Environment and Culture pp 83-106 | Cite as
Cultural Ecology and Individual Behavior
Abstract
Traditionally, much of the discipline of psychology has attempted to comprehend behavior as a function of stimuli impinging upon an individual. In recent years, the approach of ecological psychology has noted that the stimuli usually employed in psychology really represent only a very narrow range of all possible stimuli, and that they are excessively artificial in character; as a result, ecological psychology has emphasized the need to study behavior in more molar and naturalistic contexts. Similarly, an emerging cross-cultural psychology has argued that we should be attending to broad ranges of situations drawn from a cross section of cultures. It soon became clear, though, that sampling from new cultures also meant sampling from the new environmental contexts in which the cultures were situated. Thus, it became essential that the movement cross-culturally be accompanied by increased attention to the environmental settings of the cultures studied, a position similar to that espoused by ecological psychology.
Keywords
Individual Behavior Cognitive Style Acculturative Stress Ecological Context Food AccumulationPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Asch, S. E. Studies in independence and conformity 1; A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 1956, 70 (No. 416).Google Scholar
- Barker, R. G. Ecological psychology. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
- Barry, H. Cross-cultural research with matched pairs of societies. Journal of Social Psychology, 1969, 79, 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Barry, H., & Paxson, L. Infancy and early childhood: Cross-cultural codes. Ethnology, 1971, 10, 466–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Barry, H., Child, I., & Bacon, M. Relation of child training to subsistence economy. American Anthropologist, 1959, 61, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. International Journal of Psychology, 1966, 1, 207–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 7, 415–418.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Ecological and cultural factors in spatial perceptual development. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1971, 3, 324–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berry, J. W. An ecological approach to cross-cultural psychology. Netherlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 1975, 30, 51–84.Google Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Human ecology and cognitive style: Comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation. New York: Sage-Halsted, 1976.Google Scholar
- Berry, J. W. A cultural ecology of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12). New York: Academic Press, 1979a.Google Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Social and cultural change. In H. Triandis & R. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 5). Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979b.Google Scholar
- Berry, J. W. Ecological analyses for cross-cultural psychology. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 3). London: Academic Press, in press.Google Scholar
- Berry, J. W., & Annis, R. Acculturative stress: The role of ecology, culture and differentiation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1974, 5, 382–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bronfenbrenner, U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 513–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brunswik, E. Scope and aspects of the cognitive problem. In A. Gruber (Ed.), Cognition: The Colorado symposium. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957, pp. 5–31.Google Scholar
- Campbell, D. T. Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings. Psychological Bulletin, 1957, 54, 297–312.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chance, N. A. Acculturation, self-identification and personal adjustment. American Anthropologist, 1965, 67, 372–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, Y., (Ed.). Man in adaptation. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.Google Scholar
- Dasen, P., Berry, J. W., & Witkin, H. A. The use of developmental theories across cultures. In L. Eckensberger (Ed.), Cross-cultural contributions to psychology. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1979.Google Scholar
- Dawson, J. L. M. Cultural and physiological influences upon spatial perceptual processes in West Africa. International Journal of Psychology, 1967, 2, 115–128, 171–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dawson, J. L. M. Psychological effects of social change in West Africa. New Haven, Conn.: HRAF Press, 1975.Google Scholar
- Eckensberger, L., & Kornadt, H. The mutual relevance of the cross-cultural and the ecological prespective in psychology. In H. McGurk (Ed.), Ecological factors in human development. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977, pp. 219–227.Google Scholar
- Edgerton, R. B. The individual in cultural adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.Google Scholar
- Feldman, D. A. The history of the relationship between environment and culture in ethnological thought: An overview. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1975, 11, 67–81PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Forde, D. Habitat, economy and society, London: Methuen, 1934.Google Scholar
- Hammond, K. R. (Ed.). The psychology of Egon Brunswik. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966.Google Scholar
- Horney, K. In R. Munroe, Schools of psychoanalytic thought. New York: Holt, 1955.Google Scholar
- Lewin, K. Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- MacArthur, R. S. Some ability patterns: Central Eskimos and Nsenga Africans. International Journal of Psychology, 1973, 8, 239–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- MacArthur, R. S. Differential ability patterns: Inuit, Nsenga and Canadian Whites. In J. W. Berry & W. J. Lonner (Eds.), Applied cross-cultural psychology. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1975, pp. 237–241.Google Scholar
- Murdock, G. P. World ethnographic sample. American Anthropologist, 1957, 59, 664–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murdock, G. P. Correlations of subsistence patterns. In D. Damas (Ed.), Ecological Essays National Museum of Canada Bulletin No, . 230 (Anthropological Series No. 86)1969, pp. 129–146.Google Scholar
- Nimkoff, M. F., & Middleton, R. Types of family and types of economy. American Journal of Sociology, 1960, 66, 215–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Okonji, M. O. Differential effects of rural and urban upbringing on the development of cognitive style. International Journal of Psychology, 1969, 4, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Okonii, M. O. Cognitive styles across culture. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2). London: Academic Press, in press.Google Scholar
- Pelto, P. The difference between “tight” and “loose” societies. Transaction, 1968, (April), 37–40.Google Scholar
- Postman, L., & Tolman, E. Brunswik’s probabalistic functionalism. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 1). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959. pp. 502–564.Google Scholar
- Segall, M., Campbell, D. T., & Herskovits, M. The influence of culture on visual perception. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.Google Scholar
- Serpell, R. Culture’s influence on behaviour. London: Methuen, 1976.Google Scholar
- Spencer, H. First principles. New York: Appleton, 1864.Google Scholar
- Vayda, A. P. (Ed.). Environment and cultural behavior. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1969.Google Scholar
- Wintrob, R., & Sindell, P. Culture change and psychopathology: The case of Cree adolescent students in Quebec. In J. W. Berry & G. J. S. Wilde (Eds.), Social psychology: The Canadian context. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1972, pp. 259–271.Google Scholar
- Witkin, H. A. Social influences on the development of cognitive style. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1969, pp. 687–706.Google Scholar
- Witkin, H. A., & Berry, J. W. Psychological differentiation in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1975, 6, 4–87.Google Scholar
- Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. Psychological differentiation. New York: Wiley, 1962.Google Scholar
- Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. Field dependence and interpersonal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 1977a, 84, 661–689.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. Field dependence revisited. Educational Testing Service Research Bulletin, 1977b, No. 77–17.Google Scholar
- Witkin, H. A., Goodenough, D., & Karp, S. Stability of cognitive style from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 7, 291–300.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar