Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cytomegalovirus

  • Chapter
Viral Infections of Humans

  • 517 Accesses

Abstract

Only a small proportion of people throughout the world escape infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV). The age at acquisition, the presence and type of clinical manifestations, and the sites and extent of virus excretion vary, but serological surveys conducted on all continents confirm the ubiquitous distribution of human CMV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adler, S. P., Cytomegalovirus transmission among children in day care, their mothers and caretakers, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 7: 279–285 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adler, S. P., Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus: Viral transmission among children attending a day care center, their parents, and caretakers, J. Pediatr. 112: 366–372 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Adler, S. P., Baggett, J., Wilson, M., Lawrence, L., and McVoY, M., Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus in a nursery: Lack of evidence for nosocomial transmission, J. Pediatr. 108: 117–123 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahlfors, D., Harris, S., Ivarsson, S., and Svanberg, L., Secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infection causing symptomatic congenital infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 284 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ahlfors, K., Ivarsson, S. A., Johnsson, T., and Svanberg, L., Primary and secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infections and their relation to congenital infection, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 71: 109–113 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Albrecht, P., and Rapp, F., Malignant transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts following exposure to ultraviolet irradiated human cytomegalovirus, Virology 55: 53–61 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alexander, E. R., Maternal and neonatal infection with cytomegalovirus in Taiwan (abstract), Pediatr. Res. 1: 210 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Armstrong, D., Balakrishnan, S., Stegir, L., Yu, B., and Stenzel, K. H., Cytomegalovirus infections with viremia following renal transplantation, Arch. Intern. Med. 127: 111–115 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Balfour, H. H., Sachs, G. W., Welo, P., Gehrz, R. C., Simmons, R. L., and Najarian, J. S., Cytomegalovirus vaccine in renal transplant candidates: Progress report of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, Birth Defects 20: 289–304 (1984).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Baron, J., Youngblood, L., Siewers, C. M. F., and Medearis, D. N., JR., The incidence of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, rubella, and toxoplasma antibodies in microcephalic, mentally retarded, and normocephalic children, Pediatrics 44: 932–939 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beckwith, D. G., Halstead, D. C., Alpaugh, K., Schweder, A., Blount-Fronfield, D. A., and Tom, K., Comparison of a latex agglutination test with five other methods for determining the presence of antibody against cytomegalovirus, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 328–331 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Becroft, D. M. O., Prenatal cytomegalovirus infection: Epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, in: Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology (H. S. Rosenberg and J. Bernstein, Eds.), pp. 203–241, Masson, Paris, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Benyesh-Melnick, M., Dessy, S. L., and Fernbach, D., Cytomegaloviruria in children with acute leukemia and in other children, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117: 624–630 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Berenberg, W., and Nankervis, G. A., Long-term follow up of cytomegalic inclusion disease of infancy, Pediatrics 46: 403–409 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Betts, R. F., The relationship of epidemiology and treatment factors to infection and allograft survival in renal transplantation, Birth Defects 20: 87–99 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Birnbaum, G., Lynch, J. L., Margileth, A. M., Lonergan, W. M., and Sever, J. L., Cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants, J. Pediatr. 75: 789–795 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Black, F. L., Woodall, J. P., Evans, A. S., Liebhaber, H., and Henle, G., Prevalence of antibody against viruses in the Tiriyo, an isolated Amazon tribe, Am. J. Epidemiol. 91: 430–438 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brady, M. T., Milam, J. D., Anderson, D. C., Hawkins, E. P., Speer, M. E., Seavy, D., Bliou, H., and Yow, M. D., Use of deglycerolized red blood cells to prevent posttransfusion infection with cytomegalovirus in neonates, J. Infect. Dis. 150: 334–339 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brasfield, D. M., Stagno, S., Whitley, R. J., Cloud, G., Cassell, G., and Tiller, R. E., Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, pneumocystis, and urea-plasma: Follow up, Pediatrics 79: 76–83 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Braun, W. E., Nankervis, G. A., Banowsky, L. H., Protiva, D., Biekaert, E., and Mchenry, M. C., A prospective study of cytomegalovirus infections in 78 renal allograft recipients, Proc. Dialy. Transpl. Forum. 6: 8–11 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Candir, A., and Sullivan, M., The occurrence of cytomegalovirus infections in childhood leukemia, J.A.M.A. 195: 616–622 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cappell, D. F., and Mcfarlane, M. N., Inclusion bodies (protozoan-like cells) in the organs of infants, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 59: 385–398 (1947).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Carlstrom, G., Virologic studies on cytomegalic inclusion disease, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 54: 17–23 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Caul, E. O., Clarke, S. K. R., MoTT, M. G., Perham, T. G. M., and Wilson, R. S. E., Cytomegalovirus infections after open heart surgery: A prospective study, Lancet 1: 771–781 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chandler, S. H., Holmes, K. K., Wentworth, B. B., Wiesner, P. J., Alexander, R., and Handsfield, H. H., The epidemiology of cytomegaloviral infection in women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic, J. Infect. Dis. 152: 597–605 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cheung, K. S., Roche, J. D., Capel, W. D., and Lang, D. J., An evaluation under code of new techniques for the detection of cytomegalovirus antibodies, J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 6: 269–274 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chou, S., Acquisition of donor strains of cytomegalovirus by renal transplant recipients, N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1418–1423 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chou, S., Reactivation and recombination of multiple cytomegalovirus strains from individual organ donors, J. Infect. Dis. 160: 11–15 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chou, S., Newer methods for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection, Rev. Infect. Dis. 12S: S727 - S735 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chou, S., and Merigan, T. C., Rapid detection and quantitation of human cytomegalovirus in urine through Dna hybridization, N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 921–925 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cole, R., and Kuttner, K. A., A filterable virus present in the submaxillary glands of guinea pigs, J. Exp. Med. 44: 855–873 (1926).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Conboy, T. J., Pass, R., Stagno, S., Alford, C. A., Myers, G. J., Britt, W. J., and Boll, T. J., Early clinical manifestations and intellectual outcome in children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection, J. Pediatr. 111: 343–348 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Condie, R. M., and O’Reilly, R. J., Prophylaxis of Cmv infection in bone marrow transplant recipients by hyperimmune Cmv gamma globulin, Dey. Biol. Scand. 52: 501–513.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Coulson, A. S., Lucas, Z. J., Condy, M., and Cohn, R., An epidemic of cytomegalovirus disease in a renal transplant population, West. J. Med. 120: 1–7 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Craighead, J. E., Hanshaw, J. B., and Carpenter, C. B., Cytomegalovirus infection after renal allotransplantation, J.A.M.A. 201: 99–102 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Davis, L. E., Tweed, G. V., Stewart, J. A., Bernstein, M. T., Miller, G. L., Gravelle, C. R., and Chin, D. Y., Cyto-megalovirus mononucleosis in a first trimester pregnant female with transmission to the fetus, Pediatrics 48: 200–206 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Demmler, G., Buffone, G. J., Schimbor, C. M., and May, R. A., Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine from newborns by using polymerase chain reaction, J. Infect. Dis. 158: 1177–1184 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Demmler, G. D., O’Neill, G. W., and O’Neill, G. H., Transmission of cytomegalovirus from husband to wife, J. Infect. Dis. 154: 545–546 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Demmler, G. D., Yow, M., Spector, S., Reis, S. G., Brady, M. T., Anderson, D. C., and Taber, L., Nosocomial cytomegalovirus infections within two hospitals caring for infants and children, J. Infect. Dis. 156: 9–16 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Diost, P., Moldovan, E., and Tomescu, N., Latent cytomegalovirus infection in blood donors, Br. Med. J. 4: 600–602 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Dobbins, J. G., and Stewart, J. A. S., Surveillance of congenital cytomegalovirus disease 1990–1991, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 41:SS-2 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dorfman, L. J., Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in adults, Neurology 23: 136–144 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Drew, W. L., and Mintz, L., What is the role of cytomegalovirus in Aids? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 437: 320–324 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dummer, J. S., Bahnson, H. T., Griffith, B. P., Hardesty, R. L., Thompson, M. E., and Ho, M., Early infections in kidney, heart, and liver transplant recipients on cyclosporine, Transplantation 36: 259–267 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Duncan, S. R., and Cook, D. J., Survival of ganciclovir-treated heart transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, Transplantation 52: 910–913 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dworsky, M., Lakeman, F., and Stagno, S., Cytomegalovirus transmission within a family, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 3: 236–238 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dworsky, M., Welch, K., Cassady, G., and Stagno, S., Occu-pational risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection among pedi- atric health-care workers, N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 950–953 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dworsky, M., Yow, M., Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., and Alford, C. A., Cytomegalvorius infection of breast milk and transmission in infancy, Pediatrics 72: 295–299 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dyment, P. G., Orlando, S. J., Isaacs, H. J., and Wright, H. T., JR., The incidence of cytomegaloviruria and postmortem cytomegalic inclusions in children with acute leukemia, J. Pediatr. 72: 533–536 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Elek, S. D., and Stern, H., Development of a vaccine against mental retardation caused by cytomegalovirus infection in utero, Lancet 1: 1–5 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Embil, J. A., Haldane, E. V., Mackenzie, R. A. E., and Van Rooyen, C. E., Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in a normal urban population in Nova Scotia, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 101: 730–733 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Embil, J. A., Ozere, R. L., and Haldane, E. V., Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in two siblings from consecutive pregnancies, J. Pediatr. 77: 417–421 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Evans, A., Cox, F., Nankervis, G., Shope, R., Wells, A. V, and West, B., A health and seroepidemiological survey of a community in Barbados, Int. J. Epidemiol. 3: 167–175 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Evans, A. S., Infectious mononucleosis and related syndromes, Am. J. Med. Sci. 276: 325–339 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Evans, A. S., Cook, J., Kapikian, A. Z., Nankervis, G., Smith, A., and West, B., A serological survey of St. Lucia, Int. J. Epidemiol. 8: 327–332 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Farber, S., and Wolback, S. B., Intranuclear and cytoplastic inclusions (“protozoan-like bodies”) in salivary glands and other organs of infants, Am. J. Pathol. 8: 123–126 (1932).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Feldman, R., Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy, Am. J. Dis. Child. 117: 517–521 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fei I Erman, G. H., A new laboratory aid in the clinical diagnosis of inclusion disease of infancy, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 424–425 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Fine, R. N., Grushkin, C. M., Anand, S., Lieberman, E., and Wright, H. T., Cytomegalovirus in children, Am. J. Dis. Child. 120: 197–202 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Foster, K. M., and Jack, I., A prospective study of the role of cytomegalovirus in posttransplant mononucleosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 280: 1311–1354 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fowler, K. B., Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., Britt, W. J., Boll, T. J., and Alford, C. A., The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status, N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 663–667 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Foy, H. M., Kenny, G. E., Wentworth, B. B., Johnson, W. L., and Grayston, J. T., Isolation of mycoplasma hommnis, T-strains, and cytomegalovirus from the cervix of pregnant women, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 106: 635–643 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Frenkel, L., Gaur, S., Tsolia, M., Scudder, R., Howell, R., and Kesarwala, H., Cytomegalovirus infection in children with Aids, J. Infect. Dis. 12S: S820 - S826 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Friedman, H. M., Lewis, M. R., Memerofsky, D. M., and Plotkin, S. A., Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection among female employees at a pediatric hospital, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 3: 233–235 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Geder, L., Sanford, E. J., Rohner, T. J., and Rapp, F., Cytomegalovirus and cancer of the prostate: In vitro transformation of human cells, Cancer Treat. Rep. 61: 139–146 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Glazer, J. P., Friedman, H. M., Grossman, R. A., Starr, S. E., Barker, C. F., Perloff, J. L., Huang, E. S., and Plotkin, S. A., Live cytomegalovirus vaccination of renal transplant candidates, Ann. Intern. Med. 91: 676–683 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gleaves, C. A., Smith, T. E, Shuster, E. A., and Pearson, G. R., Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in Mrc-5 cells inoculated with urine specimens by using low-speed centrifugation and monoclonal antibody to an early antigen, J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 917–919 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Goodpasture, E., and Talbot, F. B., Concerning the nature of “protozoan-like” cells in certain lesions of infancy, Am. J. Dis. Child. 21: 415–421 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Goodrich, J. M., Mori, M., Gleaves, C., Du Mond, C., Cays, M., Ebeling, D., Buhles, W., Dearmond, B., and Meyers, J. D., Early treatment with ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 1601–1607 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Grant, S., Edmond, E., and Syme, J., A prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy, J. Infect. Dis. 3: 24–31 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Greenberg, M., Friedman, H., Cohen, G., OH, S., Laster, L., and Starr, S., A comparative study of herpes simplex infections in renal transplant and leukemic patients, J. Infect. Dis. 156: 280–287 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Griffiths, P. D., Campbell-Benzie, A., and Heath, R. B., A prospective study of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women, Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 87: 308–314 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Griffiths, P. D., Panjwani, D. D., Stirk, P. R., Ball, M. G., Ganczakowski, M., Blacklock, H. A., and Prentice, H. G., Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients by detection of early antigen fluorescent foci, Lancet 2: 1242–1244 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Grundy, J. E., Virologic and pathologic aspects of cytomegalovirus infection, Rev. Infect. Dis. 12S: S711 - S719 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gyorkey, F., Melnick, J. L., Guinn, G. A., Gyorkey, P., and Debakey, M. E., Herpesviridae in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the proximal aorta in arteriosclerotic patients, Exp. Molec. Pathol. 40: 328–339 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Haldane, E. V., Van Rooyen, C. E., Embil, J. A., Tupper, W. C., Gordon, P. C., and Wanklin, J. M., A search for transmissible birth defects of virologic origin in members of the nursing profession, Am. J. Obstet, Gynecol. 105: 1032–1040 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hanshaw, J. B., Cytomegalovirus complement-fixing antibody in microcephaly, N. Engl. J. Med. 275: 476–479 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hanshaw, J. B., and Weller, T. H., Urinary excretion of cytomegaloviruses by children with generalized neoplastic disease: Correlation with clinical and histopathologic observations, J. Pediatr. 58: 305–311 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hanshaw, J. B., Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: A fifteen-year perspective, J. Infect. Dis. 123: 555–561 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hanshaw, J. B., Betts, R. E., Simon, G., and Boynton, R. C., Acquired cytomegalovirus infection association with hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function tests, N. Engl. J. Med. 272: 602–609 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hanshaw, J. B., Scheiner, A. P., and Moxley, A. W., School failure and deafness after “silent” congenital cytomegalovirus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 295: 468–470 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Harden, D. G., Elsdale, T. R., Young, D. E., and Andross, A., The isolation of cytomegalovirus from peripheral blood, Blood 30: 120–125 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hayes, K., Danks, D. M., and Gibas, H., Cytomegalovirus in human milk, N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 177–178 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Henle, W., Henle, G., Scriba, M., Joyner, C., Harrison, E., Von Essen, R., Paloheimo, J., and Klemola, E., Antibody responses to the Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus after open-heart and other surgery, N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 1068–1074 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Henneberg, G., and Antoniadis, G., Serological studies on the incidence of complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus, in West Berlin, Zentralbl-Bacteriol. 213:416–427 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Henson, D., Siegel, S., Fucillo, D. A., Matthew, E., and Levine, S., Cytomegalovirus infections during acute childhood leukemia, J. Infect. Dis. 126: 469–481 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hildebrandt, R. J., Sever, J. L., Margileth, A. M., and Callaghan, D. A., Cytomegalovirus in the normal pregnant woman, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 98: 1125–1128 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hirsch, M. S., and Felsenstein, D., Cytomegalovirus induced immunosuppression, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 437: 8–15 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ho, M., Cytomegalovirus, in: Cytomegalovius (M. Ho, ED.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Ho, M., Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections, Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl.): 701–710 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Ho, M., Suwansirkul, S., Dowling, J. N., Youngblood, L. A., and Armstrong, J. A., The transplanted kidney as a source of cytomegalovirus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 1109–1112 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hurley, J., Greenslade, T., Lewy, P., Ahmadian, Y., and Firlrr, C., Varicella zoster infections in pediatric renal transplant patients, Arch. Surg. 115: 751–752 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hutto, C., Little, A., Ricks, R., Lee, J. D., and Pass, R. E, Isolation of Cmv from toys and hands in a day care center, J. Infect. Dis. 154: 527–530 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. HUrro, C., Ricks, R., Garvie, M., and Pass, R. F., Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in young children: Day care vs. home care, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 4: 149–152 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Jack, I., and Mcauliffe, K. C., Sero-epidemiological study of cytomegalovirus infections in Melbourne children and some adults, Med. J. Aust. 1: 206–209 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Jack, I., Todd, H., and Turner, E. K., Isolation of human cytomegalovirus from the circulating leukocytes of a leukemic patient, Med. J. Aust. 1: 210–213 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Jesionek, A., and Kiolemenoglou, B., Uber einen Befund von protozoenartigen Gebilden in den Organen eines Feten, Muench. Med. Wochenschr. 51: 1905–1907 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Jones, L., Duke-Duncan, P., and Yeager, A. S., Cytomegaloviral infections in infant-toddler centers: Centers for the developmentally delayed versus regular day care, J. Infect. Dis. 151: 953–955 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Jordon, M. C., Rousseau, W. E., Stewart, J. A., Noble, G. R., and Chin, T. D. Y., Spontaneous cytomegalovirus mononucleosis, Ann. Intern. Med. 79: 153–160 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Just, M., Duergin-Wolff, A., Emoedi, G., and Hernandez, F., Immunization trials with live attenuated cytomegalovirus Towne 125, Infection 3: 111–114 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kane, R. C., Rouseau, W. E., Noble, G. R., Tegtmeier, G. E., Wulff, H., Herndon, H. B., Chin, T. D. Y., and Bayer, W. L., A prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in a volunteer blood donor population, Infect. Immun. 11: 719–723 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kimmel, N., Freedman, M. G., and Sarov, I., Detection of human Cmv-specific IgG antibodies by a sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay and by a rapid-screening test, J. Med. Virol. 5: 195–203 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Klemola, E., and Kaariainen, L., Cytomegalovirus as a possible cause of a disease resembling infectious mononucleosis, Br. Med. J. 2: 1099–1102 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Klemola, E., Kaariainen, R., Von Essen, R., Haltia, K., Koivuniemi, A., and Von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Further studies on cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in previously healthy individuals, Acta Med. Scand. 182: 311–322 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Knez, V., Stewart, J. A., and Ziegler, D. W., Cytomegalovirus specific IgM and IgG response in humans studied by radio-immunoassay, J. Immun!. 117: 2006–2013 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kraat, Y., Hendrix, R., Landini, M., and Bruggeman, C., Comparison of four techniques for detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 522–524 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Krech, U., Jung, M., Jung, F., and Singeisen, C., Virologische und klinische Untersuchungen bei konnatalen und postnatalen Cytomegalien, Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 98: 1459–1469 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Krech, U., Konjajev, Z., and Jung, M., Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in siblings from consecutive pregnancies, Helv. Paediatr. Acta. 26: 355–362 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Krech, U. H., and Jung, M., Age distribution of complement-fixing antibodies in Tanzania, 1970, in: Cytomegalovirus Infections of Man, pp. 27–28, S. Karger, Basel, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kreel, I., Zaroff, L. L., Canter, J. W., Krasna, I., and Baronofsky, I. D., Syndrome following total body perfusion, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 111: 317–321 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kriel, R. L., Gates, G. A., Wulff, H., Powell, N., Poland, J. D., and Chin, T. D. Y., Cytomegalovirus isolations associated with pregnancy wastage, Am. Obstet. Gynecol. 106: 885–892 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kumar, M. L., Gold, E., Jacobs, S. B., Emhart, C. B., and Nankervis, G. A., Primary cytomegalovirus infection in adolescent pregnancy, Pediatrics 74: 493–500 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lamb, S. G., and Stern, H., Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis with jaundice as presenting sign, Lancet 2: 1003–1006 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Lang, D. J., and Hanshaw, J. B., Cytomegalovirus infection and postperfusion syndrome: Recognition of primary infections in four patients, N. Engl. J. Med. 280: 1145–1149 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lang, D. J., and Kummer, J. E, Demonstration of cytomegalovirus in semen, N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 756–758 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lang, D. J., Kummer, J. E, and Hartley, D. P., Cytomegalovirus in semen: Persistence and demonstration in extracellular fluids, N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 121–123 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lang, D. J., Scolnick, E. M., and Willerson, J. T., Association of cytomegalovirus infection with the postperfusion syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 278: 1147–1149 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Lehane, D. E., A seroepidemiologic study of infectious mononucleosis: The development of EB virus antibody in a military population, J.A.M.A. 212: 2240–2242 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Levine, R. S., Warner, N. E., and Johnson, C. E, Cytomegalic inclusion disease in the gastrointestinal tract of adults, Ann. Surg. 159: 37–48 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Levinsohn, E. M., Foy, H. M., Kenny, G. E., Wentworth, B. B., and Grayston, J. T., Isolation of cytomegalovirus from a cohort of 100 infants throughout the first year of life, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 957–962 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Li, F., and Hanshaw, B. J., Cytomegalovirus infection among migrant children, Am. J. Epidemiol. 86: 137–141 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lopez, C., Simmons, R. L., Mauer, S. M., Najarian, J. S., and Goon, R. A., Association of renal allograft rejection with viral infection, Am. J. Med. 56: 280–289 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Luby, J., Ramirez-Ronda, C., Rinner, S., Hull, A., and Vergne-Marini, P., A longitudinal study of varicella zoster virus infections in renal transplant recipients, J. Infect. Dis. 135: 659–663 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  124. Luby, J. P, Burnett, W., Hull, A. R., Ware, A. J., Shorey, J. W., and Peters, P. C., Relationship between cytomegalovirus and hepatic function abnormalities in the period after renal transplant, J. Infect. Dis. 129: 511–518 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Luthardt, T., Siebert, H., Losel, I., Quevedo, M., and Todt, R., Cytomegalovirus-infektionen bei Kindern mit Blutaustausch-transfusion im Neugeborenenalter, Klin. Wochenschr. 49: 81–86 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Mandell, G. L., Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis, Del. Med. J. 43: 155–156 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Margileth, A. M., The diagnosis and treatment of generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease of the newborn, Pediatrics 15: 270–283 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Mccracken, G. H., JR. Shinefield, H. R., Cobb, K., Rausen, A. R., Dische, M. R., and Eichenwald, H. E, Congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease: A longitudinal study of 20 patients, Am. J. Dis. Child. 117: 522–539 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Medearis, D. N., JR., Observations concerning human cytomegalovirus infection and disease, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 114: 181–211 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Mercer, R. D., Luse, S., and Guyton, D. H., Clinical diagnosis of generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease, Pediatrics 11: 502–514 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Merigan, T., Renlund, D., Keay, S., Bristow, M. R., Starnes, V., O’Connell, J. B., Resta, S., Dunk, D., Gamberg, P., Ratkovec, R. M., Richenbacher, W. E., Millar, R., Dumond, C., Deamond, B., and Sullivan, V., A controlled trial of ganciclovir to prevent Cmv disease after heart transplantation, N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 1182–1186 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Merigan, T., and Resta, S., Cytomegalovirus: Where have we been and where we are going? Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl.): 693–700 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Meyers, J. D., Cytomegalovirus infection following marrow transplantation: Risk, treatment, and prevention, Birth Defects 20: 101–117 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Meyers, J. D., Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections with interferons and immune globulins, Infection 12: 143–150 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Montgomery, R., Youngblood, L., and Medearis, D. N. J., Recovery of cytomegalovirus from the cervix in pregnancy, Pediatrics 49: 524–531 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Musiani, M., Carpi, C., and Zerbini, M., Rapid detection of antibodies against cytomegalovirus induced immediate early and early antigens by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, J. Clin. Pathol. 37: 122–125 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Najarian, J. L., Strand, M., Fryd, D. S., Ferguson, R. M., Simmons, R. L., Ascher, N. L., and Sutherland, D. E. R., Comparison of cyclosporine versus azathioprine-antilymphocyte globulin in renal transplantation, Transplant. Proc. 15: 2463–2468 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Nakao, T., and Chiba, S., Cytomegalovirus and microcephaly, Pediatrics 46: 483–484 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Nankervis, G. A., Comments on Cmv infections in renal transplant patients, Yale J. Biol. Med. 49: 27–28 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Nankervis, G. A., Kumar, M. L., Cox, E. E., and Gold, E., A prospective study of maternal cytomegalovirus infection and its effect on the fetus, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 149: 435–440 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Naraqui, S., Jackson, G. G., Jonasson, O., and Rubenis, M., Search for latent cytomegalovirus in renal allografts, Infect. Immun. 19: 699–703 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  142. Numazaki, Y., Yano, N., Morizuka, T., Takai, S., and Ishida, N., Primary infection with human cytomegalovirus: Virus isolation from healthy infants and pregnant women, Am. J. Epidemiol. 91: 410–417 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Paloheimo, J. A., Von Essen, R., Klemola, E., Kaariainen, L., and Siltanen, P., Subclinical cytomegalovirus infections and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis after open heart surgery, Am. J. Cardiol. 22: 624–630 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Pass, R. E., Epidemiology and transmission of cytomegalovirus, J. Infect. Dis. 152: 243–248 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Pass, R. E, Hurro, C., Ricks, R., and Cloud, G. A., Increased rate of cytomegalovirus infection among parents of children attending day-care centers, N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1414–1418 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Pass, R. E, Hurro, S. C., Reynolds, D. W., and Polhill, R. B., Increased frequency of cytomegalovirus infection in children in group day care, Pediatrics 74: 121–126 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Pass, R. E, and Kinney, J. S., Child care workers and children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Pediatrics 75: 971–973 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Pass, R. F., Little, E. A., Stagno, S., BRrrr, W. J., and Alford, C. A., Young children as a probable source of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 1366–1371 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Paya, C. V., WoLD, A. D., and SMrrH, T. E, Detection of cytomegalovirus infections in specimens other than urine by the shell vial assay and conventional tube cell cultures, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 755–757 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Perham, T. G. M., Caul, E. O., Conway, P. J., and Mott, M. G., Cytomegalovirus infection in blood donors-A prospective study, Br. J. Haematol. 20: 307–320 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Peterson, P. K., Balfour, H. H., Marker, S. C., Fryd, D. S., Howard, R. J., and Simmons, R. L., Cytomegalovirus disease in renal allograft recipients: A prospective study of the clinical features, risk factors and impact on renal transplantation, Medicine 59: 283–300 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Petrie, B. L., Adam, E., and Melnick, J. L., Association of herpesvirus/cytomegalovirus infections with human artherosclerosis, Prog. Med. Virol. 35: 21–42 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Petrie, B. L., Melnick, J. L., Adam, E., Burek, J., Mccollum, C. H., and Debakey, M. E., Nucleic acid sequences of cytomegalovirus in cells cultured from human arterial tissue, J. Infect. Dis. 155: 158–159 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Phipps, R H., Gregoire, L., Rosier, E., and Perry, E., Comparison of five methods of cytomegalovirus antibody screening of blood donors, J. Clin. Microbiol. 18: 1296–1300 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Plotkin, S. A., Cytomegalovirus vaccine development: Past and future, Transpl. Proc. 23: 85–89 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Plotkin, S. A., Farquhar, J., and Hornberger, E., Clinical trials of immunization with the Towne 125 strain of human cytomegalovirus, J. Infect. Dis. 134: 470–475 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Plotkin, S. A., Furukawa, T., Zygraich, N., and Huygelen, C., Candidate cytomegalovirus strain for human vaccination, Infect. Immun. 12: 521–527 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Plotkin, S. A., Michelson, S., Alford, C. A., Starr, S. E., Parkman, R. D., Pagano, J. S., and Rapp, F., The pathogenesis and prevention of human cytomegalovirus infection, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 3: 67–74 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Plotkin, S. A., Starr, S., Friedman, H. M., Brayman, K., Harris, S., Jackson, S., Tustin, N., Grossman, R., Dafoe, D., and Barker, C., Effect of Towne live virus vaccine on cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplant, Ann. Intern. Med. 114: 525–531 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Plotkin, S. A., Starr, S., Friedman, H. M., Gonczol, E., and Brayman, K., Vaccines for the prevention of human cytomegalovirus infection, Rev. Infect. Dis. 12: S827–838 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Plotkin, S. A., Weibel, R. E., Alpert, G., Starr, S. E., Fried-Man, H. M., Preblud, S. R., and Hoxie, J., Resistance of seropositive volunteers to subcutaneous challenge with low passage human cytomegalovirus, J. Infect. Dis. 151: 737–739 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Prentice, H. G., Use of acyclovir for prophylaxis of herpes infections in severely immunocompromised patients, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 12: 153–159 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Prince, A. M., Szmuness, W., Millian, S. J., and David, D. S., A serologic study of cytomegalovirus infections associated with blood transfusions, N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 1125–1131 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Purcell, R. H., Walsh, J. H., Holland, R V., Morrow, A. G., Wood, S., and Chanock, R. M., Seroepidemiological studies of transfusion-associated hepatitis, J. Infect. Dis. 123: 406–413 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Quinnan, G. V., and Rock, A. H., The importance of cytotoxic cellular immunity in the protection from cytomegalovirus infection, Birth Defects 20: 245–261 (1984).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Rapp, F., Ceder, L., Murasko, D., Lausch, R., Huang, E., and Webber, M. M., Long-term persistence of cytomegalovirus ge-nome in cultured cells of prostatic origin, J. Virol. 16: 982–990 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Reed, E. C., Bowden, R. A., Dandliker, P. S., Lilleby, K. E., and Meyers, J. D., Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants, Ann. Intern. Med. 109: 783–788 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Reynolds, D. W., Stagno, S., Hosty, T. S., Tiller, M., and Alford, C. A. J., Maternal cytomegalovirus excretion and perinatal infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 289: 1–5 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Reynolds, D. W., Stagno, S., Stubbs, K. G., Dahle, A. J., Livingston, M. M., Saxon, S. S., and Alford, C. A., Inap-parent congenital cytomegalovirus infection with elevated cord IgM levels, N. Engl. J. Med. 290: 291–296 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Rinaldo, C. R., JR., Carney, W. P., Richter, B. S., Black, P. H., and Hirsch, J. S., Mechanism of immunosuppression in cytomegaloviral mononucleosis, J. Infect. Dis. 141: 488–495 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Rowe, W. A., Adenovirus and salivary gland virus infections in children, in: Viral Infections of Infancy and Childhood (H. M. Rose, ED.), pp. 205–214, Hoeber, New York, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Rowe, W. R, Hartley, J. W., Waterman, S., Turner, H. C., and Huebner, R. J., Cytopathogenic agent resembling human salivary gland virus recovered from tissue cultures of human adenoids, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 92: 418–424 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Rutter, D., Griffiths, P., and Trompeter, R. S., Cytomegalic inclusion disease after recurrent maternal infection, Lancet 2: 11–82 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  174. Sawyer, R. N., Evans, A. S., Niederman, J. C., and Mccollum, R. W., Prospective studies of a group of Yale University freshmen. 1. Occurrence of infectious mononucleosis, J. Infect. Dis. 123: 263–270 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Schmidt, G. M., Horak, D. A., Niland, J. C., Duncan, S. R., Forman, S., Zaia, J., and City OF Hope Study, A randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus pulmonary infection in recipients of allogenic bone marrow transplants, N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 1005–1011 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Schreier, R. D., Rice, G. P. A., and Oldstone, M. B. A., Suppression of natural killer cell activity and T cell proliferation by fresh isolates of human cytomegalovirus, J. Infect. Dis. 153: 1084–1091 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Schwartz, R. S., Immunoregulation, oncogenic viruses, and malignant, lymphomas, Lancet 1: 1266–1269 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Shavrina, L. V., Asher, D. M., Ilyenko, V., and Smorodintsev, A. A., Antibodies of cytomegalovirus in the population of Leningrad, Vopr. Virusol. 2: 156–159 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  179. Sheldon, R. J., Papamichail, M., Hemsted, E. H., and Holborow, E. J., Thymic origin of atypical lymphoid cells in infectious mononucleosis, Lancet 1: 1153–1155 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Shepp, D. H., Newton, B. A., and Meyers, J. D., Intravenous lymphoblastoid interferon and acyclovir for treatment of cytomegaloviral pneumonia, J. Infect. Dis. 150: 776–777 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Smith, M. G., Propagation in tissue cultures of a cytopathogenic virus from human salivary gland virus (Sgv) disease, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 92: 424–430 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Snydman, D. R., Werner, B. G., Heinze-Lacey, B., Berardi, V. P., Tilney, N., Kirkman, R., Milford, E., Cho, S., Bush, H., Levey, A., Strom, T., Carpenter, C., Levey, R., Harmon, W., and Zimmerman, C., Use of cytomegalovirus immune globulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients, N. Engl. J. Med. 317: 1049–1054 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  183. Sokol, D., Demmler, G., and Buffone, G., Rapid epidemiologic analysis of cytomegalovirus by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the L-S junction region, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 839–844 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Spector, S. A., Transmission of cytomegalovirus among infants in hospital documented by restriction-endonuclease digestion analyses, Lancet 1: 378–381 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Spector, S. A., and Kelley, E., Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus by combined acylovir and vidarabine, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27: 600–604 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Spector, S. A., and Spector, D. H., Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in premature twin infants and their mother, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1: 405–409 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Spector, S. A., and Spector, D. H., The use of Dna probes in studies of human cytomegalovirus, Clin. Chem. 31: 1514–1520 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  188. Stagno, S., Isolation precautions for patients with cytomegalovirus infection, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1: 145–147 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Stagno, S., Brasfield, D. M., Brown, M. B., Cassell, G., Pifer, L., Whitley, R. J., and Tiler, R. E., Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, pneumocystis, and urealoplasma: A prospective study, Pediatrics 68: 322–329 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Stagno, S., Pass, R. E, Dworsky, M., Henderson, R. E., MooRE, E. G., Walton, P. D., and Alford, C. A., Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: The relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 945–949 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Stagno, S., Pass, R., Cloud, G., Britt, G., Henderson, R. E., Walton, P. D., Veren, D. A., Page, E, and Alford, C. A., Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome, J.A.M.A. 256: 1904–1908 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Stagno, S., Pass, R. E, Dworsky, M. E., BRrrr, W. J., and Alford, C. A., Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infections: Clinical characteristics and pathogenic factors, Birth Defects 20: 65–85 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Stagno, S., Reynolds, D. W., Amos, C. S., Dahle, A. J., Mccollister, E R., Mohindra, I., Ermocilla, R., and AL-Ford, C. A., Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenital cytomegaloviral and toxoplasma infections, Pediatrics 59: 669–678 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Stagno, S., Reynolds, D. W., Lakeman, A., Charamella, L. J., and Alford, C. A., Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Consecutive occurrence due to viruses with similar antigenic compositions, Pediatrics 52: 788–794 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Starr, J. G., Bart, R. D., JR., and Gold, E., Inapparent congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in early infancy, N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 1075–1077 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Starr, S. E., Friedman, H. M., Glazer, J. P., Garrabrant, T., and Plotkin, S., Immune responses to live cytomegalovirus vaccine (Towne strain) in normal and immunosuppressed volunteers, in: Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Stern, H., Isolation of cytomegalovirus and clinical manifestations of infection at different ages, Br. Med. J. 1: 665–669 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Stern, H., and Elek, S. D., The incidence of infection with cytomegalovirus in a normal population: A serologic study in greater London, J. Hyg. 63: 79–87 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Stern, H., Elek, S D, BooTH, J. C., and Fleck, D. G., Microbial causes of mental retardation: The role of prenatal infections with cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, and toxoplasma, Lancet 2: 443–448 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Stern, H., and Tucker, S. M., Cytomegalovirus infection in the newborn and in early childhood: Three atypical cases, Lancet 2: 443–448 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Stern, H., and Tucker, S. M., Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 2: 268–279 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Stulberg, C. S., Zuelzer, W. W., Page, R. H., Taylor, T. E., and Brough, S., Cytomegalovirus infections from lymph node and blood, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123: 976–982 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Sullivan, M. P., Hanshaw, J. B., Cangir, A., and Butler, J. J., Cytomegalovirus complement-fixation antibody levels of leukemic children, J.A.M.A. 206: 569–574 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Swenson, P. D., and Kaplan, M. H., Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in cell culture by indirect immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody to an early nuclear antigen, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 669–673 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Taber, L. H., Frank, A. L., Yow, M. D., and Bagley, A., Acquisition of cytomegaloviral infections in families with young children: A serological study, J. Infect. Dis. 151: 948–952 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. University OF Health Physicians and Phls Laboratories, Infectious mononucleosis and its relationship to EB virus antibody, Br. Med. J. 4: 643–646 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. Vaczi, L., Gonczoll, E., Lehel, F., and Geder, L., Isolation of cytomegalovirus and incidence of complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different age groups, Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 115–121 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Verlainen, M., Andersson, L. C., and Lalla, M., T-lymphocyte proliferation in mononucleosis, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2: 114–120 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Von Glahn, W. C., and Pappenheimer, A. M., Intranuclear inclusions in visceral disease, Am. J. Pathol. 1: 445–465 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  210. Waner, J. L., Weller, T. H., and Kevy, S. V., Patterns of cytomegaloviral complement-fixing antibody activity: A longitudinal study of blood donors, J. Infect. Dis. 127: 538–543 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Weller, T. H., and Hanshaw, J. B., Virologie and clinical observations on cytomegalic inclusion disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 266: 1233–1244 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Weller, T H, Macaulay, J. C., Craig, J. M., and Wirth, P., Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 94: 4–12 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Wenzel, R. P., Mccormick, D. E, Davies, J. A., Berling, C., and Andbeam, W. E., JR., Cytomegalovirus infection: A seroepidemiologic study of a recruit population, Am. J. Epidemiol. 97: 410–414 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Wheeler, E. O., Turner, J. D., and Scannell, J. G., Fever, splenomegaly and atypica lymphocytes: Syndrome observed after cardiac surgery utilizing pump oxygenator, N. Engl. J. Med. 266: 454–456 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Wilfert, C. M., Huang, E. S., and Stagno, S., Restriction endonuclease analysis of cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid as an epidemiologic tool, Pediatrics 70: 717–721 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Wyatt, J. P., Saxton, J., Lee, R. S., and Pinkerton, H., Generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease, J. Pediatr. 36: 271–294 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Yamaguchi, Y., Hironaka, T., Kajiwara, M., Tateno, E., Kita, H., and Hirai, K., Increased sensitivity for detection of human cytomegalovirus in urine by removal of inhibitors for the polymerase chain reaction, J. Virol. Methods. 37: 209–218 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Yeager, A. S., Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants, Am. J. Dis. Child. 128: 478–483 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Yeager, A. S., Longitudinal, serological study of cytomegalovirus infections in nurses and in personnel without patient contact, J. Clin. Microbiol. 2: 448–452 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Yeager, A. S., Grumet, F. C., Hafleigh, E. B., Arvin, A. M., Bradley, I. S., and Prober, C. G., Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants, J. Pediatr. 98: 281–287 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Yow, M., Lakeman, E, and Stagno, S., Use of restriction enzymes to investigate the source of a primary cytomegalovirus infection in a pediatric nurse, Pediatrics 70: 713–716 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Yow, M. D., White, N., Taber, L., Frank, A. L., Gruber, W. C., May, R. A., and Norton, H. J., Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection from birth to 10 years: A longitudinal serologic study, J. Pediatr. 110: 37–42 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Zur Hausen, H., Viruses in human cancers, Science 254: 1167–1173 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suggested Reading

  • Ho, M., Cytomegalovirus: Biology and Infection, 2nd ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1991.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, S., Katz, S., Gershon, A., and Wilfert, C., Cytomegalovirus infections, in: Infections of Infants and Children, 9th ed. (S. Krugman ET AL, Ens.), pp. 25–45, Mosby, St. Louis, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stagno, S., Cytomegalovirus, in: Infections of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 3rd ed. (J. S. Remington and J. O. Klein, Eds.), pp. 241–281, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cytomegalovirus infections: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies, Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl. 7): S691 - S860 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, 10032, USA

    Anne A. Gershon

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA

    Eli Gold

  3. Department of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine at Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Akron, Ohio, 44308, USA

    George A. Nankervis

Authors
  1. Anne A. Gershon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eli Gold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. George A. Nankervis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 06510, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Alfred S. Evans

  2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0008, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Richard A. Kaslow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gershon, A.A., Gold, E., Nankervis, G.A. (1997). Cytomegalovirus. In: Evans, A.S., Kaslow, R.A. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0036-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0036-4_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-44856-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0036-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation