Abstract
Interest in how the efficiency of DNA repair might vary among specific categories of cellular DNA dates almost to the origin of the “repair replication” technique, which quantifies the short stretches of DNA synthesized during excision repair (Pettijohn and Hanawalt, 1964). It has always been clear that the biological consequences of DNA damage to the cell or organism would depend strongly on the functional role of the particular segment of DNA suffering the damage. Early studies were confined to comparing repair in classes of DNA that were in relative abundance and could be physically isolated for analysis such as chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, and genomic satellite DNA. Later, the repair of the highly repetitive alpha DNA sequences in African green monkey cells was investigated in detail using a variety of techniques. This was made possible by the abundance of this alpha DNA species; 8% of the DNA can be easily isolated as pure 172-base-pair fragments by digestion by HindIII and gel electrophoresis (Zolan et al., 1982). These investigations (reviewed in Smith, 1987) demonstrated complex differences in the repair of this nontranscribed sequence as compared to the remaining, bulk DNA, and gave impetus to efforts to develop methods for studying repair in active genes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baird, W. M., Smith, C. A., Spivak, G., Mauthe, R. J., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1994). Analysis of the fine structure of the repair of anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-DNA adducts in mammalian cells by laser-induced strand cleavage. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 6:169–176.
Bohr, V. A., and Okumoto, D. S. (1988). Analysis of pyrimidine dimer repair in defined genes, in:DNA Repair: A Laboratory Manual of Research Procedures, Volume III (E. C. Friedberg and P. C. Hanawalt, eds.), Dekker, New York, pp. 347–366.
Bohr, V. A., Smith, C. A., Okumoto, D. S., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1985). DNA repair in an active gene: Removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell 40:359–369.
Chen, R. H., Maher, V. M., Brouwer, J., van de Putte, P., and McCormick, J. J. (1992). Preferential repair and strand-specific repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts in the HPRT gene of diploid human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89:5413–5417.
Denissenko, M. F., Venkatachalam, S., Yamasaki, E. F., and Wani, A. A. (1994). Assessment of DNA damage and repair in specific genomic regions by quantitative immuno-coupled PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:2351–2359.
Islas, A. L., Vos, J.-M., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1991). Differential introduction and repair of psoralen-DNA interstrand crosslinking in specific human genes. Cancer Res. 51:2867–2873.
Leadon, S. A. (1988). Immunological probes for lesions and repair patches in DNA, in:DNA Repair: A Laboratory Manual of Research Procedures, Volume III (E. C. Friedberg and P. C. Hanawalt, eds.), Dekker, New York, pp. 311–326.
Leadon, S.A., and Cooper, P. K. (1993). Preferential repair of ionizing radiation-induced damage in the transcribed strand of an active human gene is defective in Cockayne syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10499–10503.
Leadon, S. A., and Lawrence, D. A. (1992). Strand-selective repair of DNA damage in the yeast GAL7 gene requires RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 267:23175–23182.
Lommel, L., and Hanawalt, P.C. (1991). The genetic defect in the Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant UV61 permits moderate selective repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in an expressed gene. Mutat. Res. 255:183–191.
Madhani, H. D., Bohr, V. A., and Hanawalt, P.C. (1986). Differential DNA repair in a transcriptionally active and inactive proto-oncogene:c-abl and c-mos. Cell 45:417–423.
Mellon, I., Spivak, G., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1987). Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell 51:241–249.
Pettijohn, D., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1964). Evidence for repair-replication of ultraviolet damaged DNA in bacteria. J. Mol. Biol. 9:395–410.
Ruven, H. J., Seelen, C. M., Lohman, P. H., Mullenders, L. H., and van Zeeland, A. A. (1994). Efficient synthesis of 32P-labeled single-stranded DNA probes using linear PCR, application of the method for analysis of strand-specific DNA repair. Mutat. Res. 315:189–195.
Scicchitano, D., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1989). Repair of N-methylpurines in specific DNA sequences in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Absence of strand specificity in the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3050–3054.
Smith, C. A. (1987). DNA repair in specific sequences in mammalian cells. J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 6:225–241.
Smith, C. A. (1988). Repair of DNA containing furocoumarin adducts, in:Psoralen DNA Photobiology, Volume II (F. Gasparro, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 87–116.
Spivak, G., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1992). Translesion DNA synthesis in the DHFR domain of UV-irradiated CHO cells. Biochememistry 31:6794–6800.
Spivak, G., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1995). Determination of damage and repair in specific DNA sequences, in:Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 7, Academic Press, London, pp. 147–161.
Tang, M. S., Pao, A., and Zhang, X. S. (1994a). Repair of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-and UV-induced DNA damage in dihydrofolate reductase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase genes of CHO cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:12749–12754.
Tang, M. S., Qian, M., and Pao, A. (1994b). Formation and repair of antitumor antibiotic CC-1065-induced DNA adducts in the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochemistry 33:2726–2732.
Thomale, J., Hochleitner, K., and Rajewsky, M. F. (1994). Differential formation and repair of the mutagenic DNA alkylation product O6-ethylguanine in transcribed and nontranscribed genes of the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1681–1686.
Thomas, D. C., Morton, A. G., Bohr, V. A., and Sancar, A. (1988). General method for quantifying base adducts in specific mammalian genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3723–3727.
van Hoffen, A., Venema, J., Meschini, R., van Zeeland, A. A., and Mullenders, L. H. (1995). Transcription-coupled repair removes both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6–4 photoproducts with equal efficiency and in a sequential way from transcribed DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum group C fibroblasts. EMBO J. 14:360–367.
Venema, J., van Hoffen, A., Karcagi, V, Natarajan, A. T., van Zeeland, A. A., and Mullenders, L. H. (1991). Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C cells remove pyrimidine dimers selectively from the transcribed strand of active genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:4128–4134.
Vos, J.-M. (1988). Analysis of psoralen monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks in defined genomic sequences, in:DNA Repair: A Laboratory Manual of Research Procedures, Volume III (E. C. Friedberg and P. C. Hanawalt, eds.), Dekker, New York, pp. 367–398.
Wang, W., Sitaram, A., and Scicchitano, D. A. (1995). 3-Methyladenine and 7-methylguanine exhibit no preferential removal from the transcribed strand of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in Chinese hamster ovary B11 cells. Biochemistry 34:1798–1804.
Zolan, M. E., Cortopassi, G. A., Smith, C. A., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1982). Deficient repair of chemical adducts in alpha DNA of monkey cells. Cell 28:613–619.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, C.A., Hanawalt, P.C. (1996). Strategies for Measuring Damage and Repair in Gene-Sized Specific DNA Sequences. In: Pfeifer, G.P. (eds) Technologies for Detection of DNA Damage and Mutations. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0301-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0301-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0303-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0301-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive