Skip to main content

Pharmacotherapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  • Chapter
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has attracted the attention of many investigators from time immemorial because of the rarity of the disease, the distinctive clinical picture, and the ego-alien nature of the symptoms. Over time, many methods of treatment have been tried, unfortunately, with little success. Thus, pessimism has been generally expressed by many workers regarding the outcome of therapeutic intervention (Kolb, 1968; Lewis, A., 1935; Pollitt, 1957). However, with the progress achieved over the past 20 years in the psychological and somatic treatments of this disorder, there is reason for optimism. Hopefully, the new directions will also provide new insights in the understanding of this crippling disorder. Basic to treatment and evaluation of efficacy are the problems of diagnosis, assessment, and the rationale for treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akimoto, H., Nakakuki, M., & Machiyama, Y. Clinical experiences with MAO inhibitors (a comparison with Tofranil). Diseases of the Nervous System, 1960, 21, 645–647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altschuler, M. Massive doses of trifluoperazine in the treatment of compulsive rituals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1962, 119, 367–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alzheimer, O. Zur Pharmacotherapie depressiver erkrankungen. Medizinische Welt, 1960, 37, 1918–1926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amat Aguirre, E. Tratamiento de las depresiones atfpicas. Revue Informacion Medicale-Thera pie, 1966, 41, 387–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 3rd ed. ). Washington, DC: Author, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, M. M., Ban, T. A., Pecknold, J. C., & Klingner, A. Clomipramine (Anafranil) and behavior therapy in obsessive-compulsive and phobic disorders. Journal of International Medical Research, 1977, 5, (Suppl. 5), 33–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ananth, J. Pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. Neu ropsychobiology, 1982, 8, 210–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Den Steen, N. Systematic studies in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with tricyclic antidepressants. Current Therapeutic Research, 1977, 21, 495–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananth, J., Solyom, L., Solyom, C., & Sookman, D. Doxepin in the treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Psychosomatics, 1975, 16, 185–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ananth, J., Solyom, L., Bryntwick, S., & Krishnappa, U. Clomipramine therapy for obsessive compulsive neurosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1979, 135, 700–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananth, J., Pecknold, J., Van Den Steen, N., & Engelsmann, F. Double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in obsessive neurosis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 1981, 5, 257–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anden, N. G. Oral L-dopa treatment of Parkinsonism. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 1970, 187, 247–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annesley, P. T. Nardil response in a chronic obsessive compulsive. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 115, 748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. F. W., Young, M. P., & Gould, D. M. A new look at bimedial prefrontal leukotomy. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1970, 102, 37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbeau, A. Long-term side effects of levodopa. Lancet, 1971, 1, 395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, G., & Novak, H. Doxepine ein neuves Antidepressivum; Wirkungvergleich mit Amitriptylin. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1969, 19, 1642–1646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I., Callahan, W. A., & Jaranson, J. M. Lobotomy in private practice. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 1041–1047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethume, H. C. A new compound in the treatment of anxiety states: Report on the use of diazepam. New Zealand Medical Journal, 1964, 63, 153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, A. The natural history of obsessional neurosis. In H. H. Beech, H. H. (Ed.), Obsessive states. London: Methuen, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonis, A., Covello, L., & Lemperiere, T. Etude critique des indications d’ interventions psychochirurgicales. Encephale, 1968, 57, 439–473, 525–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucquey, J., & Boucquey, J. P. Traitement ambulatoire à l’imipramine de 50 cas de psychoneurosis. Revue Médicale de Louvain, 1961, 5, 126–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickner, R. M., Rosen, A. A., & Munro, R. Physiological aspects of the obsessive state. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1940, 2, 369–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. K., Goktepe, E. O., Maratos, J., Browne, A., & Young, L. A comparative review of patients with obsessional neurosis and with depression treated by psychosurgery. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 123, 663–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brietner, C. Drug therapy in obsessional states and other psychiatric problems. Diseases of the Nervous System (Suppl.) 1960, 21, 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, F. W. Heredity in psychoneuroses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1942, 35, 785–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burckhardt, G. Uber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen. Allgemeine Zeitschrift Peur Psychiatrie, 1890, 74, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, R. H., Culpan, R. H., Newton, K. J. Use of bromazepam in obsessional, phobic and related states. Current Medical Research Opinion, 1974, 2, 430–436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B., Gomez, L., Ananth, J. V., Bronheim, L. A., Klingner, A., & Ban, T. A. An uncontrolled clinical trial with clomipramine in the treatment of depressed patients. Current Therapeutic Research, 1973, 15, 223–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartes Egea, F. Observaciones sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de los estados depresivos con G 22355 (Tofranil). Medicina Clinica (Barcelona), 1961, 36, 448–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carman, J. S. Hyperdopaminergic states: A continuum. Lancet, 1972, 2, 1249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassano, G. G., Castrogiovanni, P., & Mauri, M. A multicenter controlled trial in phobic-obsessive psychoneurosis. The effect of chlorimipramine and its combinations with haloperidol and diazepam. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology, 1981, 5, 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapel, J. L. Gilles de la Tourette’s disease—The past and the present. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 1966, 11, 324–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. E. The Leyton Obsessive Inventory. Psychological Medicine, 1970, 1, 48–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Ibor Alino, J. J. La monochlorimiprame en enfornes psychiatrices resistantes en otros tratamientos. Acta Luso Espanol Neurologi Psychiatri, 1967, 26, 119–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J. F. Cerebral autonomic imbalance. Lancet, 1973, 2, 772–773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, I., Bivet, D. R., & Snyder, S. H. Dopamine receptor binding enhancement accompanies lesion-induced behavioral supersensitivity. Science, 1977, 197, 596–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, M. de la, & Sarro-Martin, A. Experiencias con un nuevo antidepressivo derivado del iminodibencilo. Medicina Clinica (Barcelona), 1959, 33, 122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily, P. Chemotherapy of psychiatric disorders. London: Logos Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, J. C., & Rancurel, G. Vol et melancolie: A propos de cinq observations. Annales Médico-Psychologiques (Paris), 1967, 125, 572–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earle, B. V., & Earle, A. M. Imipramine (Tofranil) in mental health clinic and private practice. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1960, 83, 804–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellinwood, E. H., Jr. Amphetamine psychosis. I. Description of the individuals and the process. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1967, 144, 273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellinwood, E. H., Jr., & Escalante, O. Chronic amphetamine effect on the olfactory forebrain. Biological Psychiatry, 1970, 2, 189–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, J., Teeter, R. R., Tuason, V. B., & Schiele, B. C. Intravenous chlorimipramine and depressive subtypes. Diseases of the Nervous System, 1976, 37, 325–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. The manual of Maudsley Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, A., Kerr, T. A., & Roth, M. The treatment of obsessional neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 120, 590–591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, W., & Watts, J. W. Psychosurgery: An evaluation of 200 cases over seven years. Journal of Mental Science, 1944, 90, 379–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frossman, H., & Walinder, J. Lithium treatment on atypical indication. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1969 (Suppl. 207 ), 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmany, G., May, A. R., & Folkson, A. The use and action of chlorpromazine in psychoneuroses. British Medical Journal, 1954, 3, 439–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gattuso, S., & Coaciuri, V. L’imipramine nella terapia della nevrosi assessiva. Acta Neurologica (Napoli) 1964, 19, 424–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geister, A., & Schou, M. Lithium for obsessive neurosis. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift, 1969, 23, 493–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geissmann, P., & Kammerer, T. L’imipramine dans la nevrose obsessionnelle. Etude de 30 cas. Encephale, 1964, 53, 369–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gittelson, N. L. The effect of obsessions in depressive psychosis. British of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 253–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelson, N. L. The phenomenology of obsessions in depressive psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996, 112, 261–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelson, N. L. The fate obsessions in depressive psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 705–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelson, N. L. Depressive psychosis in obsessional neurotics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 883–887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, D. W., Guze, S. B., & Robins, E. Follow up studies in obsessional neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1969, 20, 182–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimshaw, L. The outcome of obsessional disorder: A follow up study of 100 cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1965, 111, 1051–1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyotat, J., Marin, A., Dubor, P., & Bonhomme, R. L’imipramine en dehors des états dépressifs. Journal Médicale Lyon, 1960, 41, 367–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hohne, H. H., & Walsh, K. W. Surgical modification of personality: Mental health research project. Melbourne, Australia: Victorian Mental Health Authority, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, J. M. C., Itil, T. M., & Hofstatter, L. Prefrontal lobotomy: Stepping stone or pitfall ? American Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 127, 591–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, M. Z., & Ahad, A. Treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1970, 103, 648–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R., & Murphy, D. L. The pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1981, 1, 304–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isberg, R. S. A comparison of phenelzine and imipramine in an obsessivecompulsive patient. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 138, 1250–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, V. K., Swinson, R. P., & Thomas, J. G. Phenelzine in obsessional neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 117, 237–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janowski, D. S., Davis, J. M., El Yousef, M. K., & Sekerke, H. J. A cholinergicadrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet, 1972, 2, 632–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenike, M. A. Rapid response of severe obsessive compulsive disorder to tranylcypromine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 138, 1249–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenz Garcia, P. Experiencia clinica con clomipramina en enfermos psychiâtricos. Libro de Becas Cursos, 1967, 58, 179–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalinowsky, L. B., & Hippius, H. Pharmacological, convulsive, and other somatic treatments in psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalinowsky, L. G., & Hoch, P. H. Somatic treatments in psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. Clinical psychiatry ( 3rd ed. ). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabanow, O. Double-blind controlled study in phobias and obsessions complicated by depression. International Journal of Medical Research, 1977, 5, (Suppl. 5), 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D., Walter, C. J. S., & Mitchell-Heggs, N. Modified leucotomy assessed clinically, physiologically and psychologically at six weeks and eighteen months. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 120, 19–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D. Therapeutic outcome in limbic leucotomy in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery (Amsterdam), 1976, 76, 353–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendell, R. E., & Discipio, W. J. Obsessive symptoms and obsessional personality traits in patients with depressive illnesses. Psychological Medicine, 1970, 1, 65–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klawan, H. L. The pharmacology of tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 130, 82–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, G. Bifrontal stereotractotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 115, 257–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, L. C. Noyse’s modern clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M. Delirium as a complication of imipramine therapy in the aged. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, 502–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kringlen, E. Natural history of obsessional neurosis. Seminars in Psychiatry, 1970, 2, 403–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laboucarie, J., Rascol, A., Jorda, P., Guraud, R., & Leinadier, H. New prospects in the treatment of melancholic states. Therapeutic study of a major antidepressant, chlorimipramine. Revue Médicale de Toulouse, 1967, 3, 863–872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, W. Selective leucotomy: A review. In L. Laininen & K. E. Livingston (Eds.), Surgical approaches in psychiatry. England: Medical and Technical Publishing Co., Ltd., 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. Problems of obsessional illness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1935, 29, 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linford-Rees, W. The value and limitations of psychosurgery in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery (Amsterdam), 1973, 76, 323–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo, W. H. A follow-up study of obsessional neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1997, 113, 823–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Ibor, Alino, J. J. Intravenous perfusion of monochlorimipramine. Techniques and results. In Proceedings of the International College of CINP, Teragone, April, 1968 (International Congress Series, 180, 519 ). Netherlands. Excerpta Medica, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., Birley, J. L. T., & Gelder, M. G. Modified leucotomy in severe agoraphobia: A controlled serial enquiry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 757–769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., Stern, R. S., Mawson, D., Cobb, J., & McDonald, R. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 136, 1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, W. K. Treatment of obsessional illness and phobic anxiety state with clomipramine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 119, 467–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, W. K. & Micev, V. Clomipramine in the treatment of obsessional illness and phobic anxiety states. Journal of International Medical Research, 1973, 1, 403–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matigama, Y., Kuroiwa, S., & Naruse, H. Some clinical experience with a new iminodibenzyl derivative G.22344 (Tofranil) (Japan). Bulletin of the SeishinIgaku Institute [Clinical Psychiatry], 1959, 1, 581–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G., McElhaney, M., Martin, W., & McGraw, C. P. Stereotactic cingulotomy with results of acute stimulation and serial psychological testing. In L. Laininen & K. E. Livingston (Eds.), Surgical Approaches in Psychiatry. Baltimore: Baltimore University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Gross, W., Slater, E., & Roth, M. Clinical Psychiatry. London: Bailliere, Tindal & Cassell, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaux, L., Duche, D., & Perpinoitis. Etude pharmocodynamique, clinique et therapeutique du G22344 en pedo-psychiatrie. Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress of Psychiatry, Montreal, 1961, 2, 927–929 (McGill, Montreal, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. Psychosurgery & Dr. Breggin. New Scientist, 1972, 55, 188–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moniz, E. Tentative opératoires dans le traitement de certaine psychoses. Paris: Masson, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naviau, J., Ruyffelaere, J., & Lehembre, C. A propos de deux cas de nevrose obsessionnelle. Annales Médico-Psychologiques (Paris) 1966, 124, 254–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, W. J. H. Some efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey. In J. W. Warren & K. Akert (Eds.), Frontal granular cortex and behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reagan, J. B. Treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis with haloperidol. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1970, 103, 167–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orvin, G. H. The treatment of the phobic obsessive compulsive patient with oxazepam, an improved benzodiazepine compound. Psychosomatics, 1967, 8, 278–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, F., Crow, T. J., Foulter, M., Cross, A. J., Longden, A., & Riley, G. J. Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet, 1978, 2, 223–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philpott, R. Recent advances in the behavioral measurement of obsessional difficulties common to these and other measures. Scottish Medical Journal, 1975, 20, 33–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pippard, J. Rostral leucotomy: A report on 240 cases personally followed up after 11/2 to 5 years. Journal of Mental Science, 1955, 101, 756–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollitt, J. Natural history of obsessional states. British Medical Journal, 1957, 1, 194–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Post, F., Rees, W. L., & Schurr, P. H. An evaluation of bimedial leucotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 1223–1246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prange, A. J., Sisk, J. L., Wilson, I. C., Morris, C. E., Hall, C. D., Carman, J. S. Proceedings of N.I.M.H. Serotonin Conference, Palo Alto, California. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabavilas, A. D., Boulougouris, J. C., Perissaki, C., & Stefanis, C. The effect of peripheral beta-blockade on psychophysiologic responses in obsessional neurotics. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1979, 20, 378–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S., Cobb, J., Grey, S., McDonald, B., Mawson, D., Sartory, G., & Stern, R. The behavioral treatment of obsessional-compulsive disorders with or without clomipramine. Behavioral Research & Therapy, 1979, 17, 467–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. J., & Hodgson, R. J. Obsessions and compulsions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. V. A controlled trial with “valium” in obsessive compulsive state. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 1964, 42, 564–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J., Elkins, R., & Müelsen, E. A clinical controlled trial of chlorimipramine in adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1980, 16, 61–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renynghe de Voxrie, G. V. L’Anafranil dans l’obsession. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 1968, 68, 787–792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, A. H. Depression in patients with Parkinsonism. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 128, 141–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, C. M. Complications of obsessional neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 477–478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rylander, G. Clinical and medico criminological aspects of addictions to central stimulating drugs. In E. Sjoquist & E. Tottie (Eds.) Abuse of central stimulants. New York: Raven Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, T. Clinicogenetic study on obsessive compulsive neurosis. Bulletin of Osaka Medical School, 1968, (Suppl. 12 ), 323–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargant, W. & Slater, E. Discussion on the treatment of obsessional neuroses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1950, 43, 1007–1010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, W. The present indications for leucotomy. Lancet, 1992, 1, 1197–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilder, P. The organic background of obsessions and compulsions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1938, 94, 1397–1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schildkrout, J. J., & Kety, S. S. Biogenic amines and emotion. Science, 1967, 156, 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B. Late results of orbital undercutting. Report of 76 patients undergoing quantitative selective lobotomies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1960, 117, 525–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shader, R. I. Antianxiety agents: A clinical perspective. In A. DiMascio & R. Shader (Eds.), Clinical handbook of psychopharmacology. New York: Science Press, 1970. 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, G., & Wayne, H. Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 92–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shobe, F. O., & Gildea, M. C. L. Long-term follow-up of selected lobotomized private patients. Journal of American Medical Association, 1968, 206, 327–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, K. Gilles de la Tourette’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 20, 80–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E., & Roth, M. Clinical psychiatry (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: William & Wilkins, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. Amitriptyline treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1980, 41, 286–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solyom, L., & Sookman, D. A comparison of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) and behavioral therapy in the treatment of obsessive neurosis. Journal of International Medical Research, 1977, 5 (Suppl. 5), 49–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, T. A., & Jenike, M. A. Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder with lithium carbonate. Psychosomatics, 1983, 24, 671–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, H. Office treatment of depressive states with a new drug (imipramine). New York State Journal of Medicine, 1959, 59, 2906–2910.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strom-Olsen, R., & Carlisle, S. Bifrontal stereotractotomy: A follow up study of its effects on 210 patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 118, 141–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, M. K., & Tredgold, R. F. Restricted orbital undercutting: A study of its effects on 350 patients over the ten years, 1951–1960. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1964, 110, 609–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, E., Marks, I. M., & Marset, P. Bimedial leucotomy in obsessive compulsive neurosis: A controlled serial enquiry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 118, 155–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K. M., & Snyder, S. H. Amphetamine differentiation of D- and L-isomers of animal behavior involving central norepinephrine or dopamine. Science, 1970, 168, 1487–1489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Templer, D. I. The obsessional neurosis: A review of research findings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1972, 13, 375–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thoren, P., Asberg, M., Cronholm, B., Jorenstedt, L., & Traskman, L. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A controlled clinical trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 1281–1289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tooth, G. C., & Newton, M. P. Leucotomy in England and Wales. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethowan, W. F., & Scott, P. A. L. Chlorpromazine in obsessive-compulsive neurosis and allied disorders. Lancet, 1955, 1, 781–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, W. I. Indications for modified leucotomy. Lahey Clinic Foundation Bulletin, 1966, 15, 131–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. M., Hersen, M., Bellack, A. S., Andrasik, F., & Capparell, H. V. Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1980, 168, 651–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanggard, T. The concept of neurosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1959, 16, 117–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hoesen, G. W., Pandya, D. N., & Butters, N. Cortical afferents to the entorhinal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Science, 1972, 175, 1471–1473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Putten, T., Sr Sanders, D. G. Lithium in treatment failures. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1975, 161, 255–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, G., & Vidal, B. Imipramine et obsessions. Encephale, 1963, 52, 167–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visitini, F. Terapia degli stati depressivi con Tofranil. Giornale Psychiatrico Neuropatologico, 1959, 30, 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, D. A general practice investigation on the use of clomipramine in obsessional and phobic disorders. Journal of International Medical Research, 1973, 1, 417–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, D. An investigation into the use of anafranil in phobic and obsessional disorders. Scottish Medical Journal, 1975, 20, 61–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M., & Bothwell, S. Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1976, 33, 111–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, R., & Pitts, F. M. Monozygotic twins with obsessional illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1964, 120, 1075–1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyndowe, J., Solyom, L., & Ananth, J. Anafranil in obsessive compulsive neurosis. Current Therapeutic Research, 1975, 18, 611–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., & Bhagawan, H. N. L-tryptophan in obsessivecompulsive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 134, 1298–1299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., Neziroglu, F., & Bergman, L. Clomipramine for obsessive compulsive neurosis: An organic approach. Current Therapeutic Research, 1976, 20, 541–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdim, M. B. H. Multiple forms of mitrochondrial monoamine oxidase. British Medical Bulletin, 1973, 29, 120–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ananth, J. (1985). Pharmacotherapy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In: Mavissakalian, M., Turner, S.M., Michelson, L. (eds) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0542-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0542-0_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0544-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0542-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics