Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Individual Differences in Cardiovascular Response to Stress pp 165–186Cite as

The Role of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Hypertension Risk

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Individual Differences ((PIDF))

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the occurrence of cardiovascular hyperactivity in the prehypertensive state. In doing so, we will focus on studies of persons having a parental history of hypertension or who are borderline hypertensive. This discussion will examine interactions between behavioral challenges, cardiovascular reactivity, and hypertension risk. We also will present a model of hypertension in Chapter 14 that emphasizes cardiovascular hyperreactivity along with genetic risk of hypertension as factors leading to development of the disorder. Chapter 7 addressed racial differences in cardiovascular reactivity. Our goal is to evaluate the possibility that behavioral factors may influence the development of hypertension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, F. (1939). Emotional factors in essential hypertension: Presentation of a tentative hypothesis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1, 173–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. T., & Crowell, M. D. (1989). Patterns of autonomic response during laboratory Stressors. Psychophysiology, 26, 603–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. T., Lawler, K. T., Mitchell, V. P., Matthews, K. A., Rakaczky, C. J., & Jamison, W. (1987a). Type A behavior pattern, parental history of hypertension, and cardiovascular reactivity in college males. Health Psychology, 6, 113–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M. T., Obrist, P. A., Sherwood, A., & Crowell, M. D. (1987b). Evaluation of myocardial and peripheral vascular responses during reaction time, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Psychophysiology, 24, 648–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alli, C., Avanzini, F., DiTullio, M., Mariotti, G., Salmoirago, E., Taioli, E., & Radice, M. (1990). Left ventricular diastolic function in normotensive adolescents with different genetic risk of hypertension. Clinical Cardiology, 12, 115–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. A., Mahoney, L. T., Lauer, R. M., & Clarke, W. R. (1987). Enhanced forearm blood flow during mental stress in children of hypertensive parents. Hypertension, 10, 544–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, O. K., Beckman-Suurküla, M., Sannerstedt, R., Magnusson, M., & Sivertsson, R. (1989). Does hyperkinetic circulation constitute a pre-hypertensive stage?. Journal of Internal Medicine, 226, 401–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayman, P. (1934). Heredity in arteriolar (essential) hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine, 53, 792–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaney, R. H., & Eyman, R. K. (1988). Blood pressure at rest and during maximal dynamic and isometric exercise as predictors of systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 62, 1058–1061.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S., & Rose, R. M. (1973). Hypertension, peptic ulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 224, 489–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. H., & MacDonald, R. L. (1974). A selective review of central neural pathways involved in cardiovascular control. In P. A. Obrist, A. H. Black, J. Brener, & L. V. DiCara (Eds.), Cardiovascular psychophysiology: Current issues in response mechanisms, biofeedback and methodology (pp. 33–59). Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuddy, R. P., Smulyan, H., Keighley, J. F., Markason, C. R., & Eich, R. H. (1966). Hemodynamic and catecholamine changes during a standard cold pressor test. American Heart Journal, 71, 446–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ditto, B. (1986). Parental history of essential hypertension, active coping, and cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology, 23, 62–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dlin, R. A., Hanne, N., Silverberg, D. S., & Bar-Or, O. (1983). Follow-up of normotensive men with exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise. American Heart Journal, 106, 316–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, A. E., & Fraser, J. R. E. (1961). Essential hypertension and inheritance of vascular reactivity. Lancet, 2, 509–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, P. D. (1983). Cardiovascular reactivity in mild hypertension. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27, 291–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, P. D. (1985). Cardiovascular reactivity in borderline hypertensives during behavioral and orthostatic stress. Psychophysiology, 22, 621–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, D. S., Caplin, J. L., Flatman, W., Burnett, P., Banim, S., & Spurrell, R. (1984). Temporal evolution of changes in left ventricular function induced by cold pressor stimulation. British Heart Journal, 51, 557–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson, K., Hjemdahl, P., & Kahan, T. (1983). Circulatory and sympatho-adrenal responses to stress in borderline and established hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 1, 131–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esler, M. D., Julius, S., Randall, O. S., Ellis, C. N., & Kashima, T. (1975). Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 36, 705–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everson, S. A., Lovallo, W. R., Sausen, K. P., & Wilson, M. F. (1992). Hemodynamic characteristics of young men at risk for hypertension at rest and during laboratory Stressors. Health Psychology, 11, 24–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewart, C. K., Harris, W. L., Zeger, S., & Russell, G. A. (1986). Diminished pulse pressure under mental stress characterizes normotensive adolescents with parental high blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 48, 489–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, B., Onesti, G., Angelakos, E. T., Fernandez, M., & Langman, C. (1979). Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents: Hemodynamics and related stress in Adolescents. Hypertension, 1, 23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, B., Kushner, H., Onesti, G., & Angelakos, E. T. (1981). Cardiovascular characteristics in adolescents who develop essential hypertension. Hypertension, 3, 521–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B. (1982). Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiological Reviews, 62, 347–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B. (1990). “Structural Factor” in primary and secondary hypertension. Hypertension, 16, 89–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson, M., & Matthews, K. A. (1990). Cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress and hypertension: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 30–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, T., Noda, H., Ito, Y., Isaka, M., Sato, Y., & Ogata, E. (1989). Increased sympathoadreno-medullary activity and left ventricular hypertrophy in young patients with borderline hypertension. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 21(V), 31–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginter, G. G., Hollandsworth, J. G., & Intrieri, R. C. (1986). Age differences in cardiovascular reactivity under active coping conditions. Psychophysiology, 23, 113–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosse, P., Campello, G., Aouizerate, E., Roudaut, R., Broustet, J.-P., & Dallocchio, M. (1986). Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: Correlation with rest, exercise, and ambulatory systolic blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension, 4, S297–S299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastrup, J. L., Light, K. C., & Obrist, P. A. (1982). Parental hypertension and cardiovascular response to stress in healthy young adults. Psychophysiology, 19, 615–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollenberg, N. K., Williams, G. H., & Adams, D. F. (1981). Essential hypertension: Abnormal renal vascular and endocrine responses to a mild psychological stimulus. Hypertension, 3, 11–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horikoshi, Y., Tajima, I., Igarashi, H., Inui, M., Kasahara, K., & Noguchi, T. (1985). The adreno-sympathetic system, the genetic predisposition to hypertension and stress. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 289, 186–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, D. H., Wolthuis, R. A., Cortese, T., Longo, M. R., & Triebwasser, J. H. (1977). Borderline hypertension versus normotension: Differential response to orthostatic stress. American Heart Journal, 94, 414–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. C., Williams, R. R., & Barlow, G. K. (1986). A comparison of positive family history definitions for defining risk of future disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39, 809–821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A. S., Squires, W. G., Grimes, G., & Beard, E. R. (1983). Prediction of future resting hypertension from exercise blood pressure. Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation, 3, 263–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joint National Committee (1988). The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148, 1023–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, R. S., & Houston, B. K. (1981). Family history of hypertension, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity and stereotypy during stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 175–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, R. S., & Houston, B. K. (1986). Family history of hypertension, personality patterns, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 48, 102–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S. (1986). The emerging field of borderline hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 8, 54–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Randall, O. S., Esler, M. D., Kashima, T., Ellis, C., & Bennett, J. (1975). Altered cardiac responsiveness and regulation in the normal cardiac output type of borderline hypertension. Circulation Research, 36–37 (1), I199–I207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julius, S., Schork, N., & Schork, A. (1988). Sympathetic hyperactivity in early stages of hypertension: The Ann Arbor dataset. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 12(3), S121–S129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W. B., & Thorn, T. J. (1986). Incidence, prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. In J. W. Hurst (Ed.), The heart, arteries and veins (6th ed., pp. 557–565). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawano, Y., Fukiyama, K., Takeya, Y., Abe, I., & Omae, T. (1982). Elevated plasma catecholamines without alteration in cardiovascular responsiveness in young men with borderline hypertension. American Heart Journal, 104, 1351–1356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, K. A., & Allen, M. T. (1981). Risk factors for hypertension in children: Their relationship to psychophysiological responses. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 23, 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leibel, B., Kobrin, I., & Ben-Ishay, D. (1982). Exercise testing in assessment of hypertension. British Medical Journal, 285, 1535–1536.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. L., White, P. D. Stroud, W. D., & Hillman, C. C. (1945). Transient hypertension. Journal of the American Medical Association, 126, 829–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, K. C., Koepke, J. P., Obrist, P. A., & Willis, P. W. (1983). Psychological stress induces sodium and fluid retention in men at high risk for hypertension. Science, 220, 429–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, K. C., Dolan, C. A., Davis, M. R., & Sherwood, A. (1990). Blood pressure in healthy young men during rest and mental stress as predictors of blood pressure patterns 10–15 years later (Abstract). American Journal of Hypertension, 3, 39A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Wilson, M. F., Pincomb, G. A., Edwards, G. L., Tompkins, P., & Brackett, D. J. (1985). Activation patterns to aversive stimulation in man: Passive exposure versus effort to control. Psychophysiology, 22, 283–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., & Wilson, M. F. (1986a). Heart rate reactivity and Type A behavior as modifiers of physiological response to active and passive coping. Psychophysiology, 23, 105–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., & Wilson, M. F. (1986b). Predicting response to a reaction time task: Heart rate reactivity compared with Type A behavior. Psyckophysiology, 23, 648–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., Sausen, K. P., Everson, S. A., Silverstein, J. M., Sung, B. H., & Wilson, M. F. (1987). Excessive pressor responses to psychomotor challenge in healthy men at risk for hypertension (Abstract). Psyckophysiology, 24, 599–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., Sung, B. H., Everson, S. A., Passey, R. B., & Wilson, M. F. (1991). Hypertension risk and caffeine’s effect on cardiovascular activity during mental stress. Health Psychology, 10, 236–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen, P. (1983). Hemodynamic alterations in early essential hypertension: Recent advances. In F. Gross & T. Strasser (Eds.), Mild hypertension: Recent advances (pp. 237–249). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrory, W. W., Klein, A. A., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1982). Blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines in normal and hypertensive children and their siblings at rest and after standing. Hypertension, 4, 507–513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, L. T., Schieken, R. M., Clarke, W. R., & Lauer, R. M. (1988). Left ventricular mass and exercise responses predict future blood pressure. Hypertension, 12, 206–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., & Garland, F. N. (1980). Stability of individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity: A thirteen-month follow-up. Physiology and Behavior, 24, 621–624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., & Proietti, J. M. (1982). Parental hypertension and cardiovascular response to cognitive and isometric challenge. Psychophysiology, 19, 481–489.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., & Krantz, D. S. (1984). Reactivity, hyperreactivity and cardiovascular disease. In S. M. Weiss, K. A. Matthews, T. Detre, & J. A. Graeff (Eds.), Stress, reactivity, and cardiovascular disease (pp. 41–61, NIH Publication No. 84-2698). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., Giordani, B., McQuaid, K. J., & Garrity, S. J. (1981). Behaviorally-induced cardiovascular reactivity among sons of reported hypertensive and normotensive parents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 261–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., Proietti, J. M., Rader, S. J., & Polefrone, J. M. (1985). Parental hypertension, affect, and cardiovascular response to cognitive challenge. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 189–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck, S. B., Kasprowicz, A. L., & Muldoon, M. F. (1990). Behaviorally evoked cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: Conceptual issues and potential associations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 17–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, K. A., & Rakaczky, C. J. (1986). Familial aspects of the Type A behavior pattern and physiologic reactivity to stress. In T. H. Schmidt, T. M. Dembroski, and G. Blumchen (Eds.), Biological and psychological factors in cardiovascular diseases (pp. 228–245). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. D., Ruddy, T. D., Zusman, R. M., Okada, R. D., Strauss, H. W., Kanarek, D. J., Christensen, D., Federman, E. B., & Boucher, C. A. (1987). Left ventricular ejection fraction response during exercise in asymptomatic systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 59, 409–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. B., & Ditto, B. (1989). Hemodynamic patterns of response to extended active coping stress in offspring of hypertensives (Abstract). Psychophysiology, 26, S3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molineux, D., & Steptoe, A. (1988). Exaggerated blood pressure responses to submaximal exercise in normotensive adolescents with a family history of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 6, 361–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montanari, A., Vallisa, D., Ragni, G., Guerra, A., Colla, R., Novarini, A., & Coruzzi, P. (1988). Abnormal renal responses to calcium entry blockade in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Hypertension, 12, 498–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munger, R. G., Prineas, R. J., & Gomez-Marin, O. (1988). Persistent elevation of blood pressure among children with a family history of hypertension: The Minneapolis children’s blood pressure study. Journal of Hypertension, 6, 647–653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathwani, D., Reeves, R. A., Marquez-Julio, A., & Leenen, F. H. H. (1987). Left ventricular hypertrophy in mild hypertension: Correlation with exercise blood pressure. American Heart Journal, 109, 386–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel, P. J. (1969). Blood pressure and catecholamine excretion after mental stress in labile hypertension. Lancet, 1, 692–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J. R., Gram, L. F., & Pedersen, P. K. (1989). Plasma noradrenaline response to a multistage exercise test in young men at increased risk of developing hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 7, 377–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obrist, P. A. (1981). Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective. (pp. 83-118, 201-208). New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Obrist, P. A., Light, K. C., James, S. A., & Strogatz, D. S. (1987). Cardiovascular responses to stress. I. Measures of myocardial response and relationship to high resting systolic pressure and parental hypertension. Psychophysiology, 24, 65–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson, O., & Henningsen, N. C. (1982). Blood pressure, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance during rest, muscle work, cold pressure test and psychological stress. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 212, 329–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, T. G., & Gerin, W. (1990). Cardiovascular reactivity in the laboratory and the role of behavioral factors in hypertension: A critical review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rüddel, H., Neus, H., Langewitz, W., von Eiff, A. W., & McKinney, M. (1985). Mental stress testing in the physician’s office and in the field. In A. Steptoe, H. Rüddel, & H. Neus (Eds.), Clinical and methodological issues in cardiovascular psychophysiology (pp. 66–76). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sannerstedt, R. (1969). Hemodynamic findings at rest and during exercise in mild arterial hypertension. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 258, 70–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sausen, K. P., Lovallo, W. R., & Wilson, M. F. (1991). Cardiovascular activity during cognitive challenge: Predictive strength of behavior pattern, heart rate reactivity, and familial hypertension. Psychophysiology, 28, 639–647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, J., Kuller, L. H., & Perfetti, C. (1984). Heart rate during the first five years of life: Relation to ethnic group (black or white) and to parental hypertension. American Journal of Epidemiology, 119, 554–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlussel, Y. R., Schnall, P. L., Zimbler, M., Warren, K., & Pickering, T. G. (1990). The effect of work environments on blood pressure: Evidence from seven New York organizations. Journal of Hypertension, 8, 679–685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, W., & von Eiff, W. (1985). The importance of cardiovascular reactivity to different types of stress for the development of hypertension. In A. Steptoe, H. Rüddel, & H. Neus (Eds.), Clinical and methodological issues in cardiovascular psychophysiology (pp. 51–65). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1990). Committee report: Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 27, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, R., Stamler, J., Riedlinger, W. F., Algera, G., & Roberts, R. H. (1971). Family (parental) history and prevalence of hypertension: Results of a nationwide screening program. Journal of the American Medical Association, 241, 43–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe, A., Melville, D., & Ross, A. (1984). Behavioral response demands, cardiovascular reactivity, and essential hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 33–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. B., & Duszynski, K. R. (1982). Blood pressure levels in young adulthood as predictors of hypertension and the fate of the cold pressor test. The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 151, 93–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timio, M., Verdecchia, P., Venanzi, S., Gentili, S., Ronconi, M., Francucci, B., Montanari, M., & Bichisao, E. (1988). Age and blood pressure changes: A 20-year follow-up study in nuns in a secluded order. Hypertension, 12, 457–461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P., & Fischbein, C. (1980). Identification of labile hypertension in children of hypertensive parents. Connecticut Medicine, 44, 77–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, G. (1986). Design and interpretation of studies comparing individuals with and without a family history of high blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension, 4, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidmann, P. (1989). Pathogenetic and therapeutic relevance of cardiovascular pressor reactivity to norepinephrine in human hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension—Theory and Practice, All, 257-273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidmann, P., & Beretta-Piccoli, C. (1988). Dysregulation of blood pressure in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 12(3), S134–S148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weipert, D., Shapiro, D., & Suter, T. (1987). Family history of hypertension and cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress. Psychophysiology, 24, 251–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, Y. A., Safar, M. E., London, G. M., Simon, A. C., Levenson, J. A., & Milliez, P. M. (1978). Repeat hemodynamic determinations in borderline hypertension. American Journal of Medicine, 64, 382–387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. F., Lovallo, W. R., & Pincomb, G. A. (1989). Noninvasive measurement of cardiac functions. In N. Schneiderman, S. M. Weiss, & P. A. Kaufmann (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine (pp. 23–50). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. F., Sung, B. H., Pincomb, G. A., & Lovallo, W. R. (1990). Exercise cardiovascular dynamics in men at risk for hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology, 66, 731–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, N. V., & Meyer, B. M. (1981). Early prediction of hypertension using exercise blood pressure. Preventive Medicine, 10, 62–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahka, K. G., Neill, C. A., Kidd, L., Cutilletta, M. A., & Cutilletta, A. F. (1981). Cardiac involvement in adolescent hypertension: Echocardiographic determination of myocardial hypertrophy. Hypertension, 8, 664–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinner, S. H., Levy, P. S., & Kass, E. H. (1971). Familial aggregation of blood pressure in childhood. New England Journal of Medicine, 284, 401–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73190, USA

    William R. Lovallo

  2. Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73190, USA

    Michael F. Wilson

Authors
  1. William R. Lovallo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael F. Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7175, USA

    J. Rick Turner , Andrew Sherwood  & Kathleen C. Light ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lovallo, W.R., Wilson, M.F. (1992). The Role of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Hypertension Risk. In: Turner, J.R., Sherwood, A., Light, K.C. (eds) Individual Differences in Cardiovascular Response to Stress. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0697-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0697-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0699-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0697-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation