Abstract
I have approached these case studies primarily with the intent of finding innovative ideas that might be applicable to cities in the United States. My case studies have an environmental focus, although they have looked at social action as well. My principal theme has been: Which aspects of the neighborhood environment, and which environmental actions, have encouraged citizen action and participation and have led to political success? By environmental actions I mean actual changes to, or management of, the physical environment—buildings, housing, open spaces, streets—plans and designs for environmental changes, or other visible actions such as festivals and demonstrations, all of which are as social as they are environmental. Purely social actions are less visible and may cover efforts to implement rent control or stimulate political mobilization.
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Appleyard, D. (1983). Case Studies of Citizen Action and Citizen Participation in Brussels, Covent Garden, Delft, and Camden. In: Paternalism, Conflict, and Coproduction. Environment, Development, and Public Policy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0360-0_3
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