Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Resistance of Cysts to Disinfection Agents

  • Chapter
Giardia and Giardiasis

Abstract

Soon after the realization that many infectious diseases could be spread via food and water came attempts by numerous investigators to devise means by which to prevent this spread. As a result, many types of disinfection methods have been developed which when properly applied can virtually eliminate the possibility of infection by many disease-causing microorganisms which enter the host through this route.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aust Kettis, A., and Magnius, L., 1973, Giardia lamblia infection in a group of students after a visit to Leningrad in March 1970, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 5:289–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbour, A. G., Nichols, C. R., and Fukushima, T., 1976, An outbreak of giardiasis in a group of campers, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25:384–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, G. S., 1977, Methods of testing disinfectants, in: Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation (S. Block, ed.), 2nd ed., pp. 49–77, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, A. K., and Meyer, E. A., 1979, Giardia excystation can be induced in vitro in acidic solutions, Nature (London) 277:301–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, A. K., Jarroll, E. L., Meyer, E. A., and Radulescu, S., 1979, Giardia sp.: Physical factors of excystation in vitro, and excystation vs eosin exclusion as determinants of viability, Exp. Parasitol 47:284–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeck, W. C., 1921, The thermal death point of the human intestinal protozoan cysts, Am. J. Hyg. 1:365–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, F. J., Jones, M. F., and Newton, W. L., 1943, Effect of chlorination of water on viability of cysts of Endamoeba histolytica, War Med. 3:409–419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodsky, R. E., Spencer, H. C., and Schultz, M. G., 1974, Giardiasis in American travelers to the Soviet Union, J. Infect. Dis. 130:319–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control, 1980, Health Information for International Travel, HEW Publ. (CDC) 80-8280, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerva, L., 1955, Resistence cyst Lamblia intestinalis vuci zevnim faktorum, Cesk. Parazitol. 2:17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. L., 1944, Studies on Endamoeba histolytica. III. Destruction of Endamoeba histolytica by a hypochlorite solution, chloramines in tap water and gaseous chlorine in tap water of varying degrees of pollution, War. Med. 5:46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. L., and Fair, G. M., 1941, Viability and destruction of the cysts of Endamoeba histolytica, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 33:1705–1715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craun, G. F., 1979, Waterborne giardiasis in the United States: A review, Am. J. Public Health 69:817–819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, D. W., 1920, A method for estimating the number of active protozoa in the soil, J. Agric. Sci. 10:135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dykes, A. C, Juranek, D. D., Lorenz, R. A., Sinclair, S., Jakubowski, W., and Davies, R., 1980, Municipal waterborne giardiasis: An epidemiological investigation, Ann. Intern. Med. 92:165–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, Environmental Protection Agency 570/9-76-003, p. 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiumara, N., 1973. Giardiasis in travelers to the Soviet Union, N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1410–1411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, J. C, 1978, Disinfection resistance of Giardia cysts: Origins of current concepts and research in progress, in: Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis (W. Jakubowski and J. C. Hoff, eds.), Environmental Protection Agency 600/9-79-001, pp. 231-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K., and Meyer, E. A., 1980a, Giardia cyst destruction: Effectiveness of six small-quantity water disinfection methods, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29:8–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K., and Meyer, E. A., 1980b, Inability of an iodination method to destroy completely Giardia cysts in cold water, West. J. Med. 132:567–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K., and Meyer, E. A., 1981, Effect of chlorine on Giardia lamblia cyst viability, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:483–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, L., and Jokipii, A. M. M., 1974, Giardiasis in travelers: A prospective study, J. Infect. Dis. 130:296–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, F. H., and Visscher, B. R., 1975, Water disinfection in the wilderness—A simple, effective method of iodination, West. J. Med. 122:450–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirner, J. C., Littler, J. D., and Angelo, L. A., 1978, A waterborne outbreak of giardiasis in Camas, Washington, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 70:35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuenen, W. A., and Swellengrebel, N. H., 1913, Die Entamoeben des Menschen und ihre praktische Bedeutung, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. 1:378–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancet Editorial, 1980, Giardiasis and water, Lancet1:1176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippy, E. C, 1978, Tracing a giardiasis outbreak at Berlin, New Hampshire, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 70:512–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, K., 1928, The comparative lethal effects of certain chemicals on bacteria and cysts of Endamoeba histolytica from human feces, China Med. J. 42:568–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, C. E., Juranek, D. D., Sinclair, S. P., and Schultz, M. G., 1978, Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:1128–1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, W. T., 1973, Epidemic giardiasis, Rocky Mount. Med. J. 70:48–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, R. G., Bartlett, C. L., and Kessel, J. F., 1925, The penetration of fruits and vegetables by bacteria and other paniculate matter and the resistance of bacteria, protozoan cysts and helminth ova to common disinfection methods, Am. J. Hyg. 5:559–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. T., Cross, W. M., McGuire, D., Mollohan, C. S., Gleason, N. N., Healy, G. R., and Newton, L. H., 1969, Epidemic giardiasis at a ski resort, N. Engl. J. Med. 281:402–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, J. T., and Kapoor, S. K., 1970, Small quantity field disinfection, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 62:80–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfold, W. J., Woodcock, H. M., and Drew, A. H., 1916, The excystation of Entamoeba histolytica (Tetragena) as an indication of the vitality of the cysts, Br. Med. J. 1:714–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. W., and Hoff, J. C, 1981, Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts by ultraviolet irradiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:546–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. W., Hoff, J. C, and Schaefer, F. W., III, 1982, Inactivation of Giardia cysts by chlorine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:250–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts-Thomson, I. C, and Mitchell, G. F., 1978, Giardiasis in mice. I. Prolonged infections in certain mouse strains and hypothymic (nude) mice, Gastroenterology 75:42–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts-Thomson, I. C, Stevens, D. P., Mahmoud, A. A. F., and Warren, K. S., 1976, Acquired resistance to infection in an animal model of giardiasis, J. Immunol. 117:2036–2037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M. R., Kaplan, A. M., Vitaliano, J. J., and Pillion, E., 1977, Military individual and small group water disinfection systems: An assessment, Mil. Med. 141:268–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Root, F. M., 1921, Experiments on the carriage of intestinal protozoa of man by flies, Am. J. Hyg. 1:131–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. K., Brodsky, R. E., Lyman, D. O., Wood, B. T., Hibler, C. P., Healy, G. R., MacLeod, K. I. E., Stahl, W., and Schultz, M. G., 1977, A communitywide outbreak of giardiasis with evidence of transmission by muncipal water supply, Ann. Intern. Med. 87:426–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, R. P., 1972, New bioassay system for evaluating per cent survival of Entamoeba histolytica cysts, J. Parasitol. 58:306–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, R. P., and Krusé, C. W., 1971, Amoebic cysticidal properties of halogens in water, J. Sanitary Eng. Div. (ASCE) 97:801–811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, R. P., Cramer, W. N., and Krusé, C. W., 1975, Comparison of bromine, chlorine and iodine as disinfectants for amoebic cysts, in: Disinfection—Water and Wastewater (J.D. Johnson, ed.), pp. 193–209, Ann Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, Mich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. G., Karandikar, D. S., and Leek, J., 1974, Giardiasis: An unusual cause of epidemic diarrhoea, Lancet 1:615–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underdown, B. J., Roberts-Thomson, I. C, Anders, R. F., and Mitchell, F. F. 1981, Giardiasis in mice: Studies on the characteristics of chronic infection in C3H/He mice, J. Immunol. 126:669–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veazie, L., Brownlee, I., and Sears, H. J., 1978, An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Giardia lamblia, in: Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis (W. Jakubowski and J. C. Hoff, eds.), Environmental Protection Agency 600/9-79-001, pp. 174-191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walzer, P. D., Wolfe, M. S., and Schultz, M. G., 1971, Giardiasis in travelers, J. Infect. Dis. 124:235–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenyon, C. M., and O’Connor, F. W., 1917, The carriage of Entamoeba histolytica and other protozoa and eggs of parasitic worms by house flies with some notes on the resistance of cysts to disinfectants and other reagents, J. R. Army Med. Corps. 28:522–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. A., and Vernon, T. M., 1976, Epidemic giardiasis at a resort lodge, Rocky Mount. Med. J. 73:208–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K., 1920, Reproduction in vitro of Entamoeba tetragena and Entamoeba coli from their cysts, J. Exp. Med. 32:357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA

    Edward L. Jarroll

  2. Drinking Water Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA

    John C. Hoff

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA

    Ernest A. Meyer

Authors
  1. Edward L. Jarroll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John C. Hoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ernest A. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA

    Stanley L. Erlandsen

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA

    Ernest A. Meyer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jarroll, E.L., Hoff, J.C., Meyer, E.A. (1984). Resistance of Cysts to Disinfection Agents. In: Erlandsen, S.L., Meyer, E.A. (eds) Giardia and Giardiasis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0594-9_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0594-9_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0596-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0594-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation