Schizophrenia pp 115-136 | Cite as
Etiologies of Schizophrenia
Psychological and Social
Chapter
Abstract
The interactive developmental model described in Chapter 2 involves psychological and social factors as well as biochemical, psychophysiological, and genetic characteristics. All are necessary for an integrated concept of schizophrenia. This chapter will focus on the four major types of psychosocial characteristics for which there is appreciable evidence of etiological importance in schizophrenia: early psychosocial development, family characteristics, the broader social environment, and stressful life events.
Keywords
Social Class Schizophrenic Patient Stressful Life Event Family Environment Societal Response
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Recommended Reading
- Burnham, D. L., Gladstone, A. I., and Gibson, R. W. Schizophrenia and the need-fear dilemma. New York: International Universities Press, 1969.Google Scholar
- Chodoff, P., and Carpenter, W. T., Jr. Psychogenic theories of schizophrenia. In : Schizophrenia: Biological and psychological perspectives, Usdin, G. (ed.). New-York: Brunner/Mazel, Inc., 1975.Google Scholar
- Clausen, J., and Kohn, M. Relation of schizophrenia to the social structure of a small city. In: Epidemiology of mental disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1969, 69–94.Google Scholar
- Lidz, T. The origin and treatment of schizophrenic disorders. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1973.Google Scholar
- Strauss, J. S., Kokes, R. F., Klorman, R., and Sacksteder, J. Premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia: Concepts, measures and implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1977, 3(2): 182–244.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watt, N. F. Patterns of childhood social development in adult schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35: 160–165.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wynne, L. C, and Singer, M. Thought disorder and family relations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 9: 199–206.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
- 1.Chapman, L. J. Recent advances in the study of schizophrenic cognition. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1979, 5: 568–580.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Strauss, T. S., Kokes, R. F., Klorman, R., and Sacksteder, J. Premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia: Concepts, measures and implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1977, 3(2): 182–244.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Watt, N. F. Patterns of childhood social development in adult schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35: 160–165.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Chodoff, P., and Carpenter, W. T., Jr. Psychogenic theories of schizophrenia. In : Schizophrenia: Biological and psychological perspectives, Usdin, G. (ed.). New York: Brunner/Mazel, Inc., 1975.Google Scholar
- 5.Klein, M. Contributions to psychoanalysis, 1921–1945. London: Hogarty Press, 1952.Google Scholar
- 6.Sullivan, H.S. The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton, 1953.Google Scholar
- 7.Hagen, R. Behavioral therapies and the treatment of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1975, 13: 70–96.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Meyer, A. Fundamental conceptions of dementia praecox. In: The common-sense psychiatry of Adolf Meyer, Lief, A. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948, 184–192.Google Scholar
- 9.Wise, C. D., Baden, M. M., and Stein L. Post mortem measurements of enzymes in human brain: Evidence of central noradrenergic deficit in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1974, 11: 185–198.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Heston, L.L. The genetics of schizophrenia and schizoid disease. Science, 1970, 167: 249–256.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Fromm-Reichmann, F. Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenia by psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 1948, 11: 263–273.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Lidz, T., Fleck, S., and Cornelison, A. Schizophrenia and the family. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.Google Scholar
- 13.Bateson, G., Jackson, D., Haley, J., and Weakland, J. Towards a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1956, 1: 251–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Berger, M. (ed.), Beyond the double bind. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978.Google Scholar
- 15.Wynne, L. C., and Singer, M. Thought disorder and family relations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 9: 199–206.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Jones, J., Rodnick, E., Goldstein, M. et al. Parental transaction style deviance as a possible indicator of risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, 34: 71–74.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Hirsch, S., and Leff, J. Abnormality in parents of schizophrenics. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
- 18.Woodward, J., and Goldstein, M. Communication deviance in the families of schizophrenics: A comment on the misuse of analysis of covariance. Science, 1977, 197: 1096–1097.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Laing, R. The politics of experience. New York: Ballantine, 1967.Google Scholar
- 20.Wynne, L., Ryckoff, I., Day, J., and Hirsch, S. Pseudomutuality in the family relations of schizophrenics. Psychiatry, 1958, 21: 205–220.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Reiss, D. Individual thinking and family interaction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1969, 149: 473–490.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T., and Wing, J. K. Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 121: 241–258.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Vaughn, C. E., and Leff, J. P. The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 129: 125–137.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Leff, J. P. Schizophrenia and sensitivity to the family environment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1976, 2(4): 566–574.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.MacLean, P. The triune brain, emotion, and scientific bias. In: The neurosciences second study program, Schmitt, F.O. (ed.). New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
- 26.Kreisman, D., and Joy, V. Family response to the mental illness of a relative. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1974, 10: 34–57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Riskin, J., and Faunce, E. Family interaction scales. III. Discussion of methodology and substantive findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1970, 22: 527–537.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Rosenhan, D. L. On being sane in insane places. Science, 1973, 179: 250–257.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.Caudill, W. The psychiatric hospital as a small society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
- 30.Goffman, E. Asylums. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961.Google Scholar
- 31.World Health Organization. The international pilot study of schizophrenia, vol. 1. Geneva: WHO Press, 1973.Google Scholar
- 32.Eaton, J., and Weil, R. Culture and mental disorders. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1955.Google Scholar
- 33.Murphy, H. Cultural influences on incidence, course, and treatment response. In: The nature of schizophrenia, Wynne, L., Cromwell, R., and Matthysse, S. (eds.). New York: Wiley, 1978.Google Scholar
- 34.Katz, M., Sanborn, K., Lowery, H., and Ching, J. Ethnic studies in Hawaii. In The nature of schizophrenia, Wynne, L., Cromwell, R., and Matthysse, S. (eds.). New York: Wiley, 1978.Google Scholar
- 35.World Health Organization. Schizophrenia: An international follow-up study. New York: Wiley, 1979.Google Scholar
- 36.Clausen, J. and Kohn, M. Relation of schizophrenia to the social structure of a small city. In: Epidemiology of mental disorder. Washington, D. C: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1969, 69–94.Google Scholar
- 37.Dohrenwend, B. S. & Dohrenwend, B. P. What is a stressful life event? In: Guide to stress research, Selye, H. (ed.). New York: VanNostrand, in press.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1981