Abstract
Our understanding of the etiology of the animal/Neotyphodium interaction has accelerated in the last decade. The urgent need for solutions to these toxicoses, combined with the complexity of this toxicological phenomenon, impels the research community towards the study of mechanisms through which cellular and molecular regulation may be understood and manipulated. The objective of this presentation is to summarize cellular and molecular techniques which are currently employed or have potential application in discovery research or toxicoses therapy in affected animals. Relevant discussions of the animal/Neotyphodium interaction and specifically the physiological effects manifested in domesticated ruminants and laboratory species are discussed by Dr. Jack Oliver within these proceedings. Current animal toxicosis control measures involve reduction, dilution or avoidance of the toxins, essentially through forage and/or diet supplement management. Animal-based toxicoses control strategies which would prevent health and production problems associated with the animal/Neotyphodium interaction need further development. This development is required because it will not be possible to eliminate or modify endophyte infection in many locations and thus animal exposure to Neotyphodium toxins will continue. Finding effective solutions for these animal-based problems demands a thorough biological understanding of the causative toxin(s) and their mode of action. Current and new techniques must be relevant, accurate, precise, and repeatable to achieve research objectives which increase the understanding of these toxicoses. The techniques chosen by researchers should help clarify several critical areas in understanding the animal/Neotyphodium interactions. First, the identification of the responsible toxin(s) and their physiological role is an important goal that has been complicated because multiple members of the major toxin classes are probably involved. Selected techniques must utilize individual toxins or be able to differentiate effects between toxins of the same or different structural classes. These differentiations could include potency of toxins in the same group or the activity of toxins in different groups. Second, scant information exists about the metabolic fates of each toxin and/or the potential physiological role of toxin intermediates. Technique development and validation will be needed to quantify toxins, intermediates, and their effects in the digestive, circulatory and cellular systems. Third, each toxin likely has specific critical circulating threshold concentrations which depend upon the physiological response and ratios of endogenous receptor subtypes within each tissue-bed, organ or anatomical location at which they invoke physiological responses. How these concentrations relate to those obtained after grazing toxic pasture is a key research area which will require a systematic, coordinated approach for success. Fourth, the body of literature does not thoroughly address whether the toxins have independent, additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects and at which concentrations these effects may become important physiologically. When these research objectives are elaborated, prevention and control of the animal/Neotyphodium toxicoses through animal-based methods will be greatly enhanced.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abney, L.K., J.W. Oliver and C.R. Reinemeyer. 1993. Vasoconstrictive effects of tall fescue alkaloids on equine vasculature. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 13: 334–340.
Denard, T.M., E.L. Piper, S.A. Mashburn and Z.B. Johnson. 1993. Effects of ergot alkaloids on in vitro prolactin secretion. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 20 (Suppl. 1).
Denard, T.M., E.L. Piper, A. Moubarak, Z.B. Johnson, R.J. Petroski and M. Flieger. 1994. Effects of ergovaline, ergine and loline dihydrochloride on in vitro prolactin release. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 31 (Suppl. 2).
Dew, R.K., G.A. Boissonneault, N. Gay, J.A. Boling, R.J. Cross and D.A. Cohen. 1990. The effect of the endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum) and associated toxin(s) of tall fescue on serum titer response to immunization and spleen cell flow cytometry analysis and response to mitogens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 26: 285–295.
Dyer, D.C. 1993. Evidence that ergovaline acts on serotonin receptors. Life Sci. 53: 223–228.
Fairclough, R.J., J.W. Ronaldson, W.W. Jonns, P.H. Mortimer and A.G. Erasmusen. 1984. Failure of immunization against sporidesmin or a structurally related compound to protect ewes against facial eczema. N.Z. Vet. J. 32: 101–104.
Gallagher, R.T. and A.D. Hawkes. 1986. The potent tremorgenic neurotoxins lolitrem B and aflatrem–a comparison of the tremor response in mice. Experientia 42: 823–825.
Gould, L.S. and W.D. Hohenboken. 1993. Differences between progeny of beef sires in susceptibility to fescue toxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 3025–3032.
Hawkes, A.H., P.P. Embling and N.R. Towers. 1993. Breeding for resistance to ryegrass staggers. Proc., Sympos. on Mycotoxicoses of Grassland Farming. N. Zealand Vet. J. 41: 217–218.
Hawkes, A.H., P.P. Embling and N.R. Towers. 1996. Intravenous administration of tremorgens. p. 8–9. In L. Garthwaite, Ed. Toxinology & Food Safety Res. Rpt. 1992–1995. AgResearch, Hamilton, N.Z.
Hayek, M.G., G.A. Boissoneault, G.E. Mitchell, Jr., L.P. Bush and R.G. Powell. 1991. Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (loline, N-methyl-loline, N-acetyl-loline, N-formyl-loline) on the mitogen response of bovine and murine lymphocytes. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. J. 5: 567 (abstr.).
Hays, D.A., E.L. Piper, R.W. McNew and A.S. Moubarak. 1991. The effects of ergopeptide fractions on in vitro pituitary prolactin release in rats. Proc., Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop. Atlanta, GA., p. 25, Nov. 11–12.
Hill, N.S., F.N. Thompson, D.L. Dawe and J.A. Stuedemann. 1994. Antibody binding of circulating ergot alkaloids in cattle grazing tall fescue. Am. J. Vet. Res., 55: 419–424.
Hohenboken, W.D., P.L. Berggren-Thomas, W.E. Beal and W.H. McClure. 1991. Variation among Angus cows in response to endophyte-infected fescue seed in the diet, as related to their past calf production. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 85–90.
Jones, J.S., E.L. Piper, Z.B. Johnson and M. Flieger. 1995. Effect of ergot alkaloid isomers on in vitro prolactin release. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 20 (Suppl. 1).
Kofler, R., M. Tabarelli, P. Berger and G. Wick. 1981. Divergent effects of treatment with bromergocryptine and antisera to rat prolactin. J. Rep. Imm. 3: 219–225.
Larson, B.T., D.M. Sullivan, M.D. Samford, M.S. Kerley, J.A. Paterson and J.T. Turner. 1994. D, dopamine recep- tor response to endophyte-infected tall fescue and an antagonist in the rat. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 2905–2910.
Larson, B.T., M.D. Samford, J.M. Camden, E.L. Piper, M.S. Kerley, J.A. Paterson and J.T. Turner. 1995. Ergovaline binding and activation of D2 dopamine receptors in GH4ZR7 cells. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 1396–1400.
Larson, B.T., M.D. Samford, M.S. Kerley, J.T. Turner, and J.A. Paterson. 1996. Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue, environmental temperature and prazosin injection on the rat. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 114C: 39–44.
Larson, B.T., D.L. Harmon, L.P. Bush, E.L. Piper, L.M. Griffis and R.M. Berry. 1997. Alkaloid binding and activation of Dz dopamine receptors in cell culture. J. Anim. Sci. ( Submitted).
Larson, B.T. and D.L. Harmon. 1997. Effects of ergot alkaloids on growth and development of cells in culture. Unpublished data.
Lipsey, R.J., D.W. Vogt, G.B. Garner, L.L. Miles and C.N. Cornell. 1992. Rectal temperature changes of heat and endophyte stressed calves produced by tolerant or susceptible sires. J. Anim. Sci. 70 (Suppl. 1 ): 188 (Abstr).
Mashburn, S.A., E.L. Piper, D.A. Hays and Z.B. Johnson. 1993. Influence of long-term grazing of endophyte infected tall fescue on liver enzymes. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 17 (Suppl. 1).
McDougald, D.A., A.J. Thulin, W.C. Weldon, J.S. Pestka and R.L. Fogwell. 1990. Effects of immunizing gilts against zearalenone on height of vaginal epithelium and urinary excretion of zearalenone. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 3713–3718.
McLeay, L.M., M.A. Comeskey and M.J. Waters. 1990. Effects of epidermal growth factor on gastrointestinal electromyographic activity of conscious sheep. J. Endo. 124: 109–115.
Miles, C.O., A.L. Wilkins, R.T. Gallagher, A.D. Hawkes, S.C. Munday and N.R. Towers. 1992. Synthesis and tremorgenicity of paxillines and lolitrems: Possible biosynthetic precursors of lolitrem B. J. Ag. Food Chem. 40: 234–238.
Miles, C.O., S.C. Munday, A.L. Wilkins, R.M. Ede, L.P. Meagher and 1. Garthwaite. 1993. Chemical aspects of ryegrass staggers. Proc. Sympos. on Mycotoxicoses of Grassland Farming. N.Z. Vet. J. 41: 216–217.
Miller, B.F., K.L. Armstrong, L.A. Wilson, W.D. Hohenboken and R.G. Saacke. 1994. Variation among inbred and linecross mice in response to fescue toxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 2896–2904.
Mizinga, K.M., F.N. Thompson, J.A. Stuedemann and G.L. Edwards. 1993. Neural dopamine DZ receptors in rats fed endophyte-infected fescue seed. Drug Chem. Tox. 16: 307–319.
Morris, C.A., N.R. Towers, K. Wesselink, M. Wheeler and N.C. Aymes. I 995a. Selection for and against facial eczema susceptibility in Romney sheep, as monitored by serum concentrations of a liver enzyme. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 38: 211–219.
Morris, C.A., N.R. Towers, M. Wheeler and N.C. Aymes. 1995b. A note on the genetics of resistance or susceptibility to ryegrass staggers in sheep. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 38: 367–371.
Moubarak, A.S., E.L. Piper, C.P. West. 1993a. Effects of ergotamine and ergonovine on ATPase systems in rat kidney. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 20.
Moubarak, A.S., E.L. Piper, C.P. West and Z.B. Johnson. 1993b. Interaction of purified ergovaline from endophyte-infected tall fescue with synaptosomal ATPase enzyme system. J. Agric. and Food Chem. 41: 407–409.
Moubarak, A.S., E.L. Piper and Z.B. Johnson. 1994. Antagonistic effect of simultaneous exposure of fescue toxins on kidney ATPase system. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 31 (Suppl. 2).
Oliver, J.W., R.G. Powell, L.K. Abney, R.D. Linnabary and R.J. Petroski. 1990. N-acetyl loline-induced vasoconstriction of the lateral saphenous vein (cranial branch) of cattle. p. 239–243. In S.S. Quisenberry and R.E. Joost (Eds). Proc. International. Sympos. Acremonium/Grass Interactions. New Orleans, LA., Nov. 5–7.
Oliver, J.W., A.J. Robinson, L.K. Abney and R.D. Linnabary. 1992. Effects of phenothiazine and thiabendazole on bovine dorsal pedal vein contractility induced by ergonovine and serotonin: Potential for alleviation of fescue toxicity. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 15: 247–251.
Oliver, J.W., L.K. Abney, J.R. Strickland and R.D. Linnabary. 1993. Vasoconstriction in bovine vasculature induced by the tall fescue alkaloid lysergamide. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 2708–2713.
Oliver, J.W., R.D. Linnabary, L.K. Abney, K.R. van Manen, R. Knoop, and H.S. Adair, III 1994. Evaluation of a dosing method for studying ergonovine effects in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55: 173–176.
Oliver, J.W. and A.E. Schultze. 1997. Histologic lesions in cattle fed toxic tall fescue grass. Soc. of Toxicology. 36th Ann. Mtg., Cincinnati, OH. (Submitted).
Piper, E. Possible liver involvement in fescue/ryegrass toxicosis. 1989. Proc. Arkansas Tall Fescue Toxicosis Conference. Ark. Exp. Stn. Spec. Rpt. 140: 7–9.
Piper, E.L. and A.S. Moubarak. 1992. Effects of ergovaline and the lysergic acid amide derivative ergonovine on prolactin secretion in vitro. Proc. Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop. SERAIEG-8. Memphis, TN. p. 5.
Ralph, W. 1991. Lupinosis: tests and vaccine on the way. Rural Research. 146: 4–7.
Rice, R.L., G.G. Schurig, D.J. Blodgett, W.S. Swecker, C.D. Thatcher and D.E. Eversole. 1995a. Immunization of mice against fescue toxicosis. Proc. Tall fescue Toxicosis Workshop, SERAIEG-8. Nashville, TN. p. 66–68.
Rice, R.L., G.G. Schurig, D.J. Blodgett, W.S. Swecker, J.P. Fontenot, V.G. Allen and R.M. Akers. 1995b. Humoral immune responses of cattle maintained on fescue pastures. Proc., Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop, SERAIEG-8. Nashville, TN. pp. 69–70.
Rowell, P.P. and B.T. Larson. 1996. Ergot alkaloid-induced dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes. KY Beef Cattle Res. Rpt. Prog. Rpt. 395: 97–100.
Samford, M.D., B.T. Larson, J.C. Forcherio, M.S. Kerley, J.T. Turner and J.A. Paterson. 1993. Characterization of the effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue consumption on changes in adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor in selected brain tissues of the bovine. J. Anim. Sci. 71 (Suppl. 1): 443.
Samford, M.D., B.T. Larson, J.M. Camden, M.S. Kerley, J.A. Paterson, E.L. Piper, A.S. Moubarak and J.T. Turner. 1994. Ergovaline activates alpha-2-adrenoceptors in HT-29 cells. J. Anim. Sci. 72 (Suppl 1): 143.
Selala, M.l., G.M. Laekeman, B. Loenders, A. Musuku, A.G. Herman and P. Schepens. 1991. In vitro effects of tremorgenic mycotoxins. J. Natural Prod. 54:207–212.
Simeone, A., G.A. Boissonneault and G. E. Mitchell. 1997. Cellular effects of fescue toxicosis in antigen-specific T cell proliferation. Drug Chem. Tox. (In Press)
Smith, B.L., L.M. McLeay and P.P. Embling. 1997. Effect of the mycotoxins penitrem, paxilline and lolitrem Bon skeletal and gastro-intestinal smooth muscle electromyographic activity in the sheep. Res. Vet. Sci. (In Press).
Smith, B.L. and L.M. McLeay. Unpublished observations.
Solomons, R.N., J.W. Oliver and R.D. Linnabary. 1989. Dorsal pedal vein of cattle: Reactivity to selected alka- loids associated with Acremonium coenophialum-infected fescue grass. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50: 235–238.
Strickland, J.R., D.L. Cross, T.C. Jenkins, R.J. Petroski and R.G. Powell. 1992. The effect of alkaloids and seed extracts of endophyte infected tall fescue on prolactin secretion in an in vitro perfusion system. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 2779–2786.
Strickland, J.R., D.L. Cross, G.P. Birrenkott and L.W. Grimes. 1994a. Effect of ergovaline, loline, and dopamine antagonists on rat pituitary cell prolactin release in vitro. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55: 716–721.
Strickland, J.R., J.W. Oliver, E.M. Bailey and L.K. Abney. 1994b. Tall fescue toxin (alkaloids) effects on endothelin production from bovine endothelial cells in vitro. Proc. Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop, SERAIEG-8. Atlanta, GA. Oct. 23–25. p. 58–59.
Strickland, J.R., E.M. Bailey, L.K. Abney and J.W. Oliver. 1996. Assessment of the mitogenic potential of the alkaloids produced by endophyte Acremonium coenophialum) infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) on bovine vascular smooth muscle in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 1664–1671.
Thompson, F.N. and J.A. Stuedemann. 1993. Pathophysiology of fescue toxicosis. p. 263–281. In R. Joost and S. Quisenberry (eds.). Acremonium/Grass Interactions. Elsevier, The Netherlands.
Thompson, F.N. and G.B. Garner. 1994. Vaccines and pharmacological agents to alleviate fescue toxicosis. p. 125–131. In C.W. Bacon and J.F. White, Jr. (eds.). Biotechnology of Endophytic Fungi of Grasses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Tolley, E.A., M.A. Brown and D.F. Nutting. 1990. Gender and breed differences in serum cholesterol of young cattle grazing fescue and Bermuda pastures. p. 282–285 In S.S. Quisenberry and R.E. Joost (eds.). Proc. International Symposium Acremonium/Grass Interactions. New Orleans, LA.
Zanzalari, K.P., R.N. Heitmann, J.B. McLaren and H.A. Fribourg. 1989. Effects of endophyte-infected fescue and cimetidine on respiration rates, rectal temperatures and hepatic mixed function oxidase activity as measured by hepatic antipyrine metabolism in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 3370–378.
Zhang, L. And D.C. Dyer. 1993. Lysergic acid diethylamide is a partial agonist at 5-HT, receptors in ovine uterine artery of late pregnancy. Eur. J. Pharm. 230: 115–117.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larson, B. (1997). Neotyphodium Toxicoses. In: Bacon, C.W., Hill, N.S. (eds) Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_57
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0273-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0271-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive