Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth Factors in the Treatment of HIV Disease

  • Chapter
Immunology of HIV Infection

Abstract

Cytokines have been portrayed as both sinner and saint in HIV disease as they play a role in both the pathogenesis of disease progression as well as its treatment. The contribution of cytokine dysregulation to the evolution of clinical decline following HIV infection has been suspected as an explanation for escape from latency as well as the wasting syndrome in advanced disease. More recently, cytokines have been implicated pathogenically in associated conditions such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Masood et al., 1995; Wang et al., 1995; Pluda et al., 1993). While some cytokines are believed to be involved in the disease process, others have attracted attention for possible positive therapeutic manipulation of the immune response. The use of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and others with potential in this setting are reviewed elsewhere in this volume.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bagnara, G. P., Zauli, G., Giovannini, M., Re, M. C., Furlini, G., and La Placa, M., 1990, Early loss of circulating hematopoietic progenitors in HIV-1 infected subjects, Exp. Hematol. 18:426–430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balbiano, R., Degioanni, M., Valle, M., 1994, Prevention of severe neutropenia in AIDS patients with intermittent, low-dose G-CSF (filgrastim), Int. Conf. AIDS 10:223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, G. C., Gasson, J. C., Quan, S. G., Fleischmann, J., Weisbart, R., Oette, D., Mitsuyasu, R. T., and Golde, D. W., 1988, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances neutrophil function in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2763–2766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, G. C., Fuller, N. D., Roberts, R. L., Ho, D. D., and Golde, D. W., 1989, Granulocyte-and-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors enhance neutrophil cytotoxicity toward HIV-infected cells, Blood 74:1673–1677.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballem, P. J., Belzberg, A., Devine, D. V., Lyster, D., Spruston, B., Chambers, H., Doubroff, P., and Mikulash, K., 1992, Kinetic studies of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1779–1784.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez, L. E. M., and Young, L. S., 1990, Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates human macrophages to inhibit growth or kill Mycobacterium avium complex, J. Leuk. Biol. 48:67–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez, L. E., Martinelli, J., Petrofsky, M., Kolonoski, P., and Young, L. S., 1994, Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the effects of antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the beige mouse model, J. Infect. Dis. 169:575–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettaieb, A., Fromont, P., Louache, E., Oksenhendler, E., Vainchenker, W., Duedari, N., and Bierling, P., 1992, Presence of cross-reactive antibody between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and platelet glycoproteins in HIV-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Blood 80:162–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, D. K., Michelini-Norris, M. B., Pearson, C. A., McMillen, S., and Djeu, J. Y., 1991, Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by monocytes and large granular lymphocytes stimulated with Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare: Activation of bactericidal activity by GM-CSF, Infect. Immun. 59:2396–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boente, P., Sampaio, C., Brandao, M. A., Moreira, E. D., Badaro, R., and Jones, T. C., 1993, Local peri-lesional therapy with rhGM-CSF for Kaposi’s sarcoma, Lancet 341:1154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bozzette, S. A., Parker, R., and Hay, J., 1994, A cost analysis of approved antiretroviral strategies in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease and zidovudine intolerance, J. Acq. Immune Defic. Syndr. 7:355–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calderone, R., and Sturtevant, J., 1994, Macrophage interactions with Candida, Immunol. Ser. 60:505–515.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castella, A., Croxson, T., and Mildvan, D., 1985, The bone marrow in AIDS: A histologic, hematologic, and microbiologic study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 84:425–432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. H., Curtis, J. L., Mody, C. H., Christensen, P. J., Armstrong, L. R., and Toews, G. B., 1994, Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on rat alveolar macrophage anticryptococcal activity in vitro, J. Immunol. 152:724–734.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H. L., and Bancroft, G. J., 1992, Cytokine enhancement of complement-dependent phagocytosis by macrophages: Synergy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans, Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1447–1454.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davey, R. T., Davey, V. J., Metcalf, J. A., Zurlo, J. J., Kovacs, J. A., Falloon, J., Polis, M. A., Zunich, K. M., Masur, H., and Lane, H. C., 1991, A Phase I/II trial of zidovudine, interferon-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, J. Infect. Dis. 164:43–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. R., Marx, J. C., Johnson, C. E., Berry, J. M., Lyding, J., Zander, A., Merigan, T. C., and Schwartz J., 1991, Absent or rare HIV infection of bone marrow stem/progenitor cells in vivo, J. Virol. 65:1985–1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan, R. K., Kharbanda, S., Nakamura, M., Ohno, T., and Kufe, D., 1990, Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine uptake, phosphorylation and nucleotide retention in human U-937 cells, Biochem. Pharmacol 40:2695–2700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djeu, J.Y., 1990, Role of tumor necrosis factor and colony-stimulating factors in phagocyte function against Candida albicans, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:383–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dranoff, G., Jaffee, E., Lazenby, A., Golumbek, P., Levitsky, H., Brose, K., Jackson, V., Hamada, H., Pardoll, D., and Mulligan, R.C., 1993, Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3539–3543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groopman, J. E., Mitsuyasu, R. T., DeLeo, M. J., Oette, D. H., and Golde, D. W., 1987, Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myelopoiesis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 317:593–598.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, S. M., Gillis, J. M., Groopman, J. E., and Rose, R. M., 1986, In vitro modification of human immunodeficiency virus infection by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and a interferon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8734–8738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harbol, A. W., Liesveld, J. L., Simpson-Haidaris, P. J., and Abboud, C. N., 1994, Mechanisms of cytopenia in human immunodeficiency virus infection, Blood Rev. 8:241–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, W. D., 1991, Combined anciclovir and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients, J. Acq. Immune Defic. Syndr. 4:S22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. H., Beall, G. N., Benson, C. A., Carey, J., Cone, L. A., Eron, L. J., Fiala, M. Fischl, M. A., Gavin, S. J., and Gottlieb, M. S., 1992a, Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy. Overview of four clinical trials, Ann. Intern. Med. 117:739–748.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. H., Jemsek, J. G., Levin, A. S., Levine, J. D., Levine, R. L., Abels, R. I., Nelson, R. A., Thompson, D., and Rudnick, S. A., 1992b, Recombinant human erythropoietin and the treatment of anemia in patients with AIDS or advanced ARC not receiving ZDV, J. Acq. Immun. Defic Syndr. 5:847–852.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M. A., Stanley, H. D., and Heard, S. E., 1992, Ganciclovir with recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in AIDS patients [letter], AIDS 6:515–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarski, R. S., Davison, F., Blair, E., Sutherland, S., Moxham, J., McManus, T., and Mufti, G. J., 1992, Detection of HIV in hematopoietic progenitors, Br. J. Hematol. 82:764–769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, L. D., Kahn, J. O., Crowe, S., Northfelt, D., Neville, P., Grossberg, H., Abrams, D. I., Tracey, J., Mills, J., and Volberding, P. A., 1991, Clinical and virologie effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Results of a randomized trial, J. Clin. Oncol 9:929–940.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karpatkin, S., and Nardi, M., 1992, Autoimmune anti-HIV-lgp120 antibody with antiidiotype-like activity in sera and immune complexes of HIV-1-related immunologie thrombocytopenia, J. Clin. Invest. 89:356–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, C. A., Bermudez, L., Agosti, J., and Deresinski, S., 1995, Immunomodulatory therapy of mycobacterium avium (MAC) bacteremia in AIDS with rhGM-CSF, Proceedings, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitano, K., Abboud, C. N., Ryan, D. H., Quan, S. G., Baldwin, G. C., and Golde, D. W., 1991, Macrophage-active colony-stimulating factors enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in bone marrow stem cells, Blood 77:1699–1705.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koyanagi, Y., O’Brien, W. A., Zhao, J. Q., Golde, D. W., Gasson, J. C., and Chen, I. S. Y., 1988, Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes, Science 241:1673–1675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krown, S. E., Paredes, J., Bundow, D., Polsky, B., Gold, J. W., and Flomenberg, N., 1992, Interferon-α, zidovudine, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: A Phase I AIDS Clinical Trials Group study in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with AIDS, J. Clin, Invest. 10:1344–1351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, A. L., Obel, N., Rungby, J., and Andersen, P. L., 1993, Phagocytosis and stimulation of the respiratory burst in neutrophils by Pneumocystis carinii, J. Infect. Dis. 168:1466–1471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, A. J., Lamprech, K. E., Potthoff, L. H., Tredway, T. L., and Matuschak, G. M., 1994, Recombinant GM-CSF reduces lung injury and mortality during neutropenic Candida sepsis, Am. J. Physiol. 266:L561–L568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. D., Allan, J. D., Tessitore, J. H., Falcone, N., Galasso, F., Israel, R. J., and Groopman, J. E., 1991, Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ameliorates zidovudine-induced neutropenia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/AIDS-related complexes, Blood 78:3148–3154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitz, S. M., 1991, Activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to inhibit Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect. Immun. 59:3393–3397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louache, E., Henri, A., Bettaieb, A., Oksenhendler, E., Raguin, G., Tulliez, M., and Vainchenker, W., 1992, Role of human immunodeficiency virus replication in defective in vitro growth of hematopoietic progenitors, Blood 80:2991–2999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinniss, M., Macher, A., and Rook, A., 1986, Red cell autoantibodies in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Transfusion 26:405–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masood, R., Zhang, Y., Bond, M. W., Scadden, D. T., Moudgil, T., Law, R. E., Kaplan, M. H., Jung, B., Espina, B. M., Lunardi-Iskandar, Y., Levine, A. M., and Gill, P. S., 1995, Interleukin-10 is an autocrine growth factor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related B-cell lymphoma, Blood 85:3423–3430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, S., 1995, The use of hematopoietic growth factors in treating HIV infection, Curr. Sci. 2:227–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, S. A., Lee, K., Hutlin, L., Zsebo, K. M., and Mitsuyasu, R. T., 1991a, Potential use of human stem cell factor as adjunctive therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-related cytopenias, Blood 78:3200–3208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, S. A., Mitsuyasu, R. T., Moreno, J., Baldwin, G., Alton, N. K., Souza, L., and Glaspy, J. A., 1991b, Combined therapy with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin decreases hematologic toxicity from zidovudine, Blood 77:2109–2117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, J. M., Scadden, D. T., Molina, J. M., Groopman, J. E., Sakaguchi, M., Fuller, B., and Woon, A., 1990, Lack of evidence for infection of or effect on growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells after in vivo or in vitro exposure to human immunodeficiency virus, Blood 76:2476–2482.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. D., Keruly, J. C., and Chaisson, R. E., 1995, Neutropenia and bacterial infection in AIDS, Proceedings, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco (abstract) p. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M., Metcalf, P., and Waters, A., 1987, Incidence and mechanism of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, Br. J. Haematol. 66:337–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nassar, F., Brummer, E., and Stevens, D. A., 1994, Effect of in vivo macrophage colony-stimulating factor on fungistasis of bronchoalveolar and peritoneal macrophages against Cryptococcus neoformans, Anti-microb. Agents Chemother. 38:2162–2164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perno, C. F., Yarchoan, R., Cooney, D. A., Hartman, N. R., Webb, D. S., Hao, Z., Mitsuya, H., Johns, D. G., and Broder, S., 1989, Replication of human immunodeficiency virus in monocytes. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) potentiates viral production yet enhances the antiviral effect mediated by 3’-azido-2’3’-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and other dideoxynucleoside congeners of thymidine, J. Exp. Med. 169:933–951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perno, C. E., Cooney, D. A., Gao, W. Y., Hao, Z., Johns, D. G., Foli, A., Hartman, N. R., Calio, R., Broder, S., and Yarchoan, R., 1992, Effects of bone marrow stimulatory cytokines on human immunodeficiency virus replication and the antiviral activity of dideoxynucleosides in cultures of monocyte/macrophages, Blood 80:995–1003.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phair, J. P., Abels, R. I., McNeill, M. V., and Sullivan, D. J., 1993, Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment: Investigational new drug protocol for the anemia of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Arch. Intern. Med. 153:2669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pluda, J. M., Yarchoan, Y.R., and Smith, P. D., 1990, Subcutaneous recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor used as a single agent and in an alternative regimen with azidothymidine in leukopenia patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection, Blood 76:2303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pluda, J. M., Venzon, D. J., Tosato, G., Lietzau, J., Wyvill, K., Nelson, D. L., Jaffe, E. S., Karp, J. E., Broder, S., and Yarchoan, R., 1993, Parameters affecting the development of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, J. Clin. Oncol. 11:1099–1107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnoff, O. D., Menitove, J. E., Aster, R. H., and Lederman, M. M., 1983, Coincident classic hemophilia and “idiopathic” thrombocytopenic purpura in patients under treatment with concentrates of anti-hemophilic factor (Factor VIII), N. Engl. J. Med. 308:439–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, M. D., Brownlie, C. E., and Shankland, G. S., 1992, Enhanced phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by GM-CSF-activated human neutrophils, J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:433–441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robin, G., Markovich, S., Athamna, A., and Keisari, Y., 1991, Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments viability and cytotoxic activities of human monocyte-derived macrophages in long-term cultures, Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 10:257–263.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., and Agosti, J., 1993, No antibodies to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor with prolonged use in AIDS [letter], AIDS 7:438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., Zon, L. I., and Groopman, J. E., 1989, Pathophysiology and management of HIV-associated hematologic disorders, Blood 74:1455.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., Zeira, M., Woon, A., Wang, Z., Schieve, L., Ikeuchi, K., Lim, B., and Groopman, J. E., 1990, HIV infection of human bone marrow stromal fibroblasts, Blood 76:317–322.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., Bering, H. A., Levine, J. D., Bresnahan, J., Evans, L., Epstein, C., and Groopman, J. E., 1991, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulation factor mitigates the neutropenia of combined interferon alfa and zidovudine treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma, J. Clin. Oncol. 9:802–808.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., Levine, J. D., Bresnahan, J., Gere, J., McGrath, J., Wang, Z., Resta, D. J., Young, D., and Hammer, S. M., 1995, In vivo effects of interleukin-3 in HIV-1 infected patients with cytopenia, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11:731–740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadden, D. T., Wang, A., Zsebo, K. M., and Groopman, J. E., 1994, In vitro effects of stem cell factor or interleukin-3 on myelosuppression associated with AIDS, AIDS 8:193–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloand, E. M., Klein, H. G., Banks, S. M., Vareldzis, B., Merritt, S., and Pierce, P., 1992, Epidemiology of thrombocytopenia in HIV infection, Eur. J. Haematol 48:168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. D., Lamerson, C. L., Banks, S. M., Saini, S. S., Wahl, L. M., Calderone, R. A., and Wahl, S. M., 1990, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments human monocyte fungicidal activity for Candida albicans, J. Infect. Dis. 161:999–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, H. N., Crumpacker, C. S., and Chatis, P. A., 1991, In vitro suppression of normal human bone marrow progenitor cells by human immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 65:1765–1769.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. B., and Easmon, C. S. F., 1991, The neutrophil chemiluminescence response to Pneumocystis carinii is stimulated by GM-CSF and gamma interferon, FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 89:41–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treacy, M., Lai, I., Costello, C., and Clark, A., 1987, Peripheral blood and bone marrow abnormalities in patients with HIV related disorders, Br. J. Haematol. 65:289–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Lear, D., Hufert, F. T., Fenner, T. E., Schwander, S., Dietrich, M., Schmitz, H., and Kern, P., 1990, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells are not a major reservoir of the human immunodeficiency virus, Blood 76:1281–1286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C-Y. E., Schroeter, A. L., and Su, W. P. D., 1995, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, Mayo Clin. Proc. 70:869–879.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Goldberg, M., and Scadden, D. T., 1993, HIV-1 suppresses erythropoietin production in vitro, Exp. Hematol. 21:683–688.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zauli, G., Furlini, G., Vitale, M., Re, M. C., Gibellini, D., Zamai, L., Visani, G., Borgatti, P., Capitani, S., and La Placa, M., 1994, A subset of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors express low levels of CD4, the high-affinity receptor for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1, Blood 84:1896–1905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    David T. Scadden

  2. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    David W. Golde

  3. Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, 10021, USA

    David W. Golde

Authors
  1. David T. Scadden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David W. Golde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Sudhir Gupta M.D., Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Scadden, D.T., Golde, D.W. (1996). Growth Factors in the Treatment of HIV Disease. In: Gupta, S. (eds) Immunology of HIV Infection. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0191-0_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0191-0_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0193-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0191-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation