Abstract
In general, materials tend to increase in strength as their temperature is lowered. The deformation of metals occurs with the movement of crystal-lattice dislocations. As the temperature is raised, the thermal energy of the vibrating atoms assists this movement. Hence, as the temperature is lowered, the decreased thermal vibration of the metal lattice adds to the strength of the material.1 However, in the design of cryogenic equipment it is usually best to use the ambient-temperature strength because of temperature gradients that might exist within the equipment and also because cryogenic equipment frequently must operate at warmer temperatures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Rosenberg, H. M. (1971). The behavior of materials at low temperature, in Advanced Cryogenics (C. A. Bailey, ed.), Chap. 3, Plenum Press, London.
Wigley, D. A., and Halford, P. (1971). Construction materials and fabrication techniques, in Cryogenic Fundamentals (G. G. Haseiden, ed.), Chap. 6, Academic Press, New York.
Zabetakis, M. G. (1967). Safety with Cryogenic Fluids, Plenum Press, New York.
Durham, T. F., McClintock, R. M., and Reed, R. P. (1962). Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, Office of Technical Services, Washington, D.C.
McClintock, R. M., and Gibbons, H. P. (1960). Mechanical Properties of Structural Materials at Low Temperatures, a Compilation from the Literature, National Bureau of Standards Monograph 13, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
Timmerhaus, K. D., and Flynn, T. M. (1989). Cryogenic Process Engineering, Plenum Press, New York.
Johnson, W. H. (1875). On some remarkable changes produced in iron and steel by the action of hydrogen and acids, Proc. R. Soc. London 23, 168.
Gray, H. R. (1974). Testing for hydrogen environment embrittlement: Experimental variables, in Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing, ASTM STP-543, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Edeskuty, F. J., et al., (1979). Critical Review and Assessment of Environmental and Safety Problems in Hydrogen Energy Systems, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LA-7820-PR, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Dodge, B. F. (1953). High pressure research in the chemical engineering department of Yale University, Trans. ASME 75, 331.
Mills, R. L., and Edeskuty, F. J. (1956). Chem. Eng. Prog. 52(11), 477.
Swisher, J. H., Keaton, S. C., West, A. J., and Jones, A. T. (1974). Survey of Hydrogen Compatibility Problems in Energy Storage and Energy Transmission Systems, Sandia Laboratories Energy Report SAND74-8219, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Cavett, R. H., and Van Ness, H. C. (1963). Embrittlement of steel by high pressure hydrogen gas, Weld. Res. Supple. 1963 (July), 316s.
Caskey, G. R., Jr. (1983). Hydrogen Compatibility Handbook for Stainless Steels, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Report DP-1643, Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina.
Hirth, J. P. (1984). Theories of hydrogen induced cracking of steels, in Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking (R. Gibala and R. F. Hehemann, eds.), American Society for Metals, Metal Park, Ohio.
Birnbaum, H. K. (1990). Mechanisms of hydrogen-related fracture of metals, in Environment-Induced Cracking of Metals (R. P. Gangloff and M. B. Ives, eds.), NACE-10, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Texas.
Oriani, R. A., Hirth, J. P., and Smialowski, M., eds. (1985). Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
Walter, R. J., and Chandler, W. T. (1968). Effects of high pressure hydrogen on storage vessel materials, Proceedings of the ASM Westec Conference, March 11–14, 1968, Los Angeles, American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Edeskuty, F.J., Stewart, W.F. (1996). Embrittlement of Materials. In: Safety in the Handling of Cryogenic Fluids. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0309-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0307-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive