Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Origins of Intelligence pp 255–304Cite as

Environmental Risks in Fetal and Neonatal Life as Biological Determinants of Infant Intelligence

  • Chapter

Abstract

The infant who is at risk for intellectual impairment because of environmental events in fetal or neonatal life is the special concern of this chapter. Investigators who study the underlying causes of impairment approach the question from varied perspectives. Both medical and social science research will be reviewed here to provide the reader with some synthesis, examine what is known, and consider research methods that offer promise for investigating unresolved questions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel, E. L. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Behavioral teratology. Pyschological Bulletin, 1980, 87, 29–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Als, H., Tronick, E., Adamson, L., and Brazelton, T. B. The behavior of the full-term but underweight newborn infant. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1976, 18, 590–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Als, H., Lester, B. M., and Brazelton, T. B. Dynamics of the behavioral organization of the premature infant: A theoretical perspective. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, S. Goldberg, and H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Behavior and development. New York: Spectrum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babson, S. G., and Henderson, N. B. Fetal undergrowth: Relation of head growth to later intellectual performance. Pediatrics, 1974, 53, 890–894.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, N. Manual, Bayley scales of infant development. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B. Neonatal behavioral assessment scale. London: Spastics International Medical Publications, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broman, S. H., Nichols, P. L., and Kennedy, W. A. Preschool IQ: Prenatal and early development correlates. New York: Halsted Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S., and Newman, G. B. Growth of the fetal biparietal diameter during normal pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1971, 78, 513–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, P. The measurement of intelligence in infants and young children. New York: Science Press, 1940. (Reprinted by Psychological Corporation, 1960.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, E. R., Goldstein, G. W., Myerberg, D. Z., Hunt, J. V., and Tooley, W. H. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the preterm infant. Pediatrics, 1980, 65, 901–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarren, S. K., and Smith, D. W. The fetal alcohol syndrome: A review of the world literature. New England Journal of Medicine, 1978, 298, 1063–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Commey, J. O. O., and Fitzhardinge, P. M. Handicap in the preterm small-for-gestational age infant. Journal of Pediatrics, 1979, 94, 779–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. A. Infants of very low birth weight: An appraisal of some aspects of their present neonatal care and of their later prognosis. In D. Hull (Ed.), Recent advances in pediatrics. London: Churchill-Livingstone, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. M., and Shanks, B. Neurological aspects of perinatal narcotic addiction and methadone treatment. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal, 1975, 2, 213–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinges, D. F., Davis, M. M., and Glass, P. Fetal exposure to narcotics: Neonatal sleep as a measure of nervous system disturbance. Science, 1980, 209 (4456), 612–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbing, J., and Sands, J. Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1973, 48, 757–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drillien, C. M. The growth and development of the prematurely born infant. Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drillien, C. M. Aetiology and outcome in low-birth-weight infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1972, 14, 563–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dykes, F. D., Lazzara, A., Ahmann, P., Blumenstein, B., Schwartz, J., and Brann, A. W. Intraventricular hemorrhage: A prospective evaluation of etiopathogenesis. Pediatrics, 1980, 66, 42–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fancourt, R., Campbell, S., Harvey, D., and Norman, A. P. Follow-up study of smallfor-date babies. British Medical Journal, 1976, 1, 1435–1437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. M., Dempsey, J. R., and Shuman, H. H. Developmental assessments of infants surviving the respiratory distress syndrome. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, S. Goldberg, and H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Behavior and development. New York: Spectrum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. M., Sostek, A. M., Goldberg, S., and Shuman, H. H. (Eds.). Infants born at risk: Behavior and development. New York: Spectrum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhardinge, P. M., Kalman, E., Ashby, S., and Pape, K. E. Present status of the infant of very low birth weight treated in a referral neonatal intensive care unit in 1974. In Major mental handicap: Methods and costs of prevention (Ciba Foundation Symposium 59 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Excerpta Medica/North-Holland, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogelman, K. Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent development of the child. Child Care, Health and Development, 1980, 6, 233–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis-Williams, J., and Davies, P. A. Very low birthweight and later intelligence. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1974, 16, 709–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenburg, W. K., Dodds, J. B., and Fandal, A. W. Denver developmental screening test. Denver: University of Colorado Medical Center, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S. L., and Sigman, M. (Eds.). Preterm birth and psychological development. New York: Academic Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabr, M. Malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation. In G. H. Bourne (Ed.), World review of nutrition and dietetics (Vol. 36 ). Basel: Karger, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gesell, A., and Amatruda, C. S. Developmental diagnosis. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1941. Gesell, A., and Amatruda, C. S. The embryology of behavior: The beginnings of the human mind. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, P. A., Davison, M. F., and Brazelton, T. B. Stages of behavioral organization in the high-risk neonate: Theoretical and clinical considerations. Seminars in Perinatology, 1979, 3, 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, R. The abilities of young children: a comprehensive system of mental measurement for the first eight years of life. London: Child Development Research Center, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hack, M., Fanarofi, A. A., and Merkatz, I. R. The low-birth-weight infant—evolution of a changing outlook. New England Journal of Medicine, 1979, 301, 1162–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. B., and Mellits, E. D. Does maternal smoking during pregnancy have a long-term effect on the child? Lancet, 1972, 2, 1332–1336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. V. Longitudinal research: A method for studying the intellectual development of high risk preterm infants. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, S. Goldberg, and H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Behavior and development. New York: Spectrum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. V. Predicting intellectual disorders in childhood for preterm infants with birth-weights below 1501 grams. In S. L. Friedman and M. Sigman (Eds.), Preterm birth and psychological development. New York: Academic Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, D. E. Behavioral teratology: Embryopathic and behavioral effects of drugs during pregnancy. In F. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (Vol. 4): Early influences. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. L., and Smith, D. W. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet, 1973, 2, 999–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. L., Smith, D. W., Streissguth, A. P., and Myrianthopoulos, N. C. Outcome in offspring of chronic alcoholic women. Lancet, 1974, 1, 1076–1078.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones,R. A. K., Cummins, M., and Davies, P. A. Infants of very low birthweight. A 15-year analysis. Lancet, 1979, 1, 1332–1335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaltenbach, K., Graziani, L. J., and Finnegan, L. P. Methadone exposure in utero: Developmental status at one and two years of age. Protracted Effects of Perinatal Drug Dependence, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1979, 11 (Suppl.), 15–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamper, J. Long term prognosis of infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. I. Neurological and mental outcome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 1978, 67, 61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koons, B. L. Neurologic sequelae in infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1978, 21, 343–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korner, A. F. Maternal rhythms and waterbeds: A form of intervention with premature infants. In E. B. Thoman (Ed.), Origins of the infant’s social responsiveness. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korner, A. F., and Thoman, E. B. The relative efficacy of contact and vestibular stimulation in soothing neonates. Child Development, 1972, 43, 443–453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korner, A. F., Kraemer, H. C., Haffner, M. E., and Cosper, L. M. Effects of waterbed flotation on premature infants: A pilot study. Pediatrics, 1975, 56, 361–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korner, A. F., Forrest, T., and Schneider, P. Development of a longitudinal neurobehavioral assessment procedure for preterms: Preliminary results from an intervention study. Paper presented at the meetings for the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherwood, P. Influence of early undernutrition on behavioral development and learning in rodents. In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (Vol. 4): Early influences. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leijon, I., Finnstrom, O., Nilsson, B., and Ryden, G. Neurology and behaviour of growthretarded neonates. Relation to biochemical placental function tests in late pregnancy. Early Human Development, 1980, 4, 257–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipper, E., Lee, K. S., Gartner, L. M., and Grellong, B. Determinants of neurobehavioral outcome in low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics, 1981, 67, 502–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, A., Marcus, M. M., and Ramer, C. M. Behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of the addicted neonate. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal, 1975, 2, 235–255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, L. O., Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., and Searls, D. Long-term follow-up of prematurely born infants. II. Influence of birth weight and gestational age on sequelae. Journal of Pediatrics, 1972, 80, 509–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccarthy, D. Manual for the McCarthy scales of children’s abilities. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. C. and Merritt, T. A. Fetal growth in humans. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olegard, R., Sabel, K. G., Aronsson, M., Sandin, B., Johansson, P. R., Carlsson, C., Kyllerman, M., Iversen, K., and Hrbek, A. Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica,1979, Supplement 275,112–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, G. D., and Lees, M. H. Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide of infants following chronic prenatal methadone exposure. Journal of Pediatrics, 1980, 96, 983–989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrea, E. M., and Chavez, C. J. Perinatal problems (excluding neonatal withdrawal) in maternal drug addiction: A study of 830 cases. Journal of Pediatrics, 1979, 94, 292–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pape, K. E., Buncic, R. J., Ashby, S., and Fitzhardinge, P. M. The status at two years of low-birth-weight infants born in 1974 with birth weights of less than 1,001 gm. Journal of Pediatrics, 1978, 92, 253–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, C. E., Wallis, S., and Harvey, D. School achievement and behaviour of children who were small-for-dates at birth. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1981, 23, 41–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philip, A. G. S. Fetal growth retardation: Femurs, fontanels, and follow-up. Pediatrics, 1978, 62, 446–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, C. M., and Lodge, A. Neonatal addiction: A two-year study. Part I. Clinical and developmental characteristics of infants of mothers on methadone maintenance. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal, 1975, 2, 227–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rantakallio, P. The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight and the subsequent health of the child. Early Human Development,1978, 2(4), 371–382. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rantakallio, P. Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the child up to age of five. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica,1978, 67,621–631. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S. A. The relation of severe malnutrition in infancy to the intelligence of school children with differing life histories. Pediatrics Research, 1976, 10, 57–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, M. R., and Bennett, E. L. Experiential influences on brain anatomy and brain chemistry in rodents.In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (Vol. 4): Early influences. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosett, H. L., Snyder, P., Sander, L. W., Lee, A., Cook, P., Weiner, L., and Gould, J. Effects of maternal drinking on neonate state regulation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1979, 21, 464–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, M. P. D., Lefever, J. A., Hakanson, D. O., Clark, D. A., and Williams, M. L. Early development of infants of birth weight less than 1,000 grams with reference to mechanical ventilation in the newborn period. Pediatrics, 1981, 68, 330–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., and Chandler, M. J. Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. D. Horowitz, M. Hetherington, S. Scarr-Salapatek, and G. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4 ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxton, D. W. The behaviour of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy. Early Human Development, 1978, 2, 363–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, W. J. A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1957, 73, 808–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokol, R. J., Miller, S. I., and Reed, G. Alcohol abuse during pregnancy: An epidemiologic study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1980, 4, 135–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stave, U., and Ruvalo, C. Neurological development in very-low-birthweight infants. Application of a standardized examination and Prechtl’s optimality concept in routine evaluations. Early Human Development, 1980, 4, 229–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. L., and Reynolds, E. O. R. Improved prognosis for infants of very low birth-weight. Pediatrics, 1974, 54, 724–735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, M. E., Starr, R. H., Ostrea, E. M., Chavez, C. J., and Stryker, J. C. Behavioral concomitants of prenatal addiction to narcotics. Journal of Pediatrics, 1976, 89, 842–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, M. E., Lessen-Firestone, J. K., Chavez, C. J., and Stryker, J. C. Children of methadone-treated women at five years of age. Protracted Effects of Perinatal Drug Dependence, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1979, 11 (Suppl.), 3–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P. Maternal alcoholism and the outcome of pregnancy: A review of the fetal alcohol syndrome. In M. Greenblatt and M. A. Schuckit (Eds.), Alcoholism problems in women and children. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Martin, D. C., and Herman, C. S. Effects of maternal alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine use during pregnancy on infant mental and motor development at eight months. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1980, 4, 152–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Landesman-Dwyer, S., Martin, J. C., and Smith, D. W. Teratogenic effects of alcohol in humans and laboratory animals. Science, 1980, 209, 353–361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Martin, D. C., Martin, J. C., and Barr, H. M. The Seattle longitudinal prospective study on alcohol and pregnancy. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1981, 3, 223–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T., and Reynolds, J. The results of intensive care therapy for neonates: I. Overall neonatal mortality rates: II. Neonatal mortality rates and long-term prognosis for low birth weight neonates. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 1977, 5, 59–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tooley, W. H. Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Journal of Pediatrics, 1979, 95, 851–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usher, R., and Mclean, F. Interuterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: Standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 24 and 44 weeks of gestation. Journal of Pediatrics, 1969, 74, 901–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohr, B. R., OH, W., Rosenfield, A. G., and Cowett, R. M. The preterm small-forgestational age infant: A two-year follow-up study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1979, 133, 425–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuori, L., Christiansen, N., Clement, J., Mora, J. O., Wagner, M., and Herrera, M. G. Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy: II. Visual habituation at 15 days. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1979, 32, 463–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. S., Desmond, M. M., and Verniaud, W. M. Early development of infants of heroin-addicted mothers. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1973, 126, 457–462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. S., Mccreary, R., Kean, J., and Baxter, J. C. The development of preschool children of heroin-addicted mothers: A controlled study. Pediatrics, 1979, 63, 135–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamenhof, S., and VanMarthens, E. Nutritional influences on prenatal brain development.In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (Vol. 4): Early influences. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeskind, P. S., and Ramey, C. T. Preventing intellectual and interactional sequelae of fetal malnutrition: A longitudinal, transactional, and synergistic approach to development. Child Development, 1981, 52, 213–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    Jane V. Hunt

Authors
  1. Jane V. Hunt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    Michael Lewis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hunt, J.V. (1983). Environmental Risks in Fetal and Neonatal Life as Biological Determinants of Infant Intelligence. In: Lewis, M. (eds) Origins of Intelligence. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0322-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0322-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0324-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0322-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation