Abstract
The “work of social peace,” as these institutions—both public and private—have been called, deal with prevention and compensation. Throughout the twentieth century they would increase the scope of their actions, their membership would rise, and their focus would become increasingly varied.
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Notes
D. M. Berman. 1978. Death on the Job. New York: Monthly Review Press.
D. Albury and J. Schwartz. 1982. Partial Progress: The Politics of Science and Technology, pp. 9–24. London: Pluto.
These figures are drawn from Table 6–3, p. 232.
Based on the 1964, 1973, and 1984 editions of the Encyclopedia of Associations. Detroit: Gale Research.
N. A. Ashford. 1976. Crisis in the Workplace, p. 506. Cambridge: MIT Press.
In analyzing institutional size I am forced to use the membership data of professional organizations, which, apart from being extremely difficult to obtain for countries other than the United States, are of course subject to all sorts of distortions (e.g., the effects of recruitment campaigns). Both factors combined to discourage my early intention to build detailed analyses of comparative rates of institutional growth.
H. W. Heinrich. 1959. Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach,4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. (First published in 1931.)
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A. Cottereau. 1980. Étude préalable, in Poulot, 1980, pp. 7–103.
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M. J. Nadworny. 1955. Scientific Management and the Unions 1900–1932, pp. 122–141. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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This development process was the opposite of that identified by Graebner in the United States coal mines; there, development was seen as a result of an employer-worker struggle. W. Graebner. 1976. Coal Mining Safety in the Progressive Period, p. 72. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
D. F. Noble. 1977. America by Design,p. 290. Oxford: Oxford University Press, quotes Magnus Alexander, a corporate reformer and former chairman of the safety committee at General Electric, who said at the First National Safety Council convention: “there is a great deal in the relation of employer and employees in improving the welfare of our employees that our employers ought to do and must do, and unless they wake up and go to work and do it soon voluntarily, with all the wonderful effect that it will have on such relationship, legislative action will force them.”
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Enormous progress is made by resolving the safety-productivity conflict; when this is not possible increasing the importance of safety can be attempted, but the success will be less clearcut and more fragile,“ in J.-M. Faverge. 1967. Psychosociologie des Accidents du Travail,p. 30. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
F. E. Bird and G. L. Germain. 1966. Damage Control, p. 21. New York: American Management Association.
Bird and Germain, 1966, pp. 69–70.
Bird and Germain, 1966, p. 101. “Careless Carl” and “Horseplay Harry” are two in a series of grotesquely stereotyped cartoon workers who destroy forklifts, products, and workmates.
J. Tye and K. Ullyet. 1971. Safety Uncensored, p. 153. London: Corgi, refer, to “much gossip and ill-informed comment in union circles” that followed a pro-damage control statement by Tye; the authors also anticipate opposition on the grounds of “anti-Americanism.”
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S. W. Malasky. 1974. System Safety, p. 7. New York: Hayden.
E. J. Henley and H. Kumamoto. 1981. Reliability Engineering and Risk Assessment, pp. 13. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, introduce some of these notions.
International Labour Office. 1989. The Organisation of First Aid in the Workplace. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. (Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 63.)
V. Walters. 1982. Company doctor’s perceptions and responses to conflicting pressures from labor and management. Social Problems 30 (1): 1–12.
C. Selby quoted in Berman, 1978, p. 97.
A. Hirschman. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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J. T. Carter. 1985. Fifty years of medicine in the workplace. Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine Jubilee Issue, pp. 4–22. On p. 19 an “upstart group” is accused of activities “at worst economically threatening and at best a nuisance.”
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D. Walsh. 1987. Corporate Physicians, pp. 176–179. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. This study, which came to my notice shortly before going to press, focuses on concerns quite different from those in this chapter.
A. R. Hale and M. Hale. 1972. A Review of the Industrial Accident Research Literature,p. 15. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
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Berman, 1978, p. 23.
Ashford, 1976, pp. 109ff.
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R. Sass and G. Crook. 1981. Accident proneness: Science or non-science? International Journal of Health Services 11(2):175–190. E. C. Wigglesworth. 1978. The fault doctrine and injury control. The Journal of Trauma 18(12):789–794. F. P. McKenna. 1983. Accident proneness: A conceptual analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention 15(1):65–71. J. B. Cronin. 1971. Cause and effect? Investigations into aspects of industrial accidents in the United Kingdom. International Labour Review 103(2):99–115. W. Crawford. 1973. Accident proneness-An unaffordable philosophy. Australian Safety News 44 (4): 11–15.
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One strong index of this is de Montmollin’s judgment that J.-M. Faverge, highly influential in continental Europe, was a thinker whose influence “was never felt in the United States.” See de Montmollin, 1982, p. 120.
The analysis of Brazil is based on personal observation. A. Laville, in personal correspondence of November 7, 1984, discussed the Japanese situation.
P. W. J. Bartrip and S. B. Burman. 1983. The Wounded Soldiers of Industry-Industrial Compensation Policy 1833–1897, pp. 208ff. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Chamber of Commerce of the United States. 1976. Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Laws, pp. 24–25. Washington, DC: Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Berman, 1978, p. 54.
T. G. Ison. 1967. The Forensic Lottery. London: Staples Press.
Juffe, 1980, p. 28.
Juffe, 1980, p. 29.
A close study of Washington state’s law has been conducted by J. F. Tripp. 1976. An instance of labor and business cooperation: Workmen’s compensation in Washington state (1911). Labor History 17 (4): 530–550.
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Berman, 1978, p. 59–67.
R. Lubove. 1986. The Struggle for Social Security, 1900–1935,p. 59. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. (1st ed. 1968.)
A. M. Skolnik and D. N. Price. 1974. Workmen’s compensation payments and cost, 1972. Social Security Bulletin January, pp. 30–34, cited in Berman, 1978, p. 62. Ashford, 1976, pp. 394ff, provides another discussion.
Juffe, 1980, pp. 26–33.
Ashford, 1976, pp. 47ff. Juffe, 1980, pp. 32–33.
International Labour Office. 1923. Factory Inspection, p. 6. Geneva: International Labour Office.
W. G. Carson. 1979. The conventionalisation of early factory crime. International Journal for the Sociology of Law 7:37–60. Juffe, 1980, pp. 34ff. J. A. Page and M. W. O’Brien. 1973. Bitter Wages, pp. 80–85. New York: Grossman.
D. J. Curran. 1984. Symbolic solutions for deadly dilemmas: An analysis of federal coal mine health and safety legislation. International Journal of Health Services 14 (1): 5–29.
Eva and Oswald, 1981, pp. 29–36; and Robens (Lord). 1972. Safety and Health at Work, pp. 182–183. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
H. M. Hudspeth. 1937. Explosions in Coal Mines: A Comparison between Great Britain and France. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
For E. Freidson. 1986. Professional Powers,pp. 227–228. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. “In the largely hidden process of standard setting we come closest to the circumstances in which Foucault’s use of the word pouvoir (power) may be relevant. It delineates a force so pervasive as to shape the world and control systematically the content and process of human life without having to rely on physical coercion…. Are… standards heavily structured by the disciplines whose members participate in their creation? Are they embodiments of formal knowledge into a powerful unilateral, formal scheme organized around the dominating ideas of disciplines?”
D. J. Lofgren. 1989. Dangerous Premises: an Insider’s View of OSHA Enforcement, p. 208. Ithaca, NY: Industrial and Labor Relations Press. This interesting study and the sophisticated view of inspection activity that Nicolas Dodier is currently structuring in France, both of which have recently come to my attention, hold considerable promise for the development of sociological perspectives on inspectors’ operations. See N. Dodier. 1987. Modèles d’entreprises et prévention des risques professionnels: L’action des inspecteurs du travail. Cahiers du Centre d’Études de l’Emploi 30:115–152. N. Dodier. 1988. Les actes de l’inspection du travail en matière de sécurité: La place du droit dans la justification des relèves d’infraction. Sciences Sociales et Santé 4(1):7–28, and the commentary on this paper in P. Chaumette and P.-J. Hess. 1988. Le point de vue du juriste sur l’inspection du travail. Sciences Sociales et Santé 4 (1): 29–31.
International Labour Office, 1923, pp. 17, 22–23, 43–44.
Juffe, 1981, p. 34–46. “Little by little the inspector learns to impose self-censorship... so that the process of registering minor infractions doesn’t go off the tracks” (p. 42).
Unpublished data furnished by the French Labor Ministry.
Chief Inspector of Factories. 1971. Annual Report of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Factories, pp. 50, 100. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
See Juffe, 1981; Berman, 1978; and Eva and Oswald, 1981.
A. Hopkins and N. Parnell. 1984. Why coal mine safety regulations in Australia are not enforced. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 12:179–194. H. E. Holland. 1914. The Huntly Explosion, Report by H. E. Holland of Evidence Given at Enquiry, and Royal Commission’s Report. Maoriland Worker (New Zealand).
Juffe, 1980, p. 155.
Chief Inspector of Factories, 1971, pp. 50–51.
Eva and Oswald, 1981, p. 30.
P. Cam. 1978. Juges rouges et droit du travail. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. 19: 3–27.
Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations. 1971. Inspection Effectiveness Report. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relafions, cited in L. Ellis. 1975. A review of research on efforts to promote occupational safety. Journal of Safety Research 7(4):180–189 (p. 182).
Graebner, 1976, p. 130.
Page and O’Brien, 1973, p. 59. Eva and Oswald, 1981, pp. 35–36.
A. Derickson. 1989. Part of the yellow dog: U.S. coal miners’ opposition to the company doctor system. 1936–1946. International Journal of Health Services 19 (4): 709–720.
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Heinrich, 1959, pp. 49, 140.
H. Francis and D. Smith. 1980. The Fed: A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Clutterbuck, 1983, p. 145.
G. Assennato and V. Navarro. 1983. Workers’ participation and control in Italy: The case of occupational medicine, in Navarro and Berman (eds.), 1983. pp. 152–167 (p. 156 ).
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Two important literature reviews show this. See Ellis, 1975, pp. 183–184; and Hale and Hale, 1972, p. 78.
J. Goldthorpe, D. Lockwood, F. Bechhofer, and J. Platt. 1968. The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. J. Goldthorpe, D. Lockwood, F. Bechhofer, and J. Platt. 1968. The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. R. Dubin. 1956. Industrial workers’ worlds: A study of the central life interests of industrial workers. Social Problems 3 (1): 131–142.
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D. Reid. 1981. The role of mine safety in the development of working-class consciousness and organisation: The case of the Aubin Coal Basin, 1867–1914. French Historical Studies 12:98–119, contains independent confirmation of the generality of this notion beyond Britain’s shores. In the specific case of French mines, owners are seen to attack the idea of workmens’ inspectors, more than they do the idea of state regulation as being incompatible with private property rights.
R. Edwards. 1979. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century, chap. 8. New York: Basic Books. M. Buroway. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Assennato and Navarro, 1983, p. 156.
See J. F. Byrne. 1975. Let’s unleash the employee. Professional Safety 20(6):45–52, for one example.
J. E. Aberton. 1980. Labor unions and accident prevention: Champion or adversary? Professional Safety 25(11):19–20, argues in favor of unions assisting management to improve worker safety and in favor of institutional relations between employers and unions “to mutual advantage.”
C. Dejours. 1980. Travail: Usure Mentale. Essai de Psychopathologie du Travail. Paris: Centurion.
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Berman, 1978, 119.
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Hale and Hale, 1972, p. 81.
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Dwyer, T. (1991). From Peace to Rupture. In: Life and Death at Work. Plenum Studies in Work and Industry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0606-9_3
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