Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Genomes of Plants and Animals pp 211–242Cite as

A Pairing-Looping Model for Position-Effect Variegation in Drosophila

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Stadler Genetics Symposia Series ((SGSS))

Abstract

L. J. Stadler’s critical review, “The Gene” (Stadler, 1954), was published shortly after his death in 1954, when genes were defined abstractly by mutation, not molecularly by sequence, as they are today. In Stadler’s time, position-effect variegation (PEV) represented a challenge to any simple view of the gene, because a PEV mutation could act to silence multiple linked genes, a feature commonly referred to as “spreading”. One extreme view cited by Stadler was Goldschmidt’s contention that PEV reveals that genes do not exist, at least not as discrete entities. Whereas such uncertainties concerning the existence and nature of the gene were soon cleared up during the molecular biology revolution, the problem of spreading seen with PEV remains: how can a single lesion affect multiple discrete genes in a region?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aparicio, O.M., and Gottschling, D.E, 1994, Overcoming telomeric silencing: a trans-activator competes to establish gene expression in a cell cycle-dependent way, Genes and Dev. 8: 1133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashburner, M., 1980, Some aspects of the structure and function of the polytene chromosomes of the Diptera. in: “Insect cytogenetics. Tenth Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society,” RL Blackman, G.M. Hewitt and M. Ashburner eds., pp. 65–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W.K., 1968, Position-effect variegation, Adv. Genet. 14: 133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, G., and Lehrach, H., 1994, Trinucleotide repeat expansions and human genetic disease, Bioessays 16: 277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayne, R.A.L, Broccoli, D., Taggart, M.H., Thomson, EJ., Farr, C.J., and Cooke, H.J., 1994, Sandwiching of a gene within 12 kb of a functional telomere and alpha satellite does not result in silencing, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belling, J., 1933, Crossing-over and gene rearrangement in flowering plants, Genetics 18: 388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belyaeva, E.S., and Zhimulev, I.F., 1991, Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of position effect variegation in Drosophila III. Continuous and discontinuous compaction of chromosomal material as a result of position effect variegation, Chromosoma 100: 453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belyaeva, E.S., Demakova, O.V., Umbetova, G.H., and Zhimulev, I.F., 1993, Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. V. Heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 appears in euchromatic chromosomal regions that are inactivated as a result of position-effect variegation, Chromosoma 102: 583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifer, C., Hecht, A., Saueressig, H., Winter, D.M., and Sippel, A.E, 1991, Dynamic chromatin: the regulatory domain organization of eukaryotic gene loci, J. Cell. Biochem. 47: 99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifer, C Yannoutsos, N., Kruger, G., Grosveld, F., and Sippel, A.E, 1994, Dissection of the locus control function located on the chicken lysozyme gene domain in transgenic mice, Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, B., Jarne, P., and Assimacopoulous, S., 1994, The distribution of transposable elements within and between chromosomes in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. 3. Element abundances in heterochromatin, Genet. Res. 64: 183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J.H., Whiteley, M., and Felsenfeld, G., 1993, A 5’ element of the chicken beta-globin domain serves as an insulator in human erythroid cells and protects against position effect in Drosophila, Cell 74: 505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demerec, M., and Slizynska, H., 1937, Mottled white 258–18 of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 22: 641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin, RH., Bingham, B., and Wakimoto, B., 1990, The organization and expression of the light gene, a heterochromatic gene of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 125: 129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorer, D.R., and Henikoff, S., 1994, Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila, Cell 77: 993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, R., Krauss, V., Reuter, G., and Saumweber, H., 1993, The enhancer of position-effect variegation of Drosophila, E(var)3–93

    Google Scholar 

  • D, Codes for a chromatin protein containing a conserved domain common to several transcriptional regulators, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 1 1376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreesen, T.D., Henikoff, S., and Loughney, K., 1991, A pairing-sensitive element that mediates trans-inactivation is associated with the Drosophila brown gene, Genes and Dev. 5: 331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, D.F., Duyf, B.J., and Hilliker, A.J., 1993, The role of heterochromatin in the expression of a heterochromatic gene, the rolled locus of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 134: 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eissenberg, J.C., 1989, Position effect variegation in Drosophila: Towards a genetics of chromatin assembly, Bioessays 11: 14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eissenberg, J.C., and Elgin, S.C.R, 1991, Boundary functions in the control of gene expression, Trends Genet. 7: 335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eissenberg, J.C., Morris, G.D., Reuter, G., and Hartnett, T., 1992, The heterochromatin-associated protein HP-1 is an essential protein in Drosophila with dosage-dependent effects on position-effect variegation, Genetics 131: 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ephrussi, B., and Sutton, E, 1944, A reconsideration of the mechanism of position effect, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 30: 183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas, G., Gausz, J., Galloni, M., Reuter, G., Gyurkovics, H., and Karch, F., 1994, The Trithorax-like gene encodes the Drosophila GAGA factor, Nature 371: 806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fauvarque, M.-O., and Dura, J.-M., 1993, polyhomeotic regulatory sequences induce developmental regulator-dependent variegation and targeted P-element insertions in Drosophila, Genes and Dev. 7: 1508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, D.J., and Fawcett, D.H., 1986, Transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster, Oxfd. Surv. Eukaryot. Genes 3: 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, RB., 1994, Inactivation of gene expression in plants as a consequence of specific sequence duplication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garzino, V., Pereira, A., Laurenti, P., Graba, Y., Levis, R.W., Le Parco, Y., and Pradel, J., 1992, Cell lineage-specific expression of modulo, a dose-dependent modifier of variegation in Drosophila, EMBO J. 11: 4471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R.L, Karpen, G.H., and Spradling, A.C., 1992, Replication forks are not found in a Drosophila minichromosome demonstrating a gradient of polytenization, Chromosoma 102: 15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D.M., Leibowitz, M.H., McLean, D.A., and Parry, H., 1995, Mutations in aurora prevent centrosome separation leading to the formation of monopolar spindles, Cell 81: 95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grigliatti, T., 1991, Position-effect variegation-An assay for nonhis tone chromosomal proteins and chromatin assembly and modifying factors. in: “Functional organization of the nucleus: A laboratory guide,” B.A. Hamkalo and S.C.R. Elgin eds., Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 587–627.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gubb, D., Ashburner, M., Roote, J., and Davis, T., 1990, A novel transvection phenomenon affecting the white gene of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 126: 167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, M.P., and Laird, C.D., 1985a, Chromosome structure and DNA replication in nurse and follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 91: 267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, M.P., and Laird, C.D., 1985b, Control of DNA replication and spatial distribution of defined DNA sequences in salivary gland cells of Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 91: 279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, RS., Canfield, T.K., Lamb, M.M., Gartler, S.M., and Laird, C.D., 1993, Association of fragile X syndrome with delayed replication of the FMR1 gene, Cell 73: 1403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann-Goldstein, I.J., 1967, On the relationship between heterochromatization and variegation in Drosophila with special reference to temperature-sensitive periods, Genet. Res. 10: 143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, S., Ruddell, A., Sinclair, D., and Grigliatti, T., 1990, Chromosomal structure is altered by mutations that suppress or enhance position effect variegation, Chromosoma 99: 391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, M.G., Hedrick, A., Grigliatti, T.A., and Wakimoto, B.T., 1991, The effect of modifiers of position-effect variegation on the variegation of heterochromatic genes of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 128: 785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitz, E, 1929, Heterochromatin, Chromocentren, Chromomeren, Ber. Dtsch. bot. Ges. 47: 274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, D.S., Banga, S.S., Grigliatti, T.A., and Boyd, J.B., 1994, Mutagen sensitivity and suppression of position-effect variegation result from mutations in mus209, the Drosophila gene encoding PCNA, EMBO J. 13: 1450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S., 1979, Position effects and variegation enhancers in an autosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 93: 105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S., 1981, Position-effect variegation and chromosome structure of a heat shock puff in Drosophila, Chromosoma 83: 381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S. 1994, A reconsideration of the mechanism of position effect, Genetics 138: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S., 1995, Gene silencing in Drosophila. in: “Gene Silencing in Higher Plants and Related Phenomena in Other Eukaryotes,” P. Meyer eds., Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology., vol. 197. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 193–208.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S., and Dreesen, T.D., 1989, Trans-inactivation of the Drosophila brown gene: evidence for transcriptional repression and somatic pairing dependence, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff, S., Jackson, J.M., and Talbert, P.B., 1995, Distance and pairing effects on the brownDominant heterochromatic element in Drosophila, Genetics 140: 1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraoka, Y., Dernburg, A.S., Parmelee,S.J., Rykowski,M.C., Agard,D.A., and Sedat,J.W., 1993, The onset of homologous chromosome pairing during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis, J. Cell Biol. 120: 591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstrasser, M., and Sedat, J.W.; 1987, Three-dimensional organization of Drosophila melanogaster interphase nuclei. I Tissue-specific aspects of polytene nuclear architecture, J. Cell Biol. 104: 1455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstrasser, M., Mathog, D., Gruenbaum, Y., Saumweber, H., and Sedat, J.W., 1986, Spatial organization of chromosomes in the salivary gland nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Cell Biol. 102: 112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, R.A., Agard, D.A., Sedat, J.W., and Woodcock, C.L, 1994, The three- dimensional architecture of chromatin in situ: electron tomography reveals fibers composed of a continuously variable zig-zag nucleosomal ribbon, J. Cell Biol. 125: 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, M.C., Bosch, F.X., Sippel, A.E., and Bonifer, C., 1994, Chromosomal position effects in chicken lysozyme gene transgenic mice are correlated with suppression of DNase I hypersensitive site formation, Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, T.C., and Elgin, S.C.R, 1986, Identification of a nonhistone chromosomal protein associated with heterochromatin in Drosophila and its gene, Mol. Cell. Biology 6: 3862.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, R.A., 1995, Cosuppression, flower color patterns, and metastable gene expression states, Science 268: 686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpen, G.H., 1994, Position-effect variegation and the new biology of heterochromatin, Curr. Op. Genet. Dey. 4: 281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpen, G., and Spradling, A.C., 1990, Reduced DNA polytenization of a minichromosome region undergoing position-effect variegation in Drosophila, Cell 63: 97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpen, G.H., and Spradling, A.C., 1992, Analysis of subtelomeric heterochromatin in the Drosophila minichromosome Dp1187 by single P element insertional mutagenesis, Genetics 132: 737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellum, R., and Schedi, P., 1991, A position-effect assay for boundaries of higher order chromosomal domains, Cell 64: 941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleckner, N., and Weiner, B.M., 1993, Potential advantages of unstable interactions for pairing of chromosomes in meiotic, somatic, and premeiotic cells, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58: 553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopczynski, C.C., and Muskavitch, M.A.T., 1992, Introns excised from the Delta primary transcript are localized near sites of Delta transcription, J. Cell Biol. 119: 503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C.D., 1987, Proposed mechanism of inheritance and expression of the human fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation, Genetics 117: 587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C.D., Chooi, W.Y., Cohen, E.H., Dickson, E, Hutchinson, N., and Turner, S.H., 1973, Organization and transcription of DNA in chromosomes and mitochondria of Drosophila, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iamb, M.M., and Laird, C.D., 1987, Three euchromatic DNA sequences under-replicated in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila are localized in constrictions and ectopic fibers, Chromosoma 95: 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, D.R.F., 1994, Long DNA palindromes, cruciform structures, genetic instability and secondary structure repair, Bioessays 16: 893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuba, S.H., Yang, G., Robert, C., Samori, B., van Holde, K., Zlatanova, J., and. Bustamante, C., 1994, Three-dimensional structure of extended chromatin fibers as revealed by tapping-mode scanning force microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1 1621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levis, RW., Ganesan, R., Houtchens, K., Tolar, LA., and Sheen, F.-m, 1993, Transposons in place of telomeric repeats at a Drosophila telomere, Cell 75: 1083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E.B., 1950, The phenomenon of position effect, Adv. Genet. 3: 73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D.L, and Zimm, G.G., 1992, “The genome of Drosophila melanogaster”. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, J., 1994, Examination of DNA sequences undergoing chromatin conformation changes at a variegating breakpoint in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetica 92: 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, J., Kotarski, M.A., and Tartof, K.D., 1988, Dosage-dependent modifiers of position effect variegation in Drosophila and a mass action model that explains their effect, Genetics 120: 181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohe, A., Hilliker, A.J., and Roberts, P.A., 1993, Mapping simple repeated DNA sequences in heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 134: 1149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuelidis, L, 1991, Heterochromatic features of an 11-megabase transgene in brain cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Morris, LE, and Henikoff, S., 1995, Conservation of brown gene trans-inactivation in Drosophila, Genetics 140: 193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Morris, LE., Loughney, K., Kershisnik, EO., Poortinga, G., and Henikoff, S., 1993, Characterization of sequences responsible for trans-inactivation of the Drosophila brown gene, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58: 577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzke, M.A., Matzke, A.J.M., and Mittelsten-Scheid, 0., 1994, Inactivation of repeated genes–DNA-DNA interaction? in: “Homologous recombination in plants,” J. Paszkowski ed., Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp. 271–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C.W., 1916, Chromosome studies on the Diptera II. The paired association of chromosomes in the diptera, and its significance, J. Exp. Zool. 21: 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michailidis, J., Murray, N.D., and Graves, J.A.M., 1988, A correlation between development time and variegated position effect in Drosophila melanogaster, Genet. Res. 52: 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miklos, G.LG., Yamamoto, M.-T., Davies, J., and Pirrotta, V., 1988, Microscloning reveals a high frequency of repetitive sequences characteristic of chromosome 4 and the beta-heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modollel, J., Bender, W., and Meselson, M., 1983, Drosophila melanogaster mutations suppressible by the suppressor of Hairy-wing are insertions of a 7.3-kilobase mobile element, Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moehrle, A., and Paro, R, 1994, Spreading the silence: epigenetic transcriptional regulation during Drosophila development, Dev. Genet. 15: 478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G.D., Sinclair, D.A., and Grigliatti, T.A., 1983, Histone gene multiplicity and position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 105: 327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mottus, R., Reeves, R, and Grigliatti, T.A., 1980, Butyrate suppression of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster, Mol. Gen. Genet. 178: 465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H.J., 1930, Types of visible variations induced by X-rays in Drosophila, J. Genet. 22: 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H.J., 1932, Further studies on the nature and causes of gene mutations, Proc. Intl. Congr. of Genet. 1: 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, T., Wilkins, RC., Giardina, C., and Lis, J.T., 1995, Distribution of GAGA protein on Drosophila genes in vivo, Genes and Dey. 9: 1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, T.S., 1934, Salivary chromosomes and the attack on the gene, J. Hered. 25: 464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmiter, RD., and Brinster, R.L, 1986, Germ-line transformation of mice, Ann. Rev. Genet. 20: 465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardue, M.L, 1986, In situ hybridization to DNA of chromosomes and nuclei. in: “Drosophila, a practical approach,” D.B. Roberts ed, IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 111–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paro, R., and Hogness, D.S., 1991, The Polycomb protein shares a homologous domain with a heterochromatin-associated protein of Drosophila, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirrotta, V., and Rastelli, L, 1994, white gene expression, repressive chromatin domains and homeotic gene regulation in Drosophila, Bioessays 16: 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pontecorvo, G., 1944, Structure of heterochromatin, Nature 153: 365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, J.A., and Eissenberg, J.C., 1993, Overlapping domains of the heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 mediate nuclear localization and heterochromatin binding, J. Cell Biol. 120: 291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M., 1986, Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance, Nature 322: 697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raff, J.W., Kellum, R., and Alberts, B., 1994, The Drosophila GAGA transcription factor is associated with specific regions of heterochromatin thoughout the cell cycle, EMBO J. 13: 5977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, G., and Spierer, P., 1992, Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins, Bioessays 14: 605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, G., and Wolff, I., 1981, Isolation of dominant suppressor mutations for position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster, Mol. Gen. Genet. 182: 516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, G., Werner, W., and Hoffmann, H.J., 1982, Mutants affecting position-effect heterochromatinization in Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 85: 539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, G., Wolff, I., and Friede, B., 1985, Functional properties of the heterochromatic sequences inducing wm4 position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 93: 132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, G., Giarre, M., Farah, J., Gausz, J., Spierer, A., and Spierer, P., 1990, Dependence of position-effect variegation in Drosophila on dose of a gene encoding an unusual zinc-finger protein, Nature 344: 219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, R.R., Pirrotta, V., and Geyer, P.K., 1993, The su(HW) protein insulates expression of the Drosophila melanogaster white gene from chromosomal position-effects, EMBO J. 12: 435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossignol, J.-L, and Faugeron, G., 1994, Gene inactivation triggered by recognition between DNA repeats, Experientia 50: 307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T., 1969, Non-replicating DNA in Drosophila, Genetics (suppl.) 61: 227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushlow, C.A., Bender, W., and Chovnick, A., 1984, Studies on the mechanism of heterochromatic position effect at the rosy locus of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 108: 603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabl, J.F., and Henikoff, S., 1995, Copy number and orientation determine the susceptibility of a gene to silencing by nearby heterochromatin in Drosophila, Genetics (accepted for publication).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlossherr, J., Eggert, H., Paro, R, Cremer, S., and Jack, R.S., 1994, Gene inactivation in Drosophila mediated by the Polycomb gene product or by position-effect variegation does not involve major changes in the accessiblity of the chromatin fibre, Mol. Gen. Genet. 243: 453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J., 1936, Variegation in Drosophila and the inert heterochromatic regions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22: 27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, D.A., Ruddell, A.A., Brock, J.K., Clegg, N.J., Lloyd, V.K., and Grigliatti, T.A., 1992, A cytogenetic and genetic characterization of a group of closely linked second chromosome mutations that suppress position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 130: 333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatis, H.M., 1955, Position effects at the brown locus in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 40: 5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spofford, J.B., 1976, Position-effect variegation in Drosophila. in: “Genetics and Biology of Drosophila,” M. Ashburner, and E Novitski eds, vol. lc. Academic Press, London, pp. 955–1019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spradling, A.C., 1993, Position effect variegation and genomic instability, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58: 585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spradling, A.C., and Karpen, G.H., 1990, Sixty years of mystery, Genetics 126: 779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spradling, A.C., Karpen, G., Glaser, R., and Zhang, P., 1993, Evolutionary conservation of developmental mechanisms: DNA elimination in Drosophila. in: “Evolutionary conservation of developmental mechanisms,” A.C. Spradling ed., Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, L.J., 1954, The gene, Science. 120: 811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steller, H., and Pirrotta, V., 1985, A transposable P vector that confers selectable G418 resistance to Drosophila larvae, EMBO J. 4: 167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, N.M., 1908, A study of the germ cells of certain Diptera with reference to the heterochromosomes and the phenomena of synapsis, J. Fxp. Zool. 5: 359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stief, A., Winter, D.M., Stratling, W.H., and Sippel, A.E., 1989, A nuclear DNA attachment element mediates elevated and position-independent gene activity, Nature 341: 343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talbert, P.B., LeCiel, C.D.S., and Henikoff, S., 1994, Modification of the Drosophila heterochromatic mutation brownDominant by linkage alterations, Genetics 136: 559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D., 1994, Position effect variegation in yeast, Bioessays 16: 713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D., Hobbs, C., and Jones, M., 1984, A structural basis for variegating position effects, Cell 37: 869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D., Bishop, C., Jones, M., Hobbs, C.A., and Locke, J., 1989, Towards an understanding of position effect variegation, Dev. Genet. 10: 162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temin, H., 1993, Retrovirus variation and reverse transcription: Abnormal strand transfers result in retrovirus genetic variation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tschiersch, B., Hofmann, A., Krauss, V., Dorn, R, Korge, G., and Reuter, G., 1994, The protein encoded by the Drosophila position-effect variegation suppressor gene Su(var)3–9 combines domains of antagonistic regulators of homeotic gene complexes, EMBO J. 13: 3822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukiyama, T., Becker, P.B., and Wu, C., 1994, ATP-dependent nucleosome disruption at a heat-shock promoter mediated by binding of GAGA transcription factor, Nature 367: 525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udvardy, A., Maine, E, and Schedi, P., 1985, The 87A7 chromomere: identification of novel chromatin structures flanking the heat shock locus that may define the boundaries of higher order domains, J. Mol. Biol. 185: 341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umbetova, G.H., Belyaeva, ES., Baricheva, EM., and Zhimulev, I.F., 1991, Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster IV. Underreplication of chromosomal material as a result of gene inactivation, Chromosoma 101: 55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urieli-Shoval, S., Gruenbaum, Y., Sedat, J., and Razin, A., 1982, The absence of detectable methylated bases in Drosophila melanogaster DNA, FEBS Lett. 146: 148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, J., and Schedl, P., 1994, Sequences required for enhancer blocking activity of scs are located within two nuclease-hypersensitive regions, EMBO J. 13: 5984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakimoto, B., and Hearn, M., 1990, The effects of chromosome rearrangements on the expression of heterochromatic genes in Chromosome 2L of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 125: 141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B.M., and Kleckner, N., 1994, Chromosome pairing via multiple interstitial interactions before and during meiosis in yeast, Cell 77: 977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., and Groudine, M., 1976, Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation, Science 193: 848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, P.J., 1994, Dynamic mutations hit double figures, Nature Gen. 8: 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wines, D.R., Talbert, P.B., Clark, D.V., and Henikoff, S., 1995, Introduction of a DNA methyltransferase in Drosophila to probe chromatin structure in vivoChromosoma (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, A.P., 1992, Chromatin: Structure and function. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, C. Grigoryev, S.A., Horowitz, R.A., and Whitaker, N., 1993, A folding model for chromatin that incorporates linker DNA variability produces fibers that mimic the native structures, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wustmann, G., Szidonya, J., Taubert, H., and Reuter, G., 1989, The genetics of position-effect variegation modifying loci in Drosophila meianogaster, Mol. Gen. Genet. 217: 520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, P., and Spradling, A.C., 1995, The Drosophila salivary gland chromocenter contains highly polytenized subdomains of mitotic heterochromatin, Genetics 139: 659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerkandl, E, 1974, A possible role of “inert” heterochromatin in cell differentiation. Action of and competition for “locking” molecules, Biochimie 56: 937.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Basic Sciences Division, USA

    Steven Henikoff

  2. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA

    Steven Henikoff

Authors
  1. Steven Henikoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. USDA-ARS, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA

    J. Perry Gustafson

  2. John Innes Centre, Norwich, England

    R. B. Flavell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Henikoff, S. (1996). A Pairing-Looping Model for Position-Effect Variegation in Drosophila . In: Gustafson, J.P., Flavell, R.B. (eds) Genomes of Plants and Animals. Stadler Genetics Symposia Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0282-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0280-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation