Abstract
From the large volumetric ratios shown in Table 1.1, one can infer that as confined volumes of cryogens experience heat input, which they must unless there is a source of refrigeration, pressure can build up. Unless gas can be vented from the system, this pressure increase will continue until eventually either liquid density at ambient temperature is approached or the container ruptures. Starting with saturated liquid at 1 atm, the upper pressure limits that can be attained in this manner are enormous and, in most cases, cannot be sustained without vessel rupture. Table 5.1 presents estimates of these pressure limits, which can only be reached if, at the start of the confinement, the container is completely filled with the liquid phase of the cryogen.
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Edeskuty, F.J., Stewart, W.F. (1996). Buildup of Pressure in Closed Systems. In: Safety in the Handling of Cryogenic Fluids. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_5
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