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Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials: Some Physical and Engineering Aspects

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Current Trends in Cryobiology

Part of the book series: The International Cryogenics Monograph Series ((INCMS))

Abstract

Decay in Nature. The principal external agents of decay or destruction in nature are erosion, corrosion, oxidation, thermal expansion and contraction, enzymic action, the growth of microbes and moulds, and attack by predators. Also, living organisms have their own life cycles—they “age and die and heaven knows why.” The remedies against physical damage and chemical action (of which oxidation is a special case) are straightforward in principle, if sometimes difficult to apply: so also is protection from predators. Enzymes are inactivated by heat which can also destroy microorganisms. Both are also vulnerable to changes in electrolyte and hydrogen ion concentration (pH), freezing, drying, and irradiation. Pickling in vinegar is a combination of heat and pH change. Jam making combines heat and dehydration because the sugar reduces the available water. But suppose it is the bacteria, yeasts, moulds, and viruses themselves that we wish to preserve—any method that destroys them is immediately excluded.

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  1. Central Research Laboratory, Edwards High Vacuum International Limited, Crawley, Sussex, England

    Terence W. G. Rowe

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  1. Clinical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, England

    Audrey U. Smith

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Rowe, T.W.G. (1970). Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials: Some Physical and Engineering Aspects. In: Smith, A.U. (eds) Current Trends in Cryobiology. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9933-0_4

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