Abstract
By systemic (Bunge, 1983; 1983a; 1985; 1985a) is meant that the parts and the entire structure must be viewed in context. In systemic thinking, the main question is: What is the pattern which combine a given phenomenon or problem? The noticeable thing about patterns is that it is difficult to pinpoint cause and effect. A pattern can metaphorically be regarded as a circle, and a circle has no beginning or end.
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Johannessen, JA. (1997). Autopoiesis. In: Stowell, F.A., Ison, R.L., Armson, R., Holloway, J., Jackson, S., McRobb, S. (eds) Systems for Sustainability. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0265-8_41
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