Shyness pp 357-374 | Cite as

Rhetoritherapy

The Principles of Rhetoric in Training Shy People in Speech Effectiveness
  • Gerald M. Phillips
Chapter
Part of the Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy book series (EPPS)

Abstract

The data for this chapter are drawn largely from the files of 19 years of operation of the Pennsylvania State University Reticence Program and formal research done with program participants. All training in the program is done with a common format referred to as “rhetoritherapy,” consisting of approximately 40 hours of training: 5 hours in lecture, 15 hours in small groups, 20 hours of practicum, plus about 10 hours individual counseling/instruction. Efforts have been made, with little success, to apply systematic desensitization, sensitivity training, and private support counseling. The fundamentals of the program have crystallized in recent years in a combination of cognitive restructuring, consisting mainly of learning basic rhetorical principles (Thonssen & Baird, 1948) and skills training based on a combination of traditional speech performance instruction and instruction in communication competencies (Phillips, 1984; Phillips, Butt, & Metzger, 1975).

Keywords

Public Speaking Reticent Student Goal Analysis Normal Speaker Systematic Desensitization 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bitzer, L. F. (1968). The rhetorical situation. Philosophy and Rhetoric. I, 1, 165–168.Google Scholar
  2. Domenig, K. (1978). An examination of self-reports of reticent and non-reticent students before and after instruction. Master’s thesis, The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  3. Hart, R., & Burks, D. M. (1972). Rhetorical sensitivity and social interaction. Speech Monographs. 39, 2, 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Hopf, T. S. (1970). Reticence and the oral interpretation teacher. Speech Teacher. 19, 4, 268–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Hyde, M. J. (1980). The experience of anxiety: a phenomenological investigation. Quarterly Journal of Speech. 66, 2, 140–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Kelly, L. (1982a). Observers’ comparisons of the interpersonal communication skills of students who self-selected a special speech course and students who self-selected a regular speech course. ( Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  7. Kelly, L. (1982b). A rose by any other name is still a rose: A comparative analysis of reticence, communication apprehension, unwillingness to communicate and shyness. Human Communication Research. 8, 2, 99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Kelly, L., Phillips, G. M., & McKinney, B. (1982) Reprise: farewell reticence, goodbye apprehension! Building a practical nosology of speech communication problems. Communication Education. 31, 3, 211–222.Google Scholar
  9. Kleinsasser, D. (1968). The reduction of performance anxiety as a function of desensitization, pre-therapy vicarious learning, and vicarious learning alone. Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  10. Mager, R. (1972). Goal analysis. Belmont, CA: Fearon.Google Scholar
  11. McCroskey, J. C. (1970). Measures of communication-bound anxiety. Speech Monographs. 37, 267–277.Google Scholar
  12. Metzger, N. J. (1974). The effects of a rhetorical method of instruction on a selected population of reticent students. Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  13. Muir, F. (1964). Case studies of selected examples of reticence and fluency. Master’s thesis, Washington State University.Google Scholar
  14. Murray, E., Phillips, G. M., & Truby, J. D. (1969). Speech: Science-Art. New York: Bobbs, Merrill.Google Scholar
  15. Oerkvitz, S. (1975). Reports of continuing effects of instruction in a specially designed speech course for reticent students. Master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  16. Oerkvitz, S. (1976). Continuing effects of a rhetorical method of instruction for reticent students. Communication. 4, 2, 104–114.Google Scholar
  17. Phillips, G. M. (1968). Reticence: pathology of the normal speaker. Speech Monographs. 35, 1, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Phillips, G. M. (1977). Rhetoritherapy vs. the medical model: dealing with reticence. Communication Education. 26, 1, 34–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Phillips, G. M. (Ed.). (1980). The practical teacher’s symposium on shyness, communication apprehension, reticence and a variety of other common problems. Communication Education. 29, 3, 213–263.Google Scholar
  20. Phillips, G. M. (1981). Help for shy people. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  21. Phillips, G. M. (Ed.). ((1982). Symposium. Communication Education. 31,3. Google Scholar
  22. Phillips, G. M. (1984). A competent view of “competence.” Communication Education, 33, 1, 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Phillips, G. M., Butt, D., & Metzger, N. J. (1974). Communication in Education. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
  24. Phillips, G. M., & Sokoloff, K. A. (1979). An end to anxiety: Treating speech problems with rhetoritherapy. Journal of Communication Disorders. 12, 3, 385–397.Google Scholar
  25. Phillips, G. M., Pedersen, D. J., & Wood, J. T. (1979). Group discussion: A practical guide for participants and leader. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
  26. Phillips, G. M., & Wood, J. T. (1983). Communication and human relationships. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
  27. Phillips, G. M., & Zolten, J. J. (1976). Structuring speech: Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
  28. Riesman, D. (1950). The lonely crowd. New York: Doubleday Anchor.Google Scholar
  29. Sours, D. (1979). Comparison of judgments by placement interviewers and instructors about the severity of reticence in students enrolled in a special option of a basic speech course. Master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
  30. Thonssen, L., & Baird, A. C. (1948). Speech criticism: The development of standards for rhetorical appraisal. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
  31. Wilson, J. & Arnold, C. (1983). Public speaking as a liberal art ( 5th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
  32. Winans, James. (1938). Speech making. New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1986

Authors and Affiliations

  • Gerald M. Phillips
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Speech CommunicationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA

Personalised recommendations