Skip to main content

Pain and Psychological Function in Late Life

  • Chapter
Handbook of Pain and Aging

Part of the book series: The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging ((SSAD))

Abstract

Perhaps the most creative of ongoing attempts to resolve the conundrum of objectively defining an internal event is McCaffrey’s (1979) often-cited statement that “pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is and exists whenever he says it does” (p. 8). This delightfully obtuse definition is an especially appropriate introduction to this chapter because it telegraphs the inherently phenomenological nature of pain. Psychological processes are inextricable from pain experience across the life span, but they may be especially crucial to understanding pain in late life. Aging almost inevitably brings with it some aches and pains, but the experience and effects of pain vary markedly across individuals. Of course, some sources of this diversity are quite obvious; the most notable is health status. But as we shall soon see, objective factors account for only a small portion of variability in pain and its effects. Psychological factors play an equal and perhaps even greater role in shaping the experience, expression, and effects of pain among older adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Urrows, S., & Higgins, P. (1992). Neuroticism and the pain-mood relation in rheumatoid arthritis: insights from a respective daily study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 119–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal, H. S. (1985). Anxiety: Definition, relationship to depression, and proposal for an integrative model. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 787–797). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulos, G. S. (1991). Anxiety and depression in the elderly. In C. Salzman & B. D. Lebowitz (Eds.), Anxiety in the elderly: Treatment and research (pp. 63–77). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asplund, K. Norberg, A., Adolfsson, R., & Waxman, H. M. (1991). Facial expressions in severely demented patients: A stimulus-response study of four patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 599–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R. C., & Jolley, D. J. (1986). The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 574–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., Berkman, C. S., Kasl, S., Freeman, D. H., Leo, L., Ostfield, A. M., Cornoni-Huntley, J., & Brody, J. A. (1986). Depressive symptoms in relation to physical health and functioning in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124 372–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birdwell, B. G., Herbers, J. E., & Kroenke, K. (1993). Evaluating chest pain: The patient’s presentation style alters the physician’s diagnostic approach. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 1991–1995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blalock, S. J., De Vellis, R. E., Brown, G. K., & Wallston, K. A. (1989). Validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in arthritis populations. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, 991–997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D. G., George, L. K., & Hughes, D. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: An age comparison. In C. Salzman & B. D. Lebowitz (Eds.), Anxiety in the elderly: Treatment and research (pp. 17–30). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., Hughes, D. C., & Fowler, N. (1989). Anxiety as an outcome symptom of depression in elderly and middle-aged adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4, 273–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., Hughes, D. C., & George, L. K. (1987). The epidemiology of depression in an elderly community population. Gerontologist, 27, 281–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., & Williams, C. D. (1988). Epidemiology of depression and dysphoria in an elderly population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 434–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, A. R., Kremer, E. F., & Gaylor, M. (1980). Behavioral treatment of chronic pain: The spouse as a discriminative cue for pain behavior. Pain, 9, 243–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, D., & Heilbronn, M. (1982). Chronic pain as a variant of depressive illness: The pain-prone disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 381–406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, M. L., Seeman, T. E., Merrill, S. S., & Blazer, D. G. (1994). The impact of depressive symptomatology on physical disability: MacArthur studies of successful aging. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1796–1799.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, L. F., Kaplan, M. R., & Pincus, T. (1991). The Beck Depression Inventory, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and General Weil-Being Schedule Depression Subscale in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research, 4, 3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cariaga, J., Burgio, L., Flynn, W, & Martin, D. (1991). A controlled study of disruptive vocalizations among geriatric residents in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 501–507.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casten, R. J., Parmelee, P. A., Kleban, M. H., Lawton, M. P., & Katz, I. R. (1995). The relationships among anxiety, depression, and pain in a geriatric institutionalized sample. Pain, 61, 271–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, M., Jagger, C., Anderson, J., Battcock, T., Kelly, F., & Stern, M. C. (1991). The prevalence of dementia in a total population: A comparison of two screening instruments. Age and Ageing, 20, 396–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clinton, P., & Eland, J. (1990). Pain. In M. Maas & K. Buckwalter (Eds.), Nursing diagnoses and intervention for the elderly (pp. 348–368). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coccaro, E. F., & Miles, A. M. (1984). The attitudinal impact of training in gerontology/geriatrics in medical school: A review of the literature and perspective. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 32, 762–768.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Mansfield, J., Billig, N., Lipson, S., Rosenthal, A. S., & Pawlson, L. G. (1990). Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology, 36, 150–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Marx, M. S. (1993). Pain and depression in the nursing home: Corroborating results. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, P96–P97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colenda, C. C., & Smith, S. L. (1993). Multivariate modeling of anxiety and depression in community-dwelling elderly persons. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 327–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwall, A., & Donderi, D. C. (1988). The effect of experimentally induced anxiety on the experience of pressure pain. Pain, 35, 105–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T, Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life span edevelopment and behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 65–102). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, K. D., Prkachin, K. M., & Grünau, R. V. (1992). The facial expression of pain. In D. C. Turk & R. Melzack (Eds.), Handbook of pain assessment (pp. 257–274). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook, J., Rideout, E., & Browne, G. (1984). The revalence of pain complaints in a general population. Pain, 18, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dar, R., Beach, C. M., Barden, P. L., & Cleeland, C. S. (1992). Cancer pain in the marital system: A study of patients and their spouses. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 7, 87–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J., Feldman, P. H., & Crawford, S. (1994). Measuring depressive symptoms in the frail elderly. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, P159–P164.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGood, D. E., Buckelew, S. P., & Tait, R. C. (1985). Cognitive-somatic anxiety response patterning in chronic pain patients and nonpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 137–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. A., Funkenstein, H. H., Albert, M. S., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Taylor, J. O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population of older persons: Higher than previously reported. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 2551–2556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faherty, B. S., & Grier, M. R. (1984). Analgesic medication for elderly people postsurgery. Nursing Research, 33, 369–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, F. R., Cole, M. G., Engelsmann, F., & Mansouri, I. (1994). Depression in older medical inpatients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 279–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, E., & Turk, D. C. (1992). Sensory and affective components of pain: Separation and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 205–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, B. A., Ferrell, B. R., & Osterweil, D. A. (1990). Pain in the nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38, 409–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, B. A., Ferrell, B. R., & Rivera, L. (1996). Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 10, 591–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, B. R., Rhiner, M., Cohen, M. Z., & Grant, M. (1991). Pain as a metaphor for illness: 1. Impact of cancer pain on family caregivers. Oncology Nursing Forum, 18, 1303–1309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H., Miltner, W., & Birbaumer, N. (1992). Psychophysiological recording methods. In D. C. Turk & R. Melzack (Eds.), Handbook of pain assessment (pp. 169–190). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M., Anthony, J. C., & Parhad, I. (1985). The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33, 228–235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive status of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, W. E. (1976). Behavioral methods in chronic pain and illness. St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, W. E. (1978). Evaluating and managing chronic pain. Geriatrics, 33, 59–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garron, D. C., & Leavitt, F. (1979). Demographic and affective covariates of pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 525–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaskin, M. E., Greene, A. F., Robinson, M. E., & Geisser, M. E. (1992). Negative affect and the experience of chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 707–713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, K. M., Keefe, F. J., Crisson, J. E., & Van Dalfsen, P. J. (1987). Social support and pain behavior. Pain, 29, 209–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenlee, K. K. (1991). Pain and analgesia: Considerations for the elderly in critical care. AACN Clinical Issues in Critical Care Nursing, 2, 720–728.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, H. B., Bonica, J. J., & Bergner, M. (1987). The prevalence of pain in four cancers. Cancer, 60, 2563–2569.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, S. A., Sheidler, V. R., Swedeen, K., Mucenski, J., & Piantadosi, S. (1991). Correlation of patient and caregiver ratings of cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 6(2), 53–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagglund, K. J., Haley, W. E., Reville, J. D., & Alarcon, G. S. (1989). Predicting individual differences in pain and functional impairment among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, 851–858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, M. T., Anderson, J. J., Pincus, T., & Felson, D. T. (1992). Educational attainment and osteoarthritis: Differential associations with radiographic changes and symptom reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 139–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins, S. W., Price, D. D., & Braith, J. (1989). Effects of extraversion and neuroticism on experimental pain, clinical pain, and illness behavior. Pain, 36, 209–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S. A. (1984). The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults. Journal of Psychology, 116, 139–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hnatiuk, S. H. (1991). Experience sampling with elderly persons: An exploration of the method. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 33, 45–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, A. C., Volicer, B. J., Hanrahan, P. A., Houde, S., & Volicer, L. (1992). Assessment of discomfort in advanced Alzheimer patients. Research in Nursing and Health, 15, 369–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, R. N., & Virts, K. L. (1990). The influence of family support on chronic pain. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28, 283–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. P., Karoly, P., & Harris, P. (1991). Assessing the affective component of chronic pain: Development of the Pain Discomfort Scale. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., & Henderson, A. S. (1987). The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 465–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasniak, A. (1995, August). Aging and the neuropsychology of emotion: Research and clinical implications. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, F. J., & Block, A. R. (1982). Development of an observational method for assessing pain behavior in chronic low back pain patients. Behavior Therapy, 13, 363–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, F. J., Caldwell, D. S., Queen, K. T., Gil, K. M., Martinez, S., Crisson, J. E., Ogden, W., & Nunley, J. (1987). Pain coping strategies in osteoarthritis patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 208–212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (1987). Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: Same genes, different environment? Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 451–457.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, G. J., Kelman, H. R., & Thomas, C. (1990). The emergence of depressive symptoms in late life: The importance of declining health and increasing disability. Journal of Community Health, 15, 93–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, R. D., Haythornthwaite, J., Southwick, S., & Giller, E. L., Jr. (1990). The role of marital interaction in chronic pain and depressive symptom severity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34, 401–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., O’Connor, C. M., Guarisco, S. A., Zabel, K. M., & Ford, S. M. (1993). Depressive disorder in older medical inpatients on general medicine and cardiology services at a university teaching hospital. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, K. R. R., France, R. D., Pelton, S., McCann, U. D., Davidson, J., & Urban, B. J. (1985). Chronic pain and depression: 1. Classification of depression in chronic low back pain patients. Pain, 22, 279–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukull, W. A., Koepsell, T. C., Inui, T. S., Borson, S., Okimoto, J., Raskind, M. A., & Gale, J. L. (1986). Depression and physical illness among elderly general medical clients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 10, 153–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, M. P., Van Haitsma, K., & Klapper, J. (1996). Observed affect in nursing home residents with Alzheimers disease. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 51, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, E. A., & Prohaska, T. R. (1986). Age, symptom interpretation and health behavior. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 185–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, P. A., Skehan, M. W., & Swensen, C. H. (1984). The role of personality, recent life stress and arthritic severity in predicting pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 28, 231–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, P. A., Swensen, C. H., & Skehan, M. W. (1986). Further investigation of the role of personality, lifestyle and arthritic severity in predicting pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 30, 327–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindesay, J. (1990). The Guy’s Age Concern Survey: Physical health and psychiatric disorder in an urban elderly community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 272-278. Lousberg, R., Schmidt, A. J. M., & Groenman, N. A. (1992). The relationship between spouse solicitousness and pain behavior: Searching for more experimental evidence. Pain, 51, 75–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magni, J., Schifano, F., & DeLeo, D. (1985). Pain as a symptom in elderly depressed patients: Relationship to diagnostic subgroups. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 235, 143–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marzinski, L. R. (1991). The tragedy of dementia: Clinically assessing pain the confused, nonverbal elderly. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 17, 25–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey, M. (1979). Nursing management of the patient with pain (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, I. B. (1990). Psychological aspects influence the threshold of pain. Geriatric Medicine, 20, 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melding, P. (1991). Is there such a thing as geriatric pain? Pain, 46, 119–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1, 277–299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merskey, H., & Bogduk, N. (1994). Classification of chronic pain: Description of chronic pain syndromes and definition of pain terms (2nd ed.). Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merskey, J. (1968). Psychological aspects of pain. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 44, 297–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moosbrugger, H., & Schermelleh-Engel, K. (1991). Determinants of pain experience, perceived competence, trait anxiety, trait depression and moderator effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1261–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, E. (1983). The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 111–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J. K., Weissman, M. M., Tischler, G. L., Holzer, C. E., III, Leaf, P. J., Orvaschel, H., Anthony, J. C., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., Kramer, M., & Stoltzman, R. (1984). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 959–967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicassio, P. M., Wallston, K. A., Callahan, L. F., Herbert, M., & Pincus, T. (1985). The measurement of helplessness in rheumatoid arthritis: The development of the Arthritis Helplessness Index. Journal of Rheumatology, 12, 462–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberle, K., Paul, P., Wry, J., & Grace, M. (1990). Pain, anxiety and analgesics: A comparative study of elderly and younger surgical patients. Canadian Journal on Aging, 9, 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J., & Francis, A. (1988). The use of next-of-kin to estimate ain in cancer patients. Pain, 35, 171–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordan, T. G., Hayes, J. P., Shelley, R., O’Neill, D., Walsh, J. B., & Coakley, D. (1989). The prevalence of depression in an acute geriatric medical assessment unit. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4, 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouslander, J. G. (1982). Physical illness and depression in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 30, 593–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A. (1996). Pain among cognitively impaired older persons. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 12(3), 473–487.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Katz, I. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1989). Depression among institutionalized aged: Assessment and prevalence estimation. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 41, M22–M29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Katz, I. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1991). The relation of pain to depression among institutionalized aged. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, P15–P21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Katz, I. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1992). Incidence of depression in long-term care settings. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 46, M189–M196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Katz, I. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1993). Anxiety and its association with depression among institutionalized elderly. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Kleban, M. H., & Katz, I. R. Pain, anxiety and depression among institutional elderly: The role of somatic symptoms. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., Smith, B. D., & Katz, I. R. (1993). Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 517–522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F., Bradley, L. A., Vaughn, W. K., & Wolfe, F. (1986). Elevated MMPI scores for hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reflect disease rather than psychological status. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, 1456–1466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radecki, S. E., Kane, R. L., Solomon, D. H., Mendenhall, R. C., & Beck, J. C. (1988a). Do physicians spend less time with older patients? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 713–718.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radecki, S. E., Kane, R. L., Solomon, D. H., Mendenhall, R. C., & Beck, J. C. (1988b). Are physicians sensitive to the special needs of older patients? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 719–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S., & Teri, L. (1986). Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontology, 5, 119–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. S., Nepomuceno, C., Riles, M., & Suer, Z. (1982). Assessing pain behavior: The UAB Pain Behavior Scale. Pain, 14, 393–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, J. M, & Turner, J. A. (1985). Chronic pain and depression: Does the evidence support a relationship? Psychological Bulletin, 97, 18–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rovner, B. W., German, P. S., Broadhead, J., Morriss, R. K., Brant, L. J., Blaustein, J., & Folstein, M. F. (1990). The prevalence and management of dementia and other psychiatric disorders in nursing homes. International Psychogeriatrics, 2, 13–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R., & Thomas, M. R. (1986). A survey of chronic pain in an elderly population. Canadian Family Physician, 32, 513–516.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengstaken, E. A., & King, S. A. (1993). The problem of pain and its detection among geriatric nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 541–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sofaer, B., & Walker, J. (1994). Mood assessment in chronic pain patients. Disability and Rehabilitation, 16, 35–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, F. G. (1967). Pain in psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 187–193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. B., Blashfield, R., Hale, W. E., Moore, M. T., May, F. E., & Marks, R. G. (1991). Correlates of Beck Depression Inventory scores in an ambulatory elderly population: Symptoms, diseases, laboratory values, and medications. Journal of Family Practice, 32, 497–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strang, P., & Qvarner, H. (1990). Cancer-related pain and its influence on quality of life. Anticancer Research, 19, 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulkava, R., Wikstrom, J., Aromaa, A., Raitasalo, R., Lehtinen, V., Lahtela, K., & Palo, J. (1985). Prevalence of severe dementia in Finland. Neurology, 35, 1025–1029.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, J. D., Rapoff, M. A., Varghese, G., Porter, K., & Palmer, R. E. (1991). Psychosocial factors in chronic spinal cord injury ain. Pain, 47, 183–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teske, K., Daut, R. L., & Cleeland, C. S. (1983). Relationships between nurses’ observations and patients’ self-reports of pain. Pain, 16, 289–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tief, P. M., Elliott, D. J., Stein, N., & Frederickson, B. E. (1987). Functional vs. organic pain: A meaningful distinction? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (1994). Detecting depression in chronic pain patients: Adequacy of self-reports. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Knorring, L., Perris, C., Eisemann, M., Eriksson, U., & Perris, H. (1983). Pain as a symptom in depressive disorders: 2. Relationship to personality traits as assessed by means of KSP. Pain, 17, 377–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisenberg, M., Aviram, O., Wolf, Y., & Raphaeli, N. (1984). Relevant and irrelevant anxiety in the reaction to pain. Pain, 20, 371–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1992). Pain and depression among community-residing elderly. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, P367–P372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1995). Activity restriction mediates the association between pain and depressed affect: A study of younger and older adult cancer patients. Psychology and Aging, 10, 369–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, J. (1978). Depression in the elderly. Age and Aging, 7(Suppl.), 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, B. B. (1983). Laboratory methods of pain measurement. In R. Melzack (Ed.), Pain measurement and assessment (pp. 7–13). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Parmelee, P.A. (1997). Pain and Psychological Function in Late Life. In: Mostofsky, D.I., Lomranz, J. (eds) Handbook of Pain and Aging. The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0283-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0283-2_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0285-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0283-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics