Skip to main content

Abstract

In this chapter, the issue of the relationship of diagnoses and dimensions to potential pharmacotherapeutic agents will be examined. The scope of this chapter does not include differential diagnoses, nor does it claim to cover the clinical aspects of any disorder in detail. For more in-depth diagnostic considerations, the reader should consult more comprehensive diagnostic texts in child and adolescent psychiatry.1–3

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lewis M: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rutter M, Hersov L, and Taylor E: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches ed 3. Oxford, England, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Weiner JM: Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Werry JS Pediatric Psychopharmacology: The Use of Behavior Modifying Drugs in Children. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed revised (DSM-111-R). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gittelman-Klein R, Spitzer RL, Cantwell DP: Diagnostic classifications and psychopharmacological indications, In Werry JS, (ed): Pediatric Psychopharmacology: The Use of Behavior Modifying Drugs in Children. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 4. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Teicher MH, Glod CA: Neuroleptic drugs: Indications and guidelines for their rational use in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 1:33–56, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bird HR, Gould MS, Staghezza BM: Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:361–368, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fergusson DM, Horwood J, Lynskey MT: Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:1127–1134, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Biederman J, et al: Child behavior checklist findings further support comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in a referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:734–42, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bradley C: The behavior of children receiving Benzedrine. Am J Orthopsychiatry 94:577–585, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Schachar R, Tannock R: Childhood hyperactivity and psychostimulants: A review of extended treatment studies. J Child and Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 3:81–97, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Klein RG: The role of methylphenidate in psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:429–433, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL: Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Where have we come in 50 years? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:676–886, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dulcan MK: Using psychostimulants to treat behavioral disorders of children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:7–20, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Riddle MA, Geller B, Ryan N: Another sudden death in a child treated with desipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:792–797, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryan ND: Heterocyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1: 21–31, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Plizka SR: Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:127–132, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright VD: A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28:777–784, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Barrickman LL, et al: Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:649–657, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Fleet JVS: A double-blind trial of bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 23:120–122, 1987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hunt RD, Capper L, O’Connell P: Clonidine in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:87–102, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hunt RD, Arnsten AFT, Asbell MD: An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:50–54, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Horrigan JP, Barnhill, LJ: Guanfacine for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 5:215–223, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zametkin A, et al.: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42:962–966, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Weizman R, Weizman A, Deutsch S: Biological studies of attention-deficit disorder, in Deutsch S, Weizman A, Weizman R (eds): Application of Basic Neuroscience to Child Psychiatry. New York, Plenum Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  28. McCracken JT: A two-part model of stimulant action on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 3:201–209, 1991.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kuczenski R: Biochemical actions of amphetamine and other stimulants, in Creese I (ed): Stimulants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. New York, Raven Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fuller RW, Perry KW, Bymaster FP: Comparative effects of pemoline, amfonelic acid and amphetamine on dopamine uptake and release in vitro and on brain 3,4-dihydroxphenylacetic acid concentration in spiperone-treated rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 30:197–198, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Preskorn SH, Othmer, SC: Evaluation of bupropion hydrochloride: The first of a new class of atypical antidepressants. Pharmacotherapy 4:20–34, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Klein RG, Mannuzza S: Long-term outcome of hyperactive children: A review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:383–387, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Campbell M, Gonzalez N, Silva R: The pharmacological treatment of conduct disorders and rage outbursts. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15:69–85, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kaplan S, Busner J, Kupietz S: Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:719–724, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Remschmidt H: The psychotropic effect of carbamazepine in non-epileptic patients, with particular reference to problems posed by clinical studies in children with behavioural disorders, in Birkmayer W (ed): Epileptic Seizures: Behavior-Pain. London, University Park Press, pp. 253–258, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kafantaris V, et al: Carbamazepine in hospitalized aggressive conduct disorder children: An open pilot study. Psychopharmacol Bull 28:193–199, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cueva JE, et al: Carbamazepine in aggressive children with conduct disorder: A double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:480–490, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ghaziuddin N, Alessi NE: An open clinical trial of trazodone in aggressive children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2:291–297, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Linnoila M, Virkkunen M, Scheinin M: Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroyindolacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sd 33:2609–2614, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kruesi MJP, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid monamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:419–426, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kruesi MJP, et al: A 2-year prospective follow-up study of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:429–435, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Puig-Antich J: Affective disorders in childhood: A review and perspective. Psychiatr Clin North Am 3:403–424, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ryan ND, et al: The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:854–861, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Geller B, et al: Dose and plasma levels of nortriptyline and chlorpromazine in delusionally depressed adolescents and of nortriptyline in nondelusionally depressed adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 142:336–338, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fetner HH, Geller B: Lithium and tricyclic antidepressants. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15:223–224, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Birmaher R, et al: Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1575–1583, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Geller B, et al: Treatment-resistant depression in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 19:253–267, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Emslie G, Rush AJ, Weinberg AW: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in depressed children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:1030–1037, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Apter A, Ratzoni G, King RA, et al: Fluvoxamine open-label treatment of adolescent inpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder or depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:342–348, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. McConville BJ, et al: An open study of the effects of sertraline on adolescent major depression. J Child and Adolesc Psychopharmacol 6:41–51, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Geller B, et al: Lithium for prepubertal depressed children with family history predictors of future bipolarity : A double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Affect Disord, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Williamson DE: The regulation of sleep and growth hormone in adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:615–621, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Puig-Antich J: Sleep and neuroendocrine correlates of affective illness in childhood and adolescence. J Adolesc Health Care 8:505–529, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yaylayan SA, Weller EB, Weller RA: Biology of depression in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1:215–227, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Geller B, et al: Complex and rapid-cycling in bipolar children and adolescents: A preliminary study. J Affect Disord 34:259–268, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Geller B, Luby J: Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 36:1168–1176, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wozniak J, et al: Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:867–876, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Varanka TM, et al: Lithium treatment of manic episodes with psychotic features in prepubertal children. Am J Psychiatry 145:1557–1559, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Botteron K, Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K, et al: Pharmacologic treatment of childhood and adolescent mania. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 4:283–304, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K, et al: Double-blind and placebo controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 37:171–178, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Evans RW, Clay TH, Gualtieri CT: Carbamazepine in pediatric psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:2–8, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Weeston TF, Constantino J: High-dose T4 for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:131–132, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bauer MS, Whybrow PC: Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:435–440,1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Baraban JM, Worley R, Snyder SH: Second messenger systems and psychoactive drug action: Focus on the phosphoinositide system and lithium. Am J Psychiatry 146:1251–1260, 1989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. El-Mallakh RS, Barrett JL, Wyatt RJ: The Na,K-ATPase hypothesis for bipolar disorder: Implications of normal development. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 3:37–52, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G: Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148:1474–1486, 1991.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Spencer EK, Campbell M: Children with schizophrenia: Diagnosis, phenomenology, and pharmacotherapy. Schizophren Bull 20:713–725, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Gordon CT, et al: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: An NIMH study in progress. Schizophren Bull 20:697–712, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. McClellan J, Werry J: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:616–635, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kumra S, et al: Childhood-onset schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1090–1097, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Campbell M, Spencer KM: Psychopharmacology in child and adolescent psychiatry: A review of the past five years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 3:269–279, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Spencer E, et al: Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: Early findings from a study in progress. Psychopharmacol Bull 28:183–186, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Trimble MR: Anticonvulsants in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:107–124, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Olney JW, Farber NB: Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:998–1007, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jacobsen JW: Problem behavior and psychiatric impairment within a developmentally disabled population I: Behavior frequency. Appl Res Ment Retard 3:212–239, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Rutter M, Tizard J, Yule W: Isle of Wight studies. Psychol Med 6:313–332, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Aman MG: Psychoactive drugs in mental retardation, In Matson JL(ed): Treatment Issues and Innovation in Mental Retardation. New York, Plenum, 1985, pp. 455–513.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Schroeder SR: Neuroleptic Medications for persons with developmental disabilities, in Aman MG, (ed): Psychopharmacology of the Developmental Disabilities. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Gualtieri CT: Mental retardation: Antidepressant drugs and lithium, in Karosu TB (ed): Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, Vol 1. Washington, DC, APA Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Stores G: Antiepileptic drugs. In Aman MG, (ed): Psychopharmacology of the Developmental Disabilities. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Sokol MS, Campbell M: Novel psychoactive agents in the treatment of developmental disorders, In Aman MG, (ed): Psychopharmacology of the Developmental Disabilities. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Coffey BJ: Anxiolytics for children and adolescents: Traditional and new drugs. J Child Adolesc Psycho-pharmacol 1:57–83, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Arnold LE, Aman MG: Beta blockers in mental retardation and developmental disorders. J Child and Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:361–374, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Aman MG: Stimulant drugs in the developmental disabilities revisited. J Dev Phys Disabil 8:347–365, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Chandler M, Gualtieri CT, Fans J: Other psychotropic drugs: Stimulants, antidepressants, anxiolytics and lithium carbonate. In Aman MG, Singh NN, eds: Psychopharmacology of the Developmental Disabilities. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Aman MG, et al: Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD: Clinical and side effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:851–859, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Aman MG, et al: Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and borderline IQ: Clinical effects. Am J Men Retard 101:521–534, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Conners CK, Bloum AG, Winglee M: Piracetam and event-related potentials in dyslexic children. Psychopharmacol Bull 20:667–673, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Aman MG, Rojahn J: Pharmacological intervention. In Singh NN, (ed): Current Perspectives in Learning Disabilities. New York, 1992, pp. 478–525.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Helfgott E, Rudel RG, Kneger J: Effect of piracetam on the single word and prose reading of dyslexic children. Psychopharmacol Bull 20:688–696, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gordon CT, et al: A double-blind comparison of clomipramine, desipramine and placebo in the treatment of autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:441–447, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Cook EH, et al: Fluoxetine treatment of children and adults with autistic disorder and mental retardation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:739–745, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. McDougle CJ, et al: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1001–1008, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Campbell M, et al: Treatment of autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:134–143, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Joshi PT, Capozzoli JA, Coyle JT: Low dose neuroleptic therapy for children with childhood-onset pervasive developmental disorder. Am J Psychiatry 145:335–338, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. McDougle CJ, et al: Risperidone in adults with autism or pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 5:273–282, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Geller B, Guttmacher L, Bleeg M: The coexistence of childhood onset pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Am J Psychiatry 38:338–339, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Birmaher B, Quintana H, Greenhill LL: Methylphenidate treatment of hyperactive autistic children. J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 27:248–251, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Campbell M, Anderson LT, Mejer M: A comparison of haloperidol and behavior therapy and their interaction in autistic children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:640–645, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Deutsch SI: Rationale for the administration of opiate antagonists in treating infantile autism. Am J Ment Defic 90:631–635, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Sandman C: The opiate hypothesis in autism and self-injury. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:237–250, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Young JG, Leven LI, Newcorn JH: Genetic and neurobiological approaches to the pathophysiology of autism and the pervasive developmental disorders, in Meltzer HY (ed): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Ernst M, et al: Plasma beta-endorphin levels, naltrexone, and haloperidol in autistic children. Psychopharm Bull 29:221–227, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Walsh BT, Devlin MJ: The pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders (review). Psychiatr Clin North Am 15:149–160, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Agras WS: Treatment of eating disorders, in Nemeroff CB (ed): The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC, APA Press, pp. 725–734, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Walsh TB: Long-term outcome of antidepressant treatment for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 148:1206–1212, 1991.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Halmi KA, Ackerman S, Gibbs J, et al: Basic biological overview of the eating disorders, in Meltzer HY (ed): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, pp. 1255–1266, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Hall GCN: Sexual offender recidivism revisited: A meta-analysis of recent treatment studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 63:802–809, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Gottesman HG, Schubert DSP: Low-dose oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the management of the paraphilias. J Clin Psychiatry 54:182–188, 1993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Bradford JMW, Pawlak A: Double-blind placebo crossover study of cyproterone acetate in the treatment of the paraphilias. Arch Sex Behav 22:383–402, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kafka MP: Sertraline pharmacotherapy for paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: An open trial. Ann Clin Psychiatry 6:189–195, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Meyer-Bahlburg HFL: Can homosexuality in adolescents be treated by sex hormones? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:231–236, 1990/1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Allen AJ, Leonard H, Swedo SE: Current knowledge of medications for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:976–986, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Birmaher B, et al: Fluoxetine for childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:993–999, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bernstein GA, Garfinkel BD, Borchardt CM: Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:773–781, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bernstein GA, Perwien AR: Anxiety disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin 4:305–322, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Graae F, et al: Clonazepam in childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:372–376, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Kutcher SP, et al: The pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15:41–67, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Black B, Uhde TW: Treatment of elective mutism with fluoxetine: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:1000–1006, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Famularo R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T: Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. A pilot study. Am J Dis Child 142:1244–1247, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Tern LC: Acute response to external events and post traumatic stress disorder, in Lewis M, (ed): Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Rapaport JL: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  123. March JS, Leonard HL: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:1265–1273, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Leonard H, Swedo S, Rapoport JL: Treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive, disorder with clomipramine and desmethylimipramine: A double-blind crossover comparison. Psychopharmacol Bull 24:93–95, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, et al: Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder—a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:45–49, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hoehn-Saric R: Neurotransmitters in anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:735–742, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Charney DS, Redmond DE: Neurobiological mechanisms in human anxiety. Neuropharmacology 22:1531–1536, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Swedo SE, JL Rapoport: Neurochemical and neuroendocrine considerations of obsessive-compulsive disorders in childhood. In Deutcsh SI, Weizman A, Weizman R (eds): Application of Basic Neuroscience to Child Psychiatry. Plenum, New York, pp. 275–284, 1990.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  129. Robertson MM: The Gilles de La Tourette syndrome: The current status. Br J Psychiatry 154:147–169, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Cohen DJ, Leckman JF, Shaywitz BA: The Tourette syndrome and other tics, in Shaffer D, (ed): The Clinical Guide to Child Psychiatry. New York, Free Press, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Sallee FR, et al: Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:1057–1062, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Lombroso PJ, et al: Risperidone treatment of children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: A preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:1147–1152, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Churl S: Desipramine treatment of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: Preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:811–814, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Riddle MA, Hardin MT, King R: Ruoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorders: Preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:45–48, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cohen DJ, Riddle MA, Leckman JF: Pharmacotherapy of Tourette’s syndrome and associated disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15:109–129, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J: Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder II: Behavioral effects in school settings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:462–471, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T: Tricyclic antidepressant treatment of children with ADHD and tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:1203–1204, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Chappell PB, et al: Biochemical and genetic studies of Tourette’s syndrome, in Deutsch SI, (ed): Application of Basic Neuroscience to Child Psychiatry. New York, Plenum Medical Book Company, pp. 241–260,1990.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  139. Geller B: Pharmacotherapy of concomitant psychiatric disorders in adolescent substance abusers, in Rahdert ER (ed): Adolescent Drug Abuse: Analyses of Treatment Research. Washington, DC, DHHS Publications, National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph Series, pp. 85–1523, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rahdert ER: Adolescent Drug Abuse: Analysis of Treatment Research. NIDA Resarch Monograph, 77:1–3, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Geller B, et al: Early findings from a pharmacokinetically designed double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescents comorbid with bipolar and substance dependency disorders. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 16:281–299, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC: Psychophysiological and pharmacological aspects of somnambulism and night terrors in children, in Meltzer HY (ed): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Dahl RE: Child and adolescent sleep disorders. Pediatr Psychopharmacol 4:323–341, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Houts AC, Berman JS, Abramson H: Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. J Consul Clin Psychol 62:737–745, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Thompson S, Rey JM: Functional enuresis: Is desmopressin the answer? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:266–271, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kirschner B: Constipation, in Kelly VC, (ed): Practice of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Harper & Row, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Dodge KA: Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annu Rev Psychol 44:559–584, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Stewart JT, Myers WC, Burket MD: A review of pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:269–277, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Winchel RM, Stanley M: Self-injurious behavior: A review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation. Am J Psychiatry 148:308–317, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Birmaher B, Greenhill LL, Stanley M: Biochemical studies of suicide, in Deutsch SI, (ed): Application of Basic Neuroscience to Child Psychiatry. New York, Plenum, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Gualitieri CT: Self-injurious behavior, in Gualtieri CT, (ed): Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Pharmacology. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1991.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  152. Aman MG: Efficacy of psychotropic drugs for reducing self-injurious behavior in the developmental disabilities. Ann Clin Psychiatry 5:171–188, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Cold J, Allolio B, Rees LH: Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. Lancet ii:545–546, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Gillberg C, Terenius L, Lonnerholm G: Endorphin activity in childhood psychoses: Spinal fluid levels in 24 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:780–783, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Aman MG: Stimulant drug effects in developmental disorders and hyperactivity—toward a resolution of disparate findings. J Autism Dev Disord 12:385–398, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Botteron, K., Geller, B. (1999). Disorders, Symptoms, and Their Pharmacotherapy. In: Werry, J.S., Aman, M.G. (eds) Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs for Children and Adolescents. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0086-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0086-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45885-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0086-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics