Abstract
The brain imaging techniques described in this chapter allow direct examination of brain structure and function in health and disease states in vivo. The dementias are for the most part age-related conditions and thus the importance of ageing effects on brain structure and function must be taken into account in the interpretation of changes in patients with dementing conditions. In addition to this, the ultimate classification of dementia must rely on postmortem corroboration of macroscopic and microscopic changes in order to be definitive, and ultimately pathological criteria should be used to confirm the clinical and imaging findings.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barron, S.A., Jacobs, L. and Kinkel, W.R. (1976). Changes in size of normal lateral ventricles during ageing determined by computerised tomography. Neurology, 26, 1011–1013.
Besson, J.A.O. (1987). Electrophysiological and brain imaging techniques. in: B. Pitt (ed.). Dementia. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.
Besson, J.A.O., Ebmeier, K.P., Best, P.V. and Smith, F.W. (1988). Do white matter changes on MRI and CT differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer’s Disease? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 318–19.
Besson, J.A.O., Greentree, S.G., Foster, M.A. and Rimmington, J.E. (1989). Regional variation in rat brain proton relaxation times and water content. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, in press.
Bondareff, W., Baldry, R. and Levy, R. (1981). Quantitative computed tomography in senile dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1365–1368.
Brinkman, S.D. and Langen, J.W. (1984). Changes in ventricular size with repeated CAT scans in suspected Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 81–83.
Brinkman, S.D., Sarwar, M., Levin, H.S. and Morris, H.H. (1981). Qualitative indices of computed tomography in dementia and normal aging. Radiology, 138, 89–92.
Brun, A. and Englund, E. (1981). Regional pattern of degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: removal loss and histopathological grading. Histopathology, 5, 549–564.
Brun, A. and Englund, E. (1986). A white matter disorder in dementia of Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Annals of Neurology, 19, 253–262.
Brun, A. and Englund, E. (1987). Brain changes in dementia of Alzheimer’s type relevant to new imaging diagnostic methods. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 10, 297–308.
Bustany, P. and Cumar, D. (1985). Protein synthesis evaluation in brain and other organs in humans by PET. in: I. Reivich and J. Alan (eds.). Positron Emission Tomography. New York: A.R. Liss.
Chase, T.N., Foster, N.L., Fedio, P., Brooks, R., Mansi, L. and Di Chiro, G. (1984). Regional cortical dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease as determined by positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology, 15, 170–174.
Damadian, R. (1974). Apparatus and method for detecting cancer in tissue. U.S. Patent 3, 789–823. 1972.
Davis, P.M.J. and Wright, E.A. (1977). A new method of measuring cranial cavity volume and its application to the assessment of atrophy at autopsy. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 3, 341–358.
Dekaban, A.S. and Sadowsky, D. (1978). Changes in brain weights during the span of human life. relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights. Annals of Neurology, 4, 346–356.
Ebmeier, K.P., Besson, J.A.O., Crawford, J.R., Palin, A.N., Gemmell, H.G., Sharp, P.F., Cherryman, G.R. and Smith, F.W. (1987). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography with radio iodine labelled compounds in the diagnosis of dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 549–556.
Erbinjuntti, T., Ketonen, L., Sulkana, R., Sipponen, J., Vuoriallo, M., Iivanainen, M. (1987). Do white matter changes on MRI and CT differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer’s Disease? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50, 37–42.
Foster, N.L., Chase, T.N., Mansi, L., Brooks, R., Fedio, P., Patronas, N.J. and Di Chiro, G. (1984). Cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer’s Disease. Annals of Neurology, 16, 649–654.
Fox, P.T. and Raichle, M.E. (1986). Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 84, 1140–1144.
Frackowiak, R.S.J., Pozzilli, C., Legg, N.J., Du Boulay, G.H., Marshall, J., Lenzi, G.L. and Jones, T. (1981). Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilisation in dementia. Brain, 104, 753–778.
Frackowiak, R.S.J., Wise, R.J.S., Gibb, J.M. and Jones, T. (1984). Positron emission tomographic studies in ageing and cerebrovascular disease at Hammersmith Hospital, Annals of Neurology, 15, 112–118.
Gado, M., Danziger, W.L., Chi, D., Hughes, C.P. and Coben, L.A. (1983). Brain parenchymal density measurements by CT in demented subjects and normal controls. Radiology, 147, 703–710.
Gemmell, H.G., Sharp, P.F., Besson, J.A.O., Crawford, J.R., Ebmeier, K.P., Davidson, J. and Smith, F.W. (1987). Differential diagnosis in dementia using 99mTc in HMPAO: a new cerebral blood flow agent. Journal of Computed Assisted Tomography, 11, 398–402.
Gemmell, H.G., Sharp, P.F., Evans, N.T.S., Besson, J.A.O. and Lyall, D. (1984). Single photon emission tomography with 123lodoamphetamine in Alzheimer’s Disease and multi infarct dementia. Lancet, 11, 1348.
Gorell, J.M., Brown, G., Bueri, J.A., Levine, S.R., Gordowska, J., Bruce, R., Kensora, T., Welch, K.M.A. and Smith, M.B. (1987). Cerebral 31P NMR Spectroscopy in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Dementia. Proceedings of the Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 999.
Hahn, E.L. (1950). Spin Echoes. Physics Review, 80, 580–594.
Holman, B.L., Gibson, R.E., Hill, T.C., Eckelman, W.C., Albert, M. and Reka, M.C. (1985). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease. In vivo imaging with 123I labelled 3 quinuclidinyl 4 iodo benzlate and emission tomography. Journal of the American Medical Association, 254, 3063–3066.
Hachinski, V.C., Linnette, D., Zilhla, E., Du Boulay, G.H., McAllister, V.L., Marshall, J., Ross Russell, R.W. and Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 32, 632–637.
Hubbard, B.M. and Anderson, J.M. (1981). A quantitative study of cerebral atrophy in old age and senile dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 50, 135–145.
Buckman, M.S., Fox, J. and Topel, J. (1975). The validity of criteria for the evaluation of cerebral atrophy by computed tomography. Radiology, 116, 85–92.
Kuhl, D.E., Metter, E.J., Benson, F., Wesson-Ashford, J., Riege, W.H., Fujikawa, D.G. and Markham, J. (1985). Similarities of cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinsonian Dementia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 5, 169–170.
Largen, J.W., Shaw, T., Weinman, M. (1981). Order effects and responsiveness of regional cerebral blood flow in early putative Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1, 483–484.
Lauterbur, P.C. (1973). Image formation by induced local interaction: examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature, 242, 190–196.
Mallard, J.R., Hutchison, J.M.S., Edelstein, W.A., Ling, C.R., Foster, M.A. and Johnson, G. (1980). In vivo NMR imaging in medicine: the Aberdeen approach both physical and biological. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 289B, 519–533.
Mann, D.M.A. (1982). Nerve cell protein metabolism and degenerative disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 8, 161–176.
Mathur-de Vre, R. (1979). NMR studies of water in biological physics, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 35, 103–134.
Meyer, J.S. (1983). Cerebral blood flow: use in differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. in: B. Reisberg (ed.). Alzheimner’s Disease. New York: Free Press.
Miller, A.K.H., Alston, R.L. and Corsellis, A.N. (1980). Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres in man: measurements with an image analyser. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 6, 119–132.
Naeser, M.A., Gebhardt, C. and Levine, H.H. (1980). Decreased computerised tomography numbers in patients with senile dementia. Archives of Neurology, 37, 401–409.
Obrist, W.D., Thompson, H.K., King, C.H. and Wang, H.S. (1967). Determination of regional cerebral blood flow by inhalation of 133Xenon. Circulation Research, 20, 124–135.
Pettegrew, J.W., Kopp, J.J., Minshew, N.J., Glonek, T., Felchsik, J.M., Tow, S.P. and Cohen, M.M. (1987). 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phosphoglyceride metabolism in developing and degenerating brain: preliminary observations. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 46, 419–430.
Sharp, P.F., Gemmel], H.G., Cherryman, G., Besson, J.A.O., Crawford, J.R. and Smith, F.W. (1986). The application of 1231 labelled (IMP) isopropylamphetamine imaging to the study of dementia. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 27, 761–768.
Takeda, S. and Matsuzawa, T. (1984). Brain atrophy during ageing: a quantitative study using computed tomography. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 32, 520–524.
Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G. and Roth, M. (1968). Observations on the brains of non-demented old people. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 7, 331–356.
Verhas, M., Schoutens, A., Devol, O., Patte, M., Rokossky, M., Struyven, J. and Cappen, A. (1976). The use of 99mTc-labelled albumen mucospheres in cerebral vascular disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 17, 170–174.
Wilson, R.S., Fox, J.H., Huckman, M.S., Bacon, L.D. and Lobick, J.J. (1982). Computed tomography in dementia. Neurology, 32, 1054–1057.
Winchell, H.S., Horst, W.D. and Braun, L. (1980). N Iso 1231 p iodo amphetamine: single pass brain uptake and washout: binding to brain synaptosones and localisation in dog and monkey brain. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 21, 947–952.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Besson, J.A.O. et al. (1989). Brain Imaging Techniques in Alzheimer’s Disease (CT, NMR, SPECT and PET). In: Crawford, J.R., Parker, D.M. (eds) Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9998-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9996-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive