R., & Clarkson, T. B. (1983). Behaviorally induced heart rate reactivity and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45(2), 95–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, A., Victor, R. G., Nerhed, C., & Wallin, B. G. (1985). Microneurographic studies of the mechanisms of sympathetic nerve responses to static exercise in humans. Circulation Research, 57, 461–469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metz, S., Halter, J., & Robertson, R. P. (1980). Sodium salicylate potentiates neurohumoral responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 51, 93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passon, P. G., & Peuler, J. D. (1973). A simplified radiometric assay for plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. Analytical Biochemistry, 51, 618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, M. A., & Peterson, H. (1987). Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. In P. J. Dyck, P. K. Thomas, A. K. Asbury, A. I. Winegrad, & D. Porte (Eds.), Diabetic neuropathy. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, M. A., Cook, D., Brodsky, J., Tice, D., Reenan, A., Swedine, S., Halter, J. B., & Porte, D., Jr. (1982). Quantitative evaluation of cardiac parasympathetic activity in normal and diabetic man. Diabetes, 31, 339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, M. A., Halter, J. B., Weinberg, C. R., Cook, D., Best, J., Reenan, A., & Porte, D., Jr. (1983). Differential changes of autonomic nervous system function with age in man. American Journal of Medicine, 75, 249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, M. A., Weinberg, C. R., Cook, D., Halter, J., & Porte, D., Jr. (1983). Sensitivity of RR-variation and the Valsalva ratio in the assessment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Clinical Research, 31, 394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pincomb, G. A., Lovallo, W. R., Passey, R. B., Whitsett, T. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Wilson, M. (1985). Effects of caffeine on vascular resistance, cardiac output, and myocardial contractility in young men. American Journal of Cardiology, 56, 119–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D., Johnson, F. A., Robertson, R. M., Nies, A. S., Shand, D. G., & Oates, J. A. (1979). Comparative assessment of stimuli that release neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in man. Circulation, 59, 637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D., Wade, D., Workman, R., Woosley, R. L., & Oates, J. A. (1981). Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 67, 1111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scher, A. M., Ohm, W. W., Bumgarner, K., Boynton, R., & Young, A. C. (1971). Sympathetic and parasympathetic control of heart rate in the dog, baboon, and man. Federation Proceedings, 31, 1219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, P. J., & Stone, H. L. (1985). The analysis and modulation of autonomic reflexes in the prediction and prevention of sudden death. In K. Zipes & D. Jalife (Eds.), Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, H. S., Sleight, P., & Pickering, G. W. (1969). Reflex regulation of arterial pressure during sleep in man. Circulation Research, 24, 109–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. T., Lowenthal, D. T., Porter, R. S., Falkner, B., Bravo, E., & Hare, T. (1984). Effects of nifedipine and verapamil on isometric and dynamic exercise on normal subjects. American Journal of Cardiology, 54, 386–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundkvist, G., Lilja, B., & Aimer, L. O. (1980). Abnormal diastolic blood pressure and heart rate reactions to tilting in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 19, 433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. E., Schirger, A., Fealey, R. D., & Sheps, S. G. (1981). Orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 56, 117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. K., & Eliasson, S. G. (1984). Diabetic neuropathy. In P. Dyck, P. K. Thomas, E. Lamber, & R. Bunge (Eds.), Peripheral neuropathy. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendsalu, A. (1960). Studies on adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, Supplementum, 173, 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrier, R., & Lown, B. (1984). Behavioral stress and cardiac arrhythmias. Annual Review of Physiology, 46, 155–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, C. R., & Pfeifer, M. A. (1984). An improved method for measuring heart rate variability: Assessment of cardiac autonomic function. Biometrics, 40, 855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, C. R., & Pfeifer, M. A. (1986). Development of a predictive model for symptomatic neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes, 35, 873–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, T., & Watkins, P. J. (1973). Cardiac denervation in diabetes. British Medical Journal, 4, 584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, M. G., Lake, C. R., & Kopin, I. J. (1977). The sympathetic nervous system defect in primary orthostatic hypotension. New England Journal of Medicine, 296, 293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dunlap, E.D., Pfeifer, M.A. (1989). Autonomic Function Testing. In: Schneiderman, N., Weiss, S.M., Kaufmann, P.G. (eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine. The Springer Series in Behavioral Psychophysiology and Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0908-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0906-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics