Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genesis of Ferromanganese Deposits: Hydrothermal Origin

  • Chapter
Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers

Part of the book series: NATO Conference Series ((MARS,volume 12))

Abstract

The recent discovery of active hydrothermal vents initiated a revolution in knowledge of the chemistry of the oceans and in the concept of a steady state ocean. The literature on known hydrothermal deposits, including metalliferous sediments, sulfides, barite, talc, iron silicates and manganese oxides is reviewed. Special consideration is given to studies of growth rates of manganese oxides in light of the new knowledge of hydrothermal processes.

The problem of the genesis of manganese nodules is also considered. It is shown that, owing to the flux of manganese presently delivered to the oceans by active hydrothermal vents, it is possible that the manganese forming the nodules has an hydrothermal origin. An hydrothermal source of manganese of the manganese nodules would answer such unresolved problems as why the nodules stay at the surface of sediments which accumulate at rates 1000 times faster than nodules are considered to form.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allard,P., Tazieff, H. and Dajlevic, D. (1979) Observation of sea floor spreading in Afar during the november 1978 fissure eruption. Nature 279, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki,S., Koyama, N. and Sudo,T. (1974) An iron-rich montmorillonite in a sediment core from the northeastern Pacific. Deep Sea Res. 21, 865–875.

    Google Scholar 

  • ARCYANA. (1975) Transform fault and rift valley from bathyscaph and diving saucer. Science 190, 108–116. (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, G.and Bonatti, E. (1965) Neptunism and vulcanism in the ocean: In Progress in oceanography 3, Pergamon press, 7–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, S.S. and Dymond, J.K. (1967) Rates of accumulation of ferromanganese nodules. Nature 213, 1218–1219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M.L., Ku, T.L. and Broecker, W.S. (1966) Manganese nodules, their evolution. Science 151, 325–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertine, K.K. (1974) Origin of Laue basin rise sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 629–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertine, K.K. and Keene, J.B. (1975) Submarine barite opal rocks of hydrothermal origin. Science 188, 150–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, J.L., Piper, D.Z. and Quintero, P. (1979) Nature and origin of metalliferous sediments in Dome site C, Pacific manganese nodule province. In: Colloque Intern. CNRS, 289; C. Lalou Ed: Paris, 119–138.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, J.L. and Rosenbauer, R.J. (1977) Recent metalliferous sediments in the North Pacific manganese nodule area. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 33, 379–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E. (1967) Mechanisms of deep sea volcanism in the South Pacific In: Researches in Geochemistry P.H. Abelson Ed. John Willey and Sons. 2, 453–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E. (1975) Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers. Annual Rev. Earth. Planet.Sci. 3, 401–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E. (1981) Metal deposits in the oceanic lithosphere. Chapt.17 In: The Sea vo 17, C. Emiliani Ed. John Wiley and Sons, 639–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Fisher, D.E., Joensuu, O., Rydell, H.S. and Beyth, M. (1972) Iron manganese barium deposits from the northern Afar rift (Ethiopia). Econ. Geol. 67, 717–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Guerstein-Honnorez, B.M. and Honnorez, J. (1976b) Coper-iron sulfide mineralizations from the equatorial mid-Atlantic ridge Econ. Geol. 71, 1515–1525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Guerstein-Honnorez, B.M., Honnorez, J. and Stern, C. (1976a) Hydrothermal pyrite concretions from the Romanche Trench (Equat. Atl). Metallogenesis in oceanic fracture zones. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 32, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Honnorez, J., Joensuu, 0. and Rydell H.S. (1972) Submarine iron deposits in the Mediterranean Sea. In: The Mediterranean Sea Stanley D.J. Ed. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ros Strondsberg Pennsylvania, 701–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E. and Joensuu, 0. (1966) Deep sea iron deposit from the South Pacific. Science 154, 643–645.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Kolla, V., Moore, W.S. and Stern, C. (1979) Metallogenesis in marginal basins: Fe-rich basal deposits from the Philippine Sea. Marine Geol 32, 21–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T. and Rydell, H.S. (1972) Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits. In: Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. IDOE, Columbia Univ. N.Y. 149–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E. and Nayudu, Y.R. (1965) The origin of manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Amer. Journ. Sc. 263, 17–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonte, Ph. (1981) Relations entre l’environnement et les caractéristiques des concrétions polymétalliques marines dans la Fosse de La Romanche. Dr.Sc.Thesis Paris. Note CEA 2237, 245pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonte, Ph., Lalou, C. and Latouche, C. (1980) Ferromanganese deposits in cores from the Kane and Atlantis fracture area: possible relationships with hydrothermalism. J. Geol. Soc. London. 137, 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borch, Van der C.C., Nesteroff, W.D. and Galehouse, J. (1971) Iron rich sediments cored during Leg VIII of Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rept. DSDP US Govt Printing Off. VIII, $129–837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borch, Van der C.C. and Rex, R.W. (1970) Amorphous iron-oxide precipitation in sediments cored during Leg V, DSDP. Initial. Rept. DSDP US Govt Print. Off., V, 541–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K., Joensuu, 0., Valdes, S., Charm, W. and Glaccum, R. (1974) Geochemistry and origin of East Pacific sediments sampled during DSDP leg XXXIV. Init. Rept. DSDP US Govt Print. Off. XXXIV, 559–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K. Joensuu, 0., Valdes, S. and Riera, M. (1972) Geochemical history of South Atlantic ocean sediments since late Cretaceous. Marine. Geol. 12, 85–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K., Kraemer, T. and Gartner, S. (1973) Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in pacific pelagic sediments. Chemical Geol. 11, 123–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K. and Peterson, M.N.A. (1966) Precipitates from hydrothermal exhalations on the East Pacific Rise. Econ. Geol. 61, 1258–1265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K. and Peterson, M.N.A. (1969) Origin of aluminium poor ferromanganoan sediments in areas of high heat flow on the East Pacific Rise. Marine Geol. 7, 427–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K., Peterson, M.N.A., Joensuu, O. and Fisher, D.E. (1969) Aluminium-poor ferromanganoan sediments on active ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3261–3270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K. and Rydell, H. (1979) Geochemical behavior of U and Th during exhalative sedimentary processes. Coll. Intern. CNRS 289, C.Lalou Ed. CNRS Paris, 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, C.and Piper, D.Z. (1977) Rapidly-formed ferromanganese deposit from the eastern Pacific Hess Deep. Nature 265, 596–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butuzova, G.Y. (1966) Iron-ore sediments of the fumarole field of Santorin volcano, their composition and origin. Dokl. Akad. Sci. USSR. Earth Science sect. 168, 215–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cann, J.R., Winter, C.K. and Pritchard, R.G. (1977) A hydrothermal deposit from the floor of the Gulf of. Aden. Mineral. Mag. 41, 193–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellarin, A. and Sartori, R. (1978) Quaternary iron manganese deposits and associated pelagic sediments (radiolarian clays and chert, gypsiferous mud) from Tyrrhenian sea. Sedimentology 25, 801–821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corliss, J.B., Lyle, M., Dymond, D.J. and Crane, M. (1978) The chemistry of hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos rift. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 40, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, H., and Lupton, J.E. (1981) Helium 3 and mantle volatiles in the ocean and the oceanic crust. In:The oceanic lithosphere C. Emiliani Ed. The Sea, vol.VII, John Wiley and Sons, 391–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, K. and Ballard, R.D. (1980) The Galapagos rift at 86°W: Structure and morphology of hydrothermal fields and their relationships to the volcanic and tectonic processes of the rift valley. Jour Geophys Res. 85, B-3, 1443–1454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S. (1972) Basal ferrugineous sediments cored during Leg XVI DSDP.Init. Rept. DSDP. US Govt. Print. Off., 601–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S. (1972) The mid Atlantic ridge near 45°N, XVII. Al, As, Hg and Mn in ferrugineous sediments from the median valley. Canadian J. Earth. Sc. 9, 319–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S. and Garret, D.E. (1973) Distribution of elements in metalliferous Pacific sediments collected during DSDP. Nature Phys.Sc. 242, 88–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S., Glasby, G.P., Moorby, S.A., Thomson, G., Knedlar, K. and McDougall, J. (1982) A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the SW Pacific Island arc. Nature 298, 456–458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S., Rona, P.A. and Shearme, S. (1979) Metal enrichments in sediments from the TAG hydrothermal field. Marine Mining 2, 78–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D.S. and Varnavas, S.P. (1981) Hydrothermal and dissolution related geochemical variations in sediments from an East Pacific Rise fracture zone at 9°S. Coll. C4, Geologie des Oceans. Congrès Intern. Geol. Paris. Special Publ. Ocenologica Acta 4. 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • CYAMEX, équipe scientifique (1978) Découverte par submersibles de sulfures polymétalliques massifs sur la dorsale du Pacifique oriental par 21°N (Projet RITA). C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 287, 1365–1368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dash, E.J., Dymond, J.R. and Heath, G.R. (1971) Isotopic analysis of metalliferous sediments from the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet.Sc. Lett. 13, 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degens, E.T. and Ross, D.A. (1969) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer Verlag N.Y. Inc. 600 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis-Clocchiati, M., Leclaire, L. and Giannesini, P.J. (1979) Vitesse de croissance des nodules de manganèse dans l’océan Indien. In: Coll. Intern. CNRS, 289 C. Lalou, Ed. CNRS Paris, 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detrick, R.S., Williams, D.L., Mudie, J.D. and Sclater, J.C. (1974) The Galapagos spreading center: bottom water temperature and the significance of geothermal heating. Geophys. J. Roy.Astr. Soc. 38, 627–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine, J.D. and Leinner, M. (1981) Chemistry of the massive sulfide deposits cored at site 471.Init. Rept. DSDP US. Gvt. Print. Off. LXIII, 679–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, J.I. (1971) Chemical and mineralogical studies, site 66. Init. Rept. DSDP US Gvt. Print.Off. VII (2) 965–976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J., Corliss, J.B., Cobler, R., Muratli, C.M., Chou, C. and Conard, R. (1980) Composition and origin of sediments recovered by deep drilling of the sediment mounds, Galapagos spreading center. Init. Rept. DSDP US Gvt. Print. Off. LIV, 377–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J., Corliss, J.B. and Heath, G.R. (1977) History of metalliferous sediments, DSDP site 319 in the Southern Pacific. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 41, 741–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J., Corliss, J., Heath, G.R., Field, C.W., Dasch, E.J. and Veeh, H.H. (1973) Origin of metalliferous sediments from the Pacific ocean. Geol.Soc. Amer. Bull. 84, 3355–3372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J., Corliss, J.B. and Stillinger, R. (1976) Chemical composition and metal accumulation rates of metalliferous sediments from sites 319, 320B and 321.Init. Rept DSDP US Gvt. Print. Off. XXXIV, 575–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J. and Veeh, H.H. (1975) Metal accumulation rates in the Southeast Pacific and the origin of metalliferous sediments. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 28, 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, J.M. (1981) Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge axes. Nature 290, 87–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, J.M., Von Damm, K.L., McDuff, R.E. and Measures, C.I. (1982) Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific rise and their effluent dispersal. Nature 297, 187–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. and Lambert, T.T.B. (1972) Volcanic exhalations and metal enrichments at Matupi Harbor, New Britain. TPNG. Econ. Geol. 67 25–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D.E. and Boström, K. (1969) Uranium rich sediments on the East Pacific rise. Nature 224, 64–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill, E.V., Chase, R.L., Mac Donald, R.D. and Murray, J.W. (1981) A hydrothermal deposit from Explorer ridge in the northeast Pacific Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 52, 142–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach, H. and Beiersdorff, H. (1976) Heated bottom water and associated Mn/Fe oxide crusts from the Clarion fracture zone, SE of Hawaii. J.O.A. Edimburg (last abstracts)

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbach, P., Marchig, V., and Scherhag, C. (1980) Regional variations in Mn, Ni, Cu and Co of ferromanganese nodules from a basin in the Southeast Pacific. Marine Geol. 38, M1 - M9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G.R. and Dymond, J. (1977) Genesis and transformation of metalliferous sediments from the East Pacific rise, Bauer Deep and central basin, Northwest Nacza plate. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 88, 723–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hekinian, R., Fevrier, M., Bischoff, J.L., Picot, P. and Shanks, W.C. (1980) Sulfide deposits from the East Pacific rise near 21°N. Science 207, 1443–1444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffert, M., Lalou, C., Brichet, E. and Bonte, Ph. (1975) Presence en Atlantique nord de nodules de manganèse à noyaux d’attapulgite et de phillipsite authigène.C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 281, 231–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnorez, J. (1969) La formation actuelle d’un gisement sous marin de sulfures fumerolliens à Vulcano (mer thyrrhénienne) Partie I: les minéraux sulfurés des tufs immergés à faible profondeur. Mineral. Deposit. 4, 114–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., Barret, T.J., Becker, K., Bender, M.L., Borella, P.E., Hubberten, H.W., Jones, S.C., Karato, S., Laverne, C., Levi, S., Migdison, A.A., Moorby, S.A. and

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, E.L. (1981) Hydrothermal mounds and young ocean crust of the Galapagos: preliminary deep sea drilling results, leg LXX. Geol. Soc. Amer.Bull. 92, 457–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. and Cronan, D.S. (1976) The geochemistry of basal sediments from the north atlantic ocean. Marine Geol. 20, 205–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking, K.G.F. (1975) The sulfides of certain deep sea sediment samples collected on DSDP Leg XXXI. Init. Rept. DSDP US Gvt Print. Off. XXXI 515–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, R.B. and Armannson, H. (1979) Manganese and iron micronodules from a volcanic seamount in the Tyrrhenian sea. J. Geol. Soc. London 136, 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinkhammer, G.P. (1980) Observations of the distribution of manganese over the East Pacific rise. Chemical Geol. 29, 211–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswami, S., Somayajulu, B.L.K. and Moore, W.S. (1972) Dating of manganese nodules using beryllium 10. In: Horn Ed. Ferromanganese deposits on the oceans Papers from a conference held at Lamont Doherty Geological Obs. IDOE-NSF, 117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku, T.L. and Broecker, W.S. (1967) Uranium, thorium and protactinium in a manganese nodule. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 2, 317–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C. and Brichet, E. (1972) Signification des mesures radiochimiques dans l’évaluation de la vitesse de croissance des nodules de manganèse. C.R. Acad.Sc. Paris, 275, 815–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C. and Brichet, E. (1981) Possibilité de datation des dépôts de sulfures metalliques hydrothermaux sous-marins par les descendants à vie courte de l’uranium et du thorium. C.R. Acad.Sc. Paris 293, 821–826.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C. and Brichet, E. (1982) Ages and implications of East Pacific Rise sulphide deposits at 21°N. Nature 300, 169–171. 532 C. LALOU

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E. and Bonte, Ph. (1976) Some new data on the genesis of manganese nodules. 25th Intern.Geol.Congr. 3, 779–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet,E. and Bonte, Ph. (1981) Some new data on the genesis of manganese nodules. In: Geology and geochemistry of Manganese Hungarian Acad of Sc. Publ. 31–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Jehanno, C. and Leclaire, H. (1983). Hydrothermal manganese deposits from Galapagos mounds, DSDP leg LXX, Hole 509B and Alvin dives 729 and 721 Earth Planet. Sc.Lett. 63, 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Ku, T.L.,and Jehanno, C. (1977) Radiochemical, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X ray dispersive energy (EDAX) studies of a Famous hydrothermal deposit. Marine Geol. 24, 245–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Leclaire, H. and Duplessy, J.C. (1983) Uranium series disequilibrium and isotope stratigraphy in hydrothermal mounds samples from DSDP sites 506–509, leg LXX and site 424, leg LIV: an attempt at chronology. Init. Rept. DSDP U.S. Govt. Print. Off. LXX 303–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Poupeau, G., Romary, P and Jehanno, C. (1979) Growth rates and possible ages of a North Pacific manganese nodule. In:Marine geology and Oceanography of the Pacific manganese nodules province. J.L. Bischoff and D. Piper Ed. Plenum publ. Corp. 815–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Brichet, E. and Ranque, D. (1973) Certains nodules de manganèse trouvés en surface des sédiments sont-ils des formations contemporaines de la sédimentation ? C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 276, 1661–1664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., Delibrias, G., Brichet, E. and Labeyrie, J. (1973) Existence de carbone 14 au centre de deux nodules de manganèse, ages C-14 et Th-230 de ces nodules. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 276, 3013–3015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, P. (1977) Clustering of suspension feeding macrobenthos near abyssal hydrothermal vents at oceanic spreading centers. Deep Sea Res. 84, 857–863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, P. (1979) A deep sea hydrothermal site on a strike slip fault Nature 281, 531–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, P.F., Bischoff, J.L., Burns, V.M., Kastner, M. and Sweeney, R.E. (1980) A high temperature hydrothermal deposit on the seabed at the Gulf of California spreading center. Earth Planet. Sci. Let. 49, 8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, P., Burns, V.M. and Fisk, M. (1980) Nodules of hydrothermal birnessite in the caldera of a young sea-mount. Jour. Geol. 88, 611–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, J.E., Klinkhammer, G.P., Normark, W.R., Haymon, R., MacDonald, K.C., Weiss, R.F. and Craig, H. (1980) Helium 3 and manganese at the 21°N East Pacific rise hydrothermal site. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 50, 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malahoff, A., Cronan, D.S., Skirrow, R. and Embly, W. (1982) Submarine hydrothermal mineralization from the Galapagos rift at 86°W. Marine Mining (in the press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchig, V.S. and Vallier, T.L. (1974) Geochemical studies of sediments and interstitial water, site 248 and 249, Leg XXV, DSDP. Init. Rept. US Govt. Print. Off. XXV, 405–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Murty, G.M. and Burnett, W.C. (1975) Hydrothermal metallogenesis in the Bauer Deep of the South eastern Pacific. Nature 254,. 42–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Mero, J.L. (1965) The mineral ressources of the sea. Elsevier oceanography series 312 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W.S. and Vogt, P.R. (1976) Hydrothermal manganese crust from two sites near the Galapagos spreading axis. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 29, 349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. and Renard, A.F.(1891) Deep sea deposits. Rept. Sci. Results. Explor. voyage Challenger 525 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natland, J.H. (1973) Basal ferromanganoan sediments at DSDP site 183, Aleutian abyssal plain and site 192, Meiji guyot, Northwest Pacific, Leg XIX. Init. Rept. DSDP US Govt. Print. Off. XIX, 629–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayudu, Y.R. (1965) Petrology of submarine volcanics and sediments in the vicinity of the Mendocino fracture zone.Progress Oceanogr. 3, 207–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper, D.Z. (1973) Origin of metalliferous sediments from the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 19, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper,D.Z., Veeh, H.H., Bertrand, W.G. and Chase R.L. (1975) An iron rich deposit from the Northeast Pacific. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 26, 114–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabaa, El M. and Basher, R.H.M. (1975) Replacement of coral reefs by manganese deposit. IX th Congrés Int. Sedim. Nice 9, 38–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyss, J.L. and Lalou, C. (1981) Nodules and associated sediments in the Madagascar basin. Chemic. Geol. 34, 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyss, J.L., Marchig, V. and Ku, T.L. (1982) Rapid growth of deep-sea manganese nodule. Nature 295, 401–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RISE project group. (1980) East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science 207, 1421–1442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona, P.A. (1978) Criteria for recognition of hydrothermal mineral deposits in oceanic crust. Econ. Geol. 73–2–135–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona, P.A. (1980) TAG hydrothermal field: Mid Atlantic ridge crest at latitude 26°N. Geol. Soc. London 137, 385–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona, P.A., Harbison, R.N., Bassinger, B.G., Scott, R.B. and Nalwak, A.J. (1976) Tectonic fabric and hydrothermal activity of the Mid-Atlantic ridge crest (Lat. 26°N.) Geol Soc. Amer. Bull. 87, 661–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, P.L., Bocchi, G. and Lucchini, F. (1980) A manganese deposit from the South Tyrrhenian region. Oceanologica Acta 3–1, 107–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayles, F.L. and Bischoff J.L. (1973) Ferromanganoan sediments in the equatorial East Pacific.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 19, 330–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M.R., Scott, R.B., Morse, J.W., Betzer, P.R., Butler, L.W., and Rona, P.A. (1978) Metal enriched sediments from the TAG hydrothermal field. Nature 276, 811–813.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M.R., Scott, R.B., Rona, P.A., Butler, L.W. and Nalwak, A.J. (1974) Rapidly accumulating manganese deposit from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1, 355–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, J.D. and Wittkopp, R.W. (1969) Microscopic and electron beam microprobe study of sulfide minerals in Red Sea mud samples. In: Hot brines and recent hydrothermal deposits in the Red Sea. E.T. Degens and D.A. Ross Ed. Springer Verlag, N.Y. Inc. 441–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strakhov, N.M. and Nesterova, J.L. (1968) Effect of volcanism on the geochemistry of marine deposits in the sea of Okhotsk. Geochem.Intern. 5, 644–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G., Woo, C.C. and Sung, G.W. (1975) Metalliferous deposits on the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Abst. Geol. Soc. Amer. 7, 1297–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth, J.R. (1980) Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 91, 44–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varentsov, I.M., Ryabushkin, D.A., Kazimirov, D.A., Koreneva, Y.E., Gendler, T.S., Udinstev, G.B., Gradusov, B.P., Chizhirova, N.N., Saidova, K.M., Belyayeva, N.V. and Dzhinoridze, R.N. (1980)Metalliferous sediments of the Iceland Plateau, North-Atlantic, geochemical characteristics of formation. Trans. from Geokhimya 10, 1528–1541 (Geochem. Intern. 140–153).

    Google Scholar 

  • Veeh, H.H. and Boström, K. (1971) Anomalous 234U/23 U on the East Pacific rise. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 10, 372–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J.B. and Gieskes, J.M. (1974) Iron-rich basal sediments from the Indian Ocean: site 245 DSDP. Init.Rept. DSDP US Govt. Print. Off.XXV, 395–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.F. (1977) Hydrothermal manganese in the deep-sea

    Google Scholar 

  • scavenging residence time and Mn/3He relationships. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 37, 257–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelenof, K.K. (1965) Iron and manganese in exhalations of the submarine Banu Wuhu volcano (Indonesia). Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSR. 155, 1317–1320 (English translation, 94–96).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France

    Claude Lalou

Authors
  1. Claude Lalou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, USA

    Peter A. Rona

  2. University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

    Kurt Boström

  3. National Center for Ocean Exploitation, Paris, France

    Lucien Laubier

  4. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA

    Kenneth L. Smith Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lalou, C. (1983). Genesis of Ferromanganese Deposits: Hydrothermal Origin. In: Rona, P.A., Boström, K., Laubier, L., Smith, K.L. (eds) Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers. NATO Conference Series, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0402-7_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0402-7_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0404-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0402-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation