Abstract
It is thought that birds evolved from early reptiles, perhaps dinosaurs, in the upper Jurassic Age (150 MYA). Ayes have spread worldwide and developed some 8000 species. They are unique in being covered with feathers, having a warm body temperature (40–43° C), laying hard-shelled eggs, and nurturing their young. Their bodies are streamlined, with beaked heads, flexible necks, two forelimbs that are wings, and two weight-supporting hindlimbs. Most birds have four toes that end in horny claws. Birds also have tails composed primarily of feathers, which, together with the wings and light skeletons, make flying possible. To obtain energy for flying, birds must eat almost continually. Their diet varies with their habitat—seeds, berries, insects, and small fishes or animals are common food.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Reference
Lewis, J. H., Hasiba, U., and Spero, J. A., 1979, Comparative hematology: Studies on class Ayes, domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62A: 735.
Suggested Readings Ayes: General
Barrett, L. A., and Dawson, R. B., 1974, Avian erythrocyte development: Microtubules and the formation of the disk shape, Dev. Biol. 36: 72.
Barrett, L. A., and Scheinberg, S. L., 1972, The development of the avian red cell shape, J. Exp. Zool. 182: 1.
Belamarich, F. A., 1975, The effect of reserpine on aggregation of avian thrombocytes, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 34: 360.
Bierer, B. W., Eleazer, T. H., and Roebuck, D. E., 1964, Sedimentation rate, packed cell volume, buffy coat value, and rectal temperature of chickens and turkeys at various ages, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 144: 727.
Bigland, C. H., 1964, Blood clotting times of five avian species, Poult. Sci. 43: 1035.
Bigland, C. H., 1964, Poor serum yields from avian blood as a result of delayed clotting, Poult. Sci. 43: 1387.
Bigland, C. H., and Starr, R. M., 1965, Comparison of simple blood coagulation tests in birds, Can. Vet. J. 6: 233.
Blain, D., 1928, A direct method for making total white blood counts on avian blood, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 25: 594.
Campbell, F., 1967, Fine structure of the bone marrow of the chicken and pigeon, J. Morphol. 123: 405.
Dein, F. J., 1982, Avian clinical hematology, Proc. Assoc. Avian Vet. 1982: 5–29.
Edmonds, R. H., 1968, Electron microscope studies on the hemostatic process in bird embryos. 1. The initial plug, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 24: 295.
Grant, R. A., and Zucker, M. B., 1973, Avian thrombocyte aggregation and shape change in vitro, Am. J. Physiol. 225: 340.
Hann, C. S., 1966. Fibrinopeptides in one lizard and four bird species, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 124: 398.
Harris, J. R., and Brown, J. N., 1971, Fractionation of the avian erythrocyte: An ultrastructural study, J. Ulstrastruct. Res. 36: 8.
Hodges, R. D., 1977, Normal avian (poultry) haematology, in: Comparative Clinical Haematology ( R. K. Archer and L. B. Jeffcot, eds.), p. 483, Blackwell, Oxford.
Kelly, J. W., and Dearstyne, R. S., 1935, Haematology of the fowl. A. Studies on normal chick and normal adult blood, N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull., No. 50.
Kuruma, I., Okada, T., Kataoka, K., and Sorimachi, M., 1970, Ultrastructural observation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-storing granules in the domestic fowl thrombocytes, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 108: 268.
Lucas, A. M., and Jamroz, C., 1961, Atlas of Avian Hematology, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Monograph 25, pp. 41–45, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Maxwell, M. H., 1973, Comparison of heterophil and basophil ultrastructure in six species of domestic bird, J. Anat. 115: 187.
Maxwell, M. H., 1974, An ultrastructural comparison of the mononuclear leucocytes and thrombocytes in six species of domestic bird, J. Anat. 117: 69.
Olson, C., 1959, Avian hematology, in: Diseases of Poultry; 4th ed. ( H. E. Biester and L. H. Schwarte, eds.), pp. 53–69, Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Olson, C., 1965, Avian hematology, in: Diseases of Poultry, 5th ed. ( H. E. Biester and L. H. Schwarte, eds.), pp. 100–119, Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Rowsell, H. C., 1968, The hemostatic mechanism of mammals and birds in health and disease, Adv. Vet. Sci. 12: 337.
Rowsell, H. C., 1968, Hemostasis in the chicken and turkey, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 27: 627.
Shum, Y., and Griminger, P., 1972, Prothrombin time stability of avian and mammalian plasma: Effect of anticoagulant, Lab. Anim. Sci. 22: 384.
Sturkie, P. D., 1965, Avian Physiology, 2nd ed., Comstock, Ithaca, NY.
Topp, R. C., and Carlson, H. C., 1972, Studies on avian heterophils. III. Histochemistry, Avian Dis. 16: 369.
Topp, R. C., and Carlson, H. C., 1972, Studies on avian heterophils. IV. Phagocytic properties, Avian Dis. 16: 374.
Traill, K. N., Bock, G., Boyd, R., and Wick, G., 1983, Chicken thrombocytes: Isolation, serological and functional characterisation using the fluorescence activated cell sorter, Dev. Comp. Immunol. 7: 111.
Chicken
Allen, B. V., 1972, Fibrinolysis in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 27: 644.
Bell, D. J., and Freeman, B. M., 1971, Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York.
Bigland, C. H., and Triantaphyllopoulos, D. C., 1960, Chicken prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen, Am. J. Physiol. 200: 1013.
Bigland, C. H., and Triantaphyllopoulos, D. C., 1960, A re-evaluation of the clotting time of chicken blood, Nature (London) 186: 644.
Blount, W. P., 1939, Thrombocyte formation in the domestic hen, Vet. J. 95: 195.
Chang, C. F., and Hamilton, P. B., 1979, The thrombocyte as a primary phagocyte in chickens, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 25: 585.
Cury, G., Gassiole, D., and Dollander, A., 1965, Some morphological characteristics of fowl thrombocytes, C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Filiales 159: 1410.
Daimon, T., and Caxton-Martins, A., 1977, Electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical studies on granules of mature chicken granular leucocytes, J. Anat. 123: 553.
Dam, H., and Schonheyder, F., 1978, A deficiency disease in chicks resembling scurvy, Biochemistry 28: 1356.
Dhingra, L. D., Parrish, W. B., and Venzke, W. G., 1969, Electron microscopy of granular leucocytes of chicken (Gallus domesticus), Am. J. Vet. Res. 30: 637.
Dhingra, L. D., Parrish, W. B., and Venzke, W. G., 1969, Electron microscopy of nongranular leucocytes and thrombocytes of chickens, Am. J. Vet. Res. 30: 1837.
Diesem, C. D., Venzke, W. G., and Moore, E. N., 1958, The hemogram of chickens, Am. J. Vet. Res. 19: 719.
Doerr, J. A., and Hamilton, P. B., 1981, New evidence for intrinsic blood coagulation in chickens, Poult Sci. 60: 237.
Doerr, J. A., and Hamilton, P. B., 1981, Aflatoxin and intrinsic coagulation function in broiler chickens, Poult. Sci. 60: 1406.
Doerr, J. A., Wyatt, R. D., and Hamilton, P. B., 1975, Investigation and standardization of pro-thrombin times in chickens, Poult. Sci. 54: 969.
Enbergs, H., and Kriesten, K., 1968, Die weissen Blutzellen des Haushuhns im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild, Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 75: 271.
Enbergs, H., and Kriesten, K., 1968, Zytoplasmatische Feinstrukturen der Thrombozyten des Haushuhns, Experientia 24: 597.
Forkner, C. E., 1929, Blood and bone marrow cells of the domestic fowl, J. Exp. Med. 50: 121.
Janzarik, H., 1981, Nucleated thrombocytoid cells. II. Phase and interference-contrast microscopic studies on blood cells of the domestic fowl, Cell Tissue Res. 219: 497.
Janzarik, H., and Morgenstern, E., 1979, The nucleated thrombocytoid cells. I. Electron microscopic studies on chicken blood cells, Thromb. Haemost. 41: 608.
Kriesten, K., and Enbergs, H., 1970, Zur Ultrastruktur der Lymphozyten des Haushuhns, Blut 20: 229.
Maxwell, M. H., and Trejo, F., 1970, The ultrastructure of white blood cells and thrombocytes of the domestic fowl, Br. Vet. J. 126: 583.
Medway, W., and Kare, M. R., 1959, Blood and plasma volume, hematocrit, blood specific gravity and serum protein electrophoresis of the chicken, Poult. Sci. 38: 624.
Menache, D., Cesbron, N., Guillin, M., and Schlegel, N., 1973, Chicken fibrinogen and human fibrinogen. Comparative immunological studies, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 15: 72.
Planas, J., and Recio, J. M., 1961, Las proteinas plasmaticas de la gallina, Rev. Esp. Fisiol. 17: 95.
Sankaranarayanaw, G., and Nambiar, K. T. K., 1971, Studies in blood coagulation in the domestic fowl, Indian Vet. J. 48: 30.
Schonheyder, F., 1938, Prothrombin in chickens, Am. J. Physiol. 123: 349.
Schumacher, A., 1965, Zur submikroskopischen Struktur der Thrombozyten, Lymphozyten und Monozyten des Haushuhnes (Gallus domesticus), Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 66: 219.
Skjorten, F., and Evensen, S. A., 1973, Induction of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the factor XII—deficient fowl: Morphological effects of liquoid, bacterial endotoxin and tissue thromboplastin in the normal and anticoagulated fowl, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 15: 25.
Smith, N., and Engelbert, V. E., 1969, Erythropoiesis in chicken peripheral blood, Can. J. Zool. 47: 1269.
Sorbye, 0., 1962, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. III. Differentiation of x-, o,- and 02 factors by adsorption, Acta Chem. Scand. 16: 799.
Sorbye, 0., 1962, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. IV. Adsorption of o-factor activity, Acta Chem. Scand. 16: 903.
Sorbye, 0., 1962, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. IX. Labile factor activity of fresh oxalated plasma: The combined activity of sixteen discrete labile coagulation factors, Acta Chem. Scand. 16: 2411.
Sorbye, 0., 1963, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. X. Adsorption analysis of the x-and o-factor activities, Acta Chem. Scand. 17: 123.
Sorbye, 0., 1963, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. XI. Determination of the o,- and 02 factor concentrations in plasma, and detection of unidentified dietary factors essential for maximum level of o2-factor, Acta Chem. Scand. 17: 1015.
Sorbye, O., and Kruse, I., 1962, Studies on the coagulation of chicken blood. V. Differentiation and assay of labile factors, adsorbable by barium carbonate, Acta Chem. Scared. 16: 1221
Sorimachi, M., Kataoka, K., and Inouye, A., 1970, Release in vitro of 5-hydroxytryptamine from spindle cells of the domestic fowl, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 10: 243.
Stalsberg, H., and Prydz, H., 1963, Studies of chick embryo thrombocytes. I. Morphology and development, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 9: 279.
Stalsberg, H., and Prydz, H., 1963, Studies of chick embryo thrombocytes. II. Function in primary hemostasis, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 9: 291.
Stopforth, A., 1970, A study of coagulation mechanisms in domestic chickens, J. Comp. Pathol. 80: 525.
Strati], A., 1972, Low-molecular-weight proteins in chicken serum, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 43: 257.
Sweeny, P. R., and Carlson, H. C., 1968, Electron microscopy and histochemical demonstration of lysosomal structures in chicken thrombocytes, Avian Dis. 12:636.
Wachter, H., 1965, Serum proteins of hen with regard to race, sex and age, Acta Biol. Med. 15: 138.
Wartelle, 0., 1957, Mecanisme de la coagulation chez la poule. I. Étude des elements du complexe prothrombique et de la thromboplastino-formation, Rev. Hematol. 12: 351.
Weller, E. M., and Schechtman, A. M., 1962, Ontogeny of serum proteins in the chicken. L Paper electrophoresis studies, Dev. Biol. 4: 517.
Duck
Belamarich, F. A., and Simoneit, L. W., 1972, Duck thrombocyte aggregation by 5-hydroxytryptamine, paper presented at the Third Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Washington, DC, p. 166 (abstract).
Beiamarich, F. A., and Simoneit, L. W., 1973, Aggregation of duck thrombocytes by 5-hydroxytryptamine, Microvasc. Res. 6: 229.
Magath, T. B., and Higgins, G. M., 1934, The blood of the normal duck, Folio Haematol. 51: 230.
Murdock, H. R., and Lewis, J. O. D., 1964, A simple method for obtaining blood from ducks, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 116: 51.
Stiller, R. A., Belamari, F. A., and Shepro, D., 1975, Aggregation and release in thrombocytes of duck, Am. J. Physiol. 229: 206.
Goose
Hunsaker, W. G., Hunt, J. R., and Aitken, J. R., 1964, Physiology of the growing and adult goose. I. Physical characteristics of blood, Br. Poult. Sci. 5: 249.
Schram, A. C., 1970, Serum proteins of the domestic goose, Anser anser, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 32: 81.
Pigeon
De Eds, F., 1927, Normal blood counts in pigeons, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 12: 437.
Kennedy, W. P., and Climenko, D. R., 1929, Studies on the blood of birds. I. The corpuscles of the pigeon, Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 19: 43.
Turkey
Boulanger, P., 1952, Seasonal changes in the coagulability of the blood of turkeys, Can. J. Comp. Med. 16: 222.
Ferguson, T. M., Golan, F. A., Trammel, J., Smith, E., Omar, E., and Couch, J. R., 1964, Hematological data and blood pressure for male broad breasted bronze turkeys, Poult. Sci. 43: 1318.
McCartney, M. G., 1952, Total blood and corpuscular volume in turkey hens, Poult. Sci. 31:184. Simpson, C. F., 1968, Ultrastructural features of the turkey thrombocyte and lymphocyte, Poult. Sci. 47: 848.
Venkataratnam, A., and Clarkson, M. J., 1962, The blood cells of the turkey, Res. Vet. Sci. 3:455. Wachowicz, B., 1982, Binding of adenosine diphosphate to turkey thrombocytes, Haemostasis 11: 139.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewis, J.H. (1996). Domestic Fowl. In: Comparative Hemostasis in Vertebrates. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9768-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9768-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9770-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9768-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive