Gerontology

  • Rachel Pruchno
  • M. Powell Lawton
Chapter
Part of the Applied Clinical Psychology book series (NSSB)

Abstract

Knowledge regarding the clinical psychology of later life (to be called “clinical geropsychology” for convenience) began, as did most psychological knowledge, with the astute observations of scholars and writers. Subjects for observations must have been very rare, however, as the average length of life in mid-Roman times was 22 years, while during the American Colonial period it was 35.5 years (Dublin, Lotka, & Spiegelman, 1949). Against this standard, the Roman emperors’ mean age of death at 42 seems extraordinary. Thus the conclusion is clear that whoever was observed at really advanced ages constituted a most biased, longevous sample.

Keywords

Mental Health Nursing Home Mental Health Service Personality Disorder Family Therapy 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abraham, K. (1919). The applicability of psychoanalytic treatment to patients at an advanced age. In D. Bryan & A. Strackey (Eds.), Selected papers of Karl Abraham, M.D. (1965) (pp. 312–317). London: Hogarth.Google Scholar
  2. Albert, M. S. (1981). Geriatric neuropsychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 835–850.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Alpaugh, P., & Haney, M. (1978). Counseling the older adult: A training manual for paraprofessionals and beginning counselors. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press.Google Scholar
  4. American Association of Retired Persons. (1989). A profile of older Americans. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
  5. Ball, J. F. (1976–1977). Widow’s grief: The impact of age and mode of death. Omega, 7, 307–333.Google Scholar
  6. Baltes, M. M., Honn, S., Barton, E. M., Orzech, M., & Lago, D. (1983). On the social ecology of dependence and independence in elderly nursing home residents: A replication and extension. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 556–564.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Baltes, M. M., Kindermann, T., Reisenzein, R., & Schmid, U. (1987). Further observational data on the behavioral and social world of institutions for the aged. Psychology and Aging, 2, 390–403.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Baltes, P. B. (1979). Life-span developmental psychology: Some converging observations on history and theory. In P. B. Baltes & Brim, O. G. Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 256–281). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  9. Baltes, P. B., Dittmann-Kohli, F., & Dixon, R. A. (1984). New perspectives on the development of intelligence in adulthood. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 33–76). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  10. Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1980). Life-span developmental psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 65–110.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. (1982). Plasticity and enhancement of intellectual functioning in old age: Penn State’s adult development & enrichment project. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 353–390). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
  12. Barnes, J. A. (1974). Effects of reality orientation classroom on memory loss, confusion, and disorientation in geriatric patients. The Gerontologist, 14, 138–142.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Beck, A. T., Hollan, S., Young, J., Bedrosian, R., & Biedenz, D. (1985). Treatment of depression with cognitive therapy and amitriptyline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 142–148.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
  15. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1951). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.Google Scholar
  16. Becker, F., & Zarit, S. (1978). Training older adults as peer counselors. Educational Gerontology, 3, 241–250.Google Scholar
  17. Birren, J. E. (1961a). A brief history of the psychology of aging, I. The Gerontologist, 1, 69–77.Google Scholar
  18. Birren, J. E. (1961b). A brief history of the psychology of aging, II. The Gerontologist, 1, 127–134.Google Scholar
  19. Birren, J. E., Butler, R. N., Greenhouse, S. W., Sokoloff, L., & Yarrow, M. (1963). Human aging (PHS Publication No. 986). Washington, DC: NIMH.Google Scholar
  20. Blazer, D. G. (1987). Depression. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), The encyclopedia of aging (pp. 169–170). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  21. Blonsky, L. E. (1973). An innovative service for the elderly. The Gerontologist, 13, 189–196.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Bloom, B. L. (1975). Community mental health: A general introduction. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
  23. Blum, J. E., & Tross, S. (1980). Psychodynamic treatment of the elderly: A review of issues in theory and practice. In C. Eisdorfer (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 1). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
  24. Blumenthal, M. (1980). Depressive illness in old age: Getting behind the mask. Geriatrics, 35, 34–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Bootzin, R. R., & Engle-Friedman, M. (1987). Sleep disturbances. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 238–251). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  26. Botwinick, J. (1967). Cognitive processes in maturity and old age. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
  27. Botwinick, J. (1977). Aging and behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
  28. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: J. Aronson.Google Scholar
  29. Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
  30. Brand, F. N., Smith, R. T., & Brand, P. A. (1977). Effect of economic barriers to medical care on patient’s non-compliance. Public Health Reports, 92, 72–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Bratter, B., & Tuvman, E. (1980). A peer counseling program in action. In S. S. Sargent (Ed.), Nontraditional therapy and counseling with the aged (pp. 131–145). New York: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
  32. Brink, T. (1979). Geriatric psychotherapy. New York: Human Sciences Press.Google Scholar
  33. Brody, E. M. (1985). The Donald P. Kent Memorial Lecture “Parent care as a normative family stress.” The Gerontologist, 25, 19–29.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Brody, E. M., Johnsen, P., & Fulcomer, M. (1984). What should adult children do for elderly parents: Opinions and preferences of three generations of women. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 736–746.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Brody, E. M., Kleban, M. H., Lawton, M. P., & Silverman, H. A. (1971). Excess disabilities of mentally impaired aged: Impact of individual treatment. The Gerontologist, 11, 124–133.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Burgio, K. L., Whitehead, W. E., & Engel, B. T. (1985). Behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly: Bladder-sphincter biofeedback and toileting skills training. Annals of Internal Medicine, 103, 507–515.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Burnside, I. M. (1978). Working with the elderly: Group process and techniques. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.Google Scholar
  38. Busse, E. W. (1976). Hypochondriasis in the elderly: A reaction to social stress. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 24, 145–149.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Busse, E. W., & Blazer, D. G. (Eds.). (1980). Handbook of geriatric psychiatry. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  40. Busse, E. W., & Maddox, G. (1985). The Duke longitudinal studies of normal aging: 1955–1980. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  41. Butler, R. N. (1963). The life-review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Butler, R. N. (1975). Why survive?. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
  43. Butler, R. N., & Lewis, M. (1977). Aging and mental health. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.Google Scholar
  44. Cahalan, D., Cisin, I. H., & Crossley, H. M. (1969). American drinking practices: a national survey of drinking behavior and attitudes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.Google Scholar
  45. Calkins, M. (1988). Design for dementia. Owings Mills, MD: National Health Publishing.Google Scholar
  46. Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
  47. Carp, F. M. (1966). A future for the aged: The residents of Victoria Plaza. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
  48. Carp, F. M. (1975). Long-range satisfaction with housing. The Gerontologist, 15, 27–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Carstens, D. Y (1985). Site planning and design for the elderly. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  50. Cath, S. (1972). Psychoanalytic viewpoints on aging—an historical survey. In D. P. Kent, R. Kastenbaum, & S. Sherwood (Eds.), Research, planning and action for the elderly (pp. 279–314). New York: Behavioral Publications.Google Scholar
  51. Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the sixteen personality factor questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar
  52. Chafetz, P K., Ochs, C. E., Tate, L. A., & Niederehe, G. (1982). Employment opportunities for geropsychologists. American Psychologist, 37, 1221–1227.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Chambers, C. D. (1971). An assessment of drug use in the general population. New York: New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission.Google Scholar
  54. Citrin, R. S., & Dixon, D. N. (1977). Reality orientation: A milieu therapy used in an institution for the aged. The Gerontologist, 21, 329–333.Google Scholar
  55. Coffman, T. L. (1981). Relocation and survival of institutionalized aged: A re-examination of the evidence. The Gerontologist, 21, 261–266.Google Scholar
  56. Cohen, M. A., Tell, E. J., & Wallack, S. S. (1986). Client-related risk factors of nursing home entry among elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 785–792.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Coleman, P. (1986). Issues in the therapeutic use of reminiscence with elderly people. In I. Hanley & M. Gilhooly (Eds.), Psychological therapies for the elderly (pp. 41–64). New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
  58. Cornbleth, T., & Cornbleth, C. (1969). Evaluation of the effectiveness of reality orientation classes in a nursing home unit. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 27, 522–524.Google Scholar
  59. Cornoni-Huntley, J., Brock, D. B., Ostfeld, A. M., Taylor, J. O., & Wallace, R. B. (1986). Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly (NIH Pub. No. 86-2443, NIA). Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
  60. Corso, J. F. (1987). Sensory-perceptual processes and aging. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 29–56). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  61. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. (1978). Objective personality assessment. In M. Storandt, I. Siegler, & M. Elias (Eds.), The clinical psychology of aging (pp. 119–144). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
  62. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
  63. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray’s needs and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 258–265.Google Scholar
  64. Costa, P. T., Jr., Zonderman, A. B., McCrae, R. R., Cornoni-Huntley, J., Locke, B. Z., & Barbano, H. E. (1987). Longitudinal analyses of psychological well-being in a national sample: Stability of mean levels. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 50–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Crook, T. (1986). Overview of memory assessment instruments. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 91–91). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  66. DAugelli, A. R. (1986). Future directions for paraprofessionals in rural mental health, or How to avoid giving indigenous helpers civil service ratings. In P. A. Keller & J. D. Murray (Eds.), Handbook of rural community mental health. New York: Human Sciences Press.Google Scholar
  67. Dublin, L. I., Lotka, A. J., & Spiegelman, M. (1949). Length of life. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
  68. Duke University Center for the Study of Aging (1978). Multidimensional functional assessment: The OARS methodology (2nd ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
  69. Dye, C. J. (1978). Psychologists’ role in the provision of mental health care for the elderly Professional Psychology, 9, 38–49.Google Scholar
  70. Edinberg, M. A. (1985). Mental health practice with the elderly. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  71. Eichorn, D., Clausen, J., Haan, N., Honzik, M., & Müssen, P. (1981). Present and past in middle life. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  72. Eisdorfer, C., & Lawton, M. P. (1973). The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  73. Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnik, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvements in old age. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
  74. Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar
  75. Fogelman, C. J., Roberts, J. C., & Dunbar, M. E. (1983). Volunteering: Helping yourself or helping others. In M. A. Smyer & M. Gatz (Eds.), Mental health and aging: Programs and evaluations (pp. 231–244). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
  76. Folsom, J. C. (1968). Reality orientation for the elderly mental patient. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 291–307.Google Scholar
  77. Friedmann, E. A., & Orbach, H. L. (1974). Adjustment to retirement. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry; Vol. 1: Foundations of psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 609–645). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  78. Gallagher, D. (1986). The Beck Depression Inventory and older adults: Review of its development and utility. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 149–164.Google Scholar
  79. Gallagher, D., Breckenridge, J., Thompson, L. W., & Peterson, J. (1983). Effects of bereavement on indicators of mental health in elderly widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 565–571.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Gallagher, D., & Thompson, L. W. (1982). Treatment of major depressive disorder in elderly adult outpatients with brief psychotherapies. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19, 482–490.Google Scholar
  81. Gallagher, D., & Thompson, L. W. (1983). Cognitive therapy for depression in the elderly: A promising model for treatment and research. In L. D. Breslau & M. Haug (Eds.), Depression and aging: Causes, care and consequences (pp. 168–192). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  82. Garfield, S., & Bergin, A. (1978). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  83. Gartner, A., & Reissman, F. (1978). Self-help in the human services. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  84. Gatz, M. (1988). Clinical psychology and aging. Atlanta, GA: Master Lecture, American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  85. Gatz, M., Barbarin, A., Tyler, F. B., Mitchell, R. E., Moran, J. A., Wirzbici, P. J., Crawford, J., & Engleman, A. (1982). Enhancement of individual and community competence: The older adult as community worker. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 291–303.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Gatz, M., Smyer, M. A., & Lawton, M. P. (1980). The mental health system and the older adult. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s: Psychological issues (pp. 5–18). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  87. George, L. K. (1980). Role transitions in later life: A social stress perspective. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
  88. George, L. K., & Bearon, L. B. (1980). Quality of life in older persons: Meaning and measurement. New York: Human Sciences Press.Google Scholar
  89. George, L. K., & Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. The Gerontologist, 26, 253–259.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Gilbert, J. G. (1977). Psychotherapy with the aged. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 14, 394–402.Google Scholar
  91. Goldberg, E., & Costa, L. (1981). Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain and Language, 14, 144–173.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Golden, R. R., Teresi, J. A., & Gurland, B. J. (1984). Development of indicator scales for the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) interview schedule. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 138–146.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Gould, R. L. (1979). Transformations. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
  94. Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1949). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: Manual of instructions and interpretations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sheridan House.Google Scholar
  95. Gurland, B., & Toner, J. A. (1982). Depression and aging. In C. Eisdorfer (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, (Vol. 3, pp. 228–265). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  96. Gutman, D. L. (1974). The country of old men: Cross-cultural studies in the psychology of later life. In R. L. Levine (Ed.), Culture and personality: Contemporary readings (pp. 95–121). Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
  97. Gutman, D. L. (1977). The cross-cultural perspective: Notes toward a comparative psychology of aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 302–326). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  98. Haley, R. C., & Dolce, J. J. (1986). Assessment and management of chronic pain in the elderly. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 435–456.Google Scholar
  99. Hanley, I., & Gilhooly, M. (1986). Psychological therapies for the elderly. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
  100. Harris, C. S. (1978). Fact book on aging. Washington, DC: National Council on the Aging.Google Scholar
  101. Hartford, M., & Parsons, R. (1982). The Gerontologist, 22, 394–398.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Hathaway, S., & McKinley, D. (1951). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. New York: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
  103. Hayslip, B., & Lowman, R. L. (1986). The clinical use of protective techniques with the aged. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 63–94.Google Scholar
  104. Herr, J. J., & Weakland, J. H. (1979). Counseling elders and their families. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  105. Hinchcliffe, R. (Ed.). (1983). Hearing and balance in the elderly. London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
  106. Hochnadel, G., & Kaplan, E. (1984). Neuropsychology of normal aging. In M. L. Albert (Ed.), The neurology of aging (pp. 231–244). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  107. Horn, J. L. (1982). The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in relation to concepts of cognitive psychology and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
  108. Horowitz, A. (1985). Family caregiving to the frail elderly. In C. Eisdorfer (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 5, pp. 194r–246). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  109. Hoyer, W. (1978). Design considerations in the assessment of psychotherapy with the elderly. Dallas, TX: Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society.Google Scholar
  110. Hussian, R. A. (1984). Behavioral geriatrics. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 16). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  111. Ingersol, B., & Silverman, A. (1978). Comparative group psychotherapy for the aged. The Gerontologist, 18, 201–206.Google Scholar
  112. Ingram, D. K., & Barry, J. R. (1977). National statistics on deaths in nursing homes: Interpretations and implications. The Gerontologist, 17, 303–308.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. James, W. (1892). Psychology: The briefer course. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
  114. Jarvik, L. F., & Perl, M. (1981). Overview of physiologic dysfunctions related to psychiatric problems in the elderly. In A. Levenson & R. C. W. Hall (Eds.), Psychiatric management of physical disease in the elderly. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
  115. Kahana, B. (1978). The use of projective techniques in personality assessment of the aged. In M. S. Storandt, I. C. Siegler, & M. F. Elias (Eds.), Clinical psychology in gerontology (pp. 145–180). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  116. Kahana, E., & Kahana, B. (1983). Environmental continuity, discontinuity, futurity, and adaptation of the aged. In G. Rowles & R. Ohta (Eds.), Aging and milieu: Environmental perspectives on growing old (pp. 205–230). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  117. Kahn, R. L. (1975). The mental health system and the future aged. The Gerontologist, 15, 24–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Kalish, R. A. (1975). Late adulthood. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
  119. Kane, R. A., & Kane, R. L. (1987). Long-term care: Principles, programs and policies. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  120. Kane, R. L., & Kane, R. A. (1981). Assessing the elderly: A practical guide to measurement. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
  121. Kastenbaum, R. (1972). Beer, wine, and mutual gratification in the gerontopolis. In R. Kastenbaum & S. Sherwood (Eds.), Research, action, and planning for the elderly (pp. 37–49). New York: Behavioral Publications.Google Scholar
  122. Kastenbaum, R. (1978). Personality theory, therapeutic approaches, and the elderly client. In M. Storandt, I. C. Siegler, & M. F. Elias (Eds.), The clinical psychology of aging (pp. 199–224). New York: Behavioral Publications.Google Scholar
  123. Kastenbaum, R., & Candy, S. E. (1973). The four percent fallacy: A methodological and empirical critique of extended care facility population statistics. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 4, 15–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Katz, S., Downs, T. D., Cash, H. R., & Grotz, R. C. (1970). Progress in development of the index of ADL. The Gerontologist, 10, 20–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Katzman, R., Terry, R. D., & Bick, K. L. (Eds.). (1978). Alzheimer’s disease: Senile dementia and related disorders. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
  126. Kay, D. W. K., Beamish, P., & Roth, M. (1964). Old age mental disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 146–158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Kirchener, C., & Peterson, R. (1979). The latest data on visual disability from NCHS. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 73, 151–153.Google Scholar
  128. Kline, D. W., & Schieber, F. (1985). Vision and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 296–331). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  129. Kramer, M., Taube, C. A., & Redick, R. W. (1973). Patterns of use of psychiatric facilities by the aged: Past, present, and future. In C. Eisdorfer & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 428–528). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  130. Labouvie-Vief, G. (1985). Intelligence and cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 500–530). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  131. Lakin, M. (1987). Psychotherapy. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), The encyclopedia of aging (pp. 550–551). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  132. Langer, E., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Personality, 34, 191–198.Google Scholar
  133. LaRue, A., Dessonville, C., & Jarvik, L. (1985). Aging and mental disorders. In J. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 664–702). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  134. Lawton, M. P. (1970). Gerontology in clinical psychology and vice-versa. Aging and Human Development, 1, 147–159.Google Scholar
  135. Lawton, M. P (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85–89.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. Lawton, M. P. (1977). Geropsychological knowledge as a background for psychotherapy with older people. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 221–233.Google Scholar
  137. Lawton, M. P. (1978). Clinical geropsychology: Problems and prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  138. Lawton, M. P. (1986a). Environment and aging. Albany, NY: Center for the Study of Aging.Google Scholar
  139. Lawton, M. P. (1986b). Functional assessment. In L. Teri & P. M. Lewinsohn (Eds.), Clinical assessment and treatment of the older adult (pp. 39–84). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  140. Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9, 179–186.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Lawton, M. P., & Cohen, J. (1974). The generality of housing impact on the well-being of older people. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 194–204.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  142. Lawton, M. P., Fulcomer, M., & Kleban, M. H. (1984). Architecture for the mentally impaired elderly. Environment and behavior, 16, 730–757.Google Scholar
  143. Lawton, M. P., & Gottesman, L. (1974). Psychological services to the elderly. American Psychologist, 29, 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Lawton, M. P., Moss, M., Fulcomer, M., & Kleban, M. H. (1982). A research and service oriented Multilevel Assessment Instrument. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 91–99.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Lawton, M. P., & Storandt, M. (1984). Clinical and functional approaches to the assessment of older people. In P. McReynolds & G. J. Chelune (Eds.), Advances in psychological assessment (Vol. 6, pp. 236–276). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  146. Lawton, M. P., Whelihan, W. M., & Belsky, J. K. (1980). Personality tests and their uses with older adults. In J. E. Birren & R. B. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 537–553). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  147. Lebowitz, B. D. (1987). Mental health services. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), The encyclopedia of aging (pp. 440–447). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  148. Leon, R., Gillum, B., Gillum, R., & Goyze, M. (1979). Personality stability over a thirty-year period—Middle age to old age. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 23, 245–259.Google Scholar
  149. Levine, M. (1979). Congress (and evaluators) ought to pay more attention to history. American Journal of Community Psychology, 7, 1–17.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
  151. Lewis, M. I., & Butler, R. N. (1974). Life review therapy. Geriatrics, 29, 165–169.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Lezak, M. D. (1986). Neuropsychological assessment. In L. Teri & P. M. Lewinsohn (Eds.), Geropsychological assessment and treatment (pp. 3–38). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  153. Lieberman, M. (1990). Self-help groups for older people. In M. P. Lawton (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 10, pp. 285–320). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  154. Light, B. H., & Amick, J. H. (1956). Rorschach responses of normal aged. Journal of Projective Techniques, 20, 185–195.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. Longino, C. F., Jr. (1986). Personal determinants and consequences of independent housing choices. In R. J. Newcomer, M. P. Lawton, & T. O. Byerts (Eds.), Housing an aging society (pp. 83–93). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.Google Scholar
  156. Lowenthal, M. F. (1977). Toward a sociopsychological theory of change in adulthood and old age. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 116–127). New York: Van Nostrond Reinhold.Google Scholar
  157. Lowman, C., & Kirchener, C. (1979). Elderly blind and visually impaired persons: Projected numbers in the year 2000. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 73, 73–74.Google Scholar
  158. Lowry, L. (1979). Social work with the aging: The challenge and promise of later years. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
  159. Lund, D. A., Caserta, M. S., & Diamond, M. F. (1985). The impact of bereavement on the subjective well-being of older adults. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, New Orleans.Google Scholar
  160. MacDonald, M. L. (1983). Behavioral consultation in geriatric settings. The Behavior Therapist, 6, 172–174.Google Scholar
  161. MacLennan, B. W., Saul, S., & Weiner, M. B. (1988). Group psychotherapies for the elderly. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
  162. Mangen, D. J., & Peterson, W. A. (1982). Research instruments in social gerontology, Vols. 1 & 2. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
  163. Maris, R. W. (1981). Pathways to suicide. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
  164. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1982). Self-concept and the stability of personality: Cross-sectional comparisons of self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1282–1292.Google Scholar
  165. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  166. McDonnell, I., & Newell, C. (1987). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  167. McGee, J., & Lakin, M. (1977). Social perspectives on psychotherapy with the aged. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 14, 333–342.Google Scholar
  168. Meerloo, J. (1971). Psychotherapy with the aged. Nederlands Tjdschrift Voor Gerontologie, 2, 160–169.Google Scholar
  169. Mellinger, G. D., Baltes, M. B., Parry, M. B., Manheimer, D. I., & Cisin, I. H. (1974). Overview of psychotherapeutic drug use in the United States. In E. Josephson & E. E. Carroll (Eds.), Drug Use: Epidemiological and sociological approaches. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
  170. Miller, C., & LeLieuvre, R. B. (1982). A method to reduce chronic pain in elderly nursing home residents. The Gerontologist, 22, 314–317.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  171. Miller, M. (1979). Suicide after sixty: The final alternative. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  172. Miller, N. E., & Cohen, G. D. (1987). Schizophrenia and aging. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  173. Mills, D. H., Wellner, A. J., & VandenBos, G. R. (1979). The National Register Survey: The first comprehensive study of all licensed/certified psychologists. In C. A. Kiesler, N. W. Cummings, & G. R. Van den Bos (Eds.), Psychology and national health insurance: A sourcebook. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  174. Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  175. Moss, M., & Lawton, M. P. (1982). The time budgets of older people: A window on four lifestyles. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 115–123.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. Murrell, S., Norris, F., & Hutchins, G. (1984). Distribution and disability of life events in older adults. The Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 301–311.Google Scholar
  177. Myers, J. I., Weissman, M. M., Tischler, G. L., Holzer III, C. E., Leaf, P. J., Orvaschel, H., Anthony, J. C., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., Kramer, M., & Stoltzman, R. (1984). Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 419, 959–967.Google Scholar
  178. National Center for Health Statistics (1987). Use of nursing homes by the elderly: Preliminary data from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey. In: Advance Data, No. 135. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.Google Scholar
  179. National Center for Health Statistics (1988). Prevalence of selected chronic conditions, United States, 1983–85. In: Advance Data, No. 155. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.Google Scholar
  180. National Council on the Aging (1975). The myth and reality of aging in America. Washington, DC: National Council on the Aging.Google Scholar
  181. National Institute of Mental Health (1978). Changes in the age, sex and diagnostic composition of the resident population of state and country mental hospitals, United States, 1965–1975 (Mental Health Statistical Note No. 146). Rockville, MD: NIMH.Google Scholar
  182. Neugarten, B. L. (1970). Dynamics of transitions of middle age to old age: Adaptation and the life cycle. Journal of Geriatric Psychology, 4, 71–87.Google Scholar
  183. Neugarten, B. L. (1977). Personality and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 626–649). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  184. Neugarten, B. L., Havighurst, R. J., & Tobin, S. S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134–143.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. Newcomer, R. J., Lawton, M. P., & Byerts, T. O. (1986). Housing an aging society. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  186. Newmann, J. P. (1989). Aging and depression. Psychology and Aging, 4, 150–165.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  187. Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574–583.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  188. Oberleder, M. (1966). Psychotherapy with the aging: An art of the possible. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 3, 139–142.Google Scholar
  189. Olsho, L. W., Harkins, S. W., & Lenhardt, M. L. (1985). Aging and the auditory system. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 332–377). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  190. Osgood, N. J. (1982). Senior settlers: Social integration in retirement communities. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
  191. Osgood, N. J. (1984). Suicide in the elderly. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems Corporation.Google Scholar
  192. Padula, M. V. (1982). Low vision related to function and service delivery in the elderly. In R. Sekuler, D. W. Kline, & K. Dismukes (Eds.), Aging and human visual function. New York: Alan R. Liss.Google Scholar
  193. Palmore, E. B., Burchett, B. M., Fillenbaum, G., George, L. K., & Wallman, L. M. (1985). Retirement: Causes and consequences. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  194. Pancoast, D. L. (1978). A method of assisting natural helping networks. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.Google Scholar
  195. Panek, P. E., Wagner, E. E., & Kennedy-Zwergel, K. K. (1983). A review of projective test findings with older adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 562–582.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  196. Parmelee, P., Katz, I., & Lawton, M. P. (1989). Depression among the institutionalized aged: Assessment and prevalence estimation. Journal of Gerontology, 44, M22–M29.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  197. Parnes, H. S. (Ed.). (1981). Work and retirement: A longitudinal study of men. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  198. Patel, C. H. (1977). Biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation in the management of hypertension. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 2, 1–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  199. Patterson, G. R., & Jackson, G. M. (1980a). Behavioral approaches to gerontology. In L. Michelson, M. Hersen, & S. Turner (Eds.), Future perspectives in behavior therapy. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
  200. Patterson, G. R., & Jackson, G. M. (1980b). Behavior modification with the elderly. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  201. Perrota, P., & Meacham, J. A. (1981). Can a reminiscing intervention alter depression and self-esteem? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 14, 23–30.Google Scholar
  202. Petersen, D. W., Whittington, F. J., & Beer, E. T. (1979). Drug use and misuse among the elderly. Journal of Drug Issues, 9, 5–26.Google Scholar
  203. Pfeiffer, E. (1976). Psychotherapy with elderly patients. In L. Bellak & T. B. Karasu (Eds.), Geriatric psychiatry: A handbook for psychiatrists and primary care physicians (pp. 191–206). New York: Grove & Stratton.Google Scholar
  204. Pfeiffer, E., & Busse, W. E. (1973). Mental disorders in later life: Affective disorders, paranoid, neurotic, and situational reactions. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
  205. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  206. Pinkston, E. M., & Linsk, N. L. (1984a). Care of the elderly: A family approach. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  207. Pinkston, E. M., & Linsk, N. L. (1984b). Behavioral family intervention with the impaired elderly. The Gerontologist, 24, 576–583.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  208. Poon, L. W. (1986). Clinical memory assessment of older adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  209. Post, F. (1979). The functional psychoses. In A. D. Isaacs & F. Post (Eds.), Studies in geriatric psychiatry (pp. 77–94). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  210. Pruchno, R. A., Blow, E. C., & Smyer, M. A. (1984). Life events and interdependent lives: Implications for research and interaction. Human Development, 27, 31–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  211. Pruchno, R. A., & Potashnik, S. L. (1989). Caregiving spouses: Physical and mental health in perspective. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 697–705.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  212. Pruchno, R. A., & Resch, N. L. (1988). Intrainstitutional relocation: Mortality effects. The Gerontologist, 28, 311–317.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  213. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.Google Scholar
  214. Rechtschaffen, A. (1959). Psychotherapy with geriatric patients: A review of the literature. Journal of Gerontology, 14, 73–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  215. Redick, R. W., Kramer, M., & Taube, C. A. (1973). Epidemiology of mental illness and utilization of psychiatric facilities among older persons. In E. W Busse & E. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Mental illness in later life. (pp. 94–231). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
  216. Redick, R. W., & Taube, C. A. (1980). Demography and mental health of the aged. In J. S. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 57–74). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  217. Regnier, V., & Pynoos, J. (1987). Housing the aged. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
  218. Reisberg, B. (Ed.). (1983). Alzheimer’s disease. New York: Free Press/Macmillan.Google Scholar
  219. Reisberg, B. (1987). Alzheimer’s disease: The standard reference. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
  220. Riedel, R. G. (1981). Behavior therapies. In C. Eisdorfer (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 2, pp. 106–198). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  221. Ronch, J. L., & Maizler, J. S. (1977). Individual psychotherapy with the institutionalized aged. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 275–283.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  222. Rosin, A. J., & Glatt, M. M. (1971). Alcohol excess in the elderly. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcoholism, 37, 53–59.Google Scholar
  223. Rubinstein, R. L. (1989). The home environments of older people: A description of the psychosocial processes linking person to place. Journal of Gerontology, 44, S45–S53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  224. Ruffini, J. L., & Todd, H. F. (1979). A network model for leadership development among the elderly. The Gerontologist, 29, 158–162.Google Scholar
  225. Ruffini, J. L., & Todd, H. F. (1981). “Passing it on: The Senior Block Information Service of San Francisco”. In M. P. Lawton & S. L. Hoover (Eds.), Community housing choices for older Americans (pp. 135–145). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  226. Safirstein, S. (1972). Psychotherapy for geriatric patients. New York State Journal of Medicine, 72, 2743–2748.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  227. Sainer, J. F. (1977). The community cares: Older volunteers. In F. Riessman (Ed.), Older persons: Unusual resources for current needs. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
  228. Sanders, C. M. (1980–1981). A comparison of younger and older spouses in bereavement outcome. Omega, 11, 217–232.Google Scholar
  229. Santos, J. F., & VandenBos, G. (1982). Psychology and the older adult. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  230. Schaie, K. W. (1965). A general model for the study of developmental problems. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 92–107PubMedGoogle Scholar
  231. Schaie, W., & Parham, I. (1976). Stability of adult personality traits: Fact or fable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 146–158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  232. Schneck, M. K., Reisberg, B., & Ferris, S. H. (1982). An overview of current concepts of Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 165–173.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  233. Schonfield, D. (1982). Who’s stereotyping whom and why? The Gerontologist, 22, 267–272.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  234. Schulz, R. (1985). Emotion and affect. In J. E. Birren & K. W Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging, (pp. 531–543). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  235. Schwartz, D., Wang, M., Zeitz, L., & Goss, M. E. W (1962). Medication errors made by elderly chronically ill patients. American Journal of Public Health, 52, 2018–2029.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  236. Seiden, R. H. (1981). Mellowing with age: Factors influencing the non-white suicide rate. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying, 13, 265–281.Google Scholar
  237. Shanas, E. (1979a). Social myth as hypothesis: The case of the family relations of old people. The Gerontologist, 19, 3–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  238. Shanas, E. (1979b). The family as a social support system in old age. The Gerontologist, 19, 169–174.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  239. Shanas, E., & Maddox, G. (1985). Health, health resources, and the utilization of care. In R. H. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 592–618). New York: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
  240. Shapiro, A. (1969). A pilot program in music therapy with residents of a home for the aged. The Gerontologist, 9, 128–133.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  241. Shock, N. W., Greulich, R. C., Costa, R T., Jr., Andres, R., Lakatta, E. G., Arenberg, D., & Tobin, J. D. (1984). Normal human aging: The Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  242. Siegler, I. C., George, L. K., & Okun, M. (1979). Cross-sequential analysis of adult personality. Developmental Psychology, 15, 350–351.Google Scholar
  243. Silverstone, B., & Burack-Weiss, A. (1983). The social work function in nursing homes and home care. In G. S. Getzel & J. M. Mellar (Eds.), Gerontological social work practice in long term care (pp. 7–33). New York: The Haworth Press.Google Scholar
  244. Simon, A. (1980). The neuroses, personality disorders, alcoholism, drug use and misuse, and crime in the aged. In J. E. Birren & R. B. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 653–670). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  245. Smith, M., & Glass, G. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752–760.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  246. Smyer, M., Brannon, D., & Cohn, M. (1988). Mental health consultation in nursing homes. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
  247. Sparacino, J. (1978–1979). Individual psychotherapy with the aged: A selected review. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 9, 197–220.Google Scholar
  248. Steinberg, R. J. (1984). Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 269–315.Google Scholar
  249. Sternberg, R., & Barg, C. (1987). What are theories of adult intellectual development theories of? In C. Schooler & K. W Schaie (Eds.), Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course (pp. 3–23). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
  250. Steuer, J. L. (1982). Psychotherapy for depressed elders. In D. G. Blazer (Ed.), Depression in late life (pp. 195–220). St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby.Google Scholar
  251. Storandt, M. (1977). Graduate education in gerontological psychology: Results of a survey. Educational Gerontology, 2, 141–146.Google Scholar
  252. Storandt, M. (1983). Counseling and therapy with older adults. Boston: Little-Brown.Google Scholar
  253. Storandt, M., Siegler, I. C., & Elias, M. F. (1978). The clinical psychology of aging. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
  254. Straker, M. (1982). Adjustment disorders and personality disorders in the aged. In L. F. Jarvik & G. W Small (Eds.), The psychiatric clinics of North America, (pp. 121–129). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Google Scholar
  255. Streib, G. F., & Schneider, C. J. (1971). Retirement in American society: Impact and process. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  256. Sturgis, E. T., Dolce, J. J., & Dickerson, E C. (1987). Pain management in the elderly. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 190–203). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  257. Suzman, R., & Riley, M. W. (1985). The oldest old [Special Issue] Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health & Society, 63, 2.Google Scholar
  258. Teri, L., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1986). Geropsychological assessment and treatment. New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  259. Thompson, L. W., Davis, R., Gallagher, D., & Krantz, S. E. (1986). Cognitive therapy with older adults. In Clinical gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 245–279). New York: Haworth.Google Scholar
  260. Thompson, L. W., & Gallagher, D. (1984). Efficacy of psychotherapy in the treatment of late-life depression. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 127–139.Google Scholar
  261. Toseland, R. W., Decker, J., & Bliesner, J. (1979). A community outreach program for socially isolated older persons. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1, 211–223.Google Scholar
  262. Tross, S., & Blum, J. E. (1988). A review of group therapy with the older adult. In S. MacLennan, S. Saul & M. B. Weiner (Eds.), Group psychotherapies for the elderly (pp. 3–32). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
  263. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1982). Projections of the population of the United States. Current Populations Reports, 372, Series-P20. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  264. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1984). National data book and guide to sources: Statistical abstract of the United States, 1985 (105th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  265. U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare (1974). Working with older people: Biological, psychological and sociological aspects of aging (Vol. II). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  266. VandenBos, G. R., Stapp, J., & Kilburg, R. R. (1981). Health service providers in psychology: Results of the 1978 APA Human Resources Survey. American Psychologist, 36, 1395–1418.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  267. Veroff, J., Kulka, R. A., & Douvan, E. (1981). Mental health in America: Patterns of help-seeking from 1957 to 1976. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  268. Vicente, L., Wiley, J. A., & Carrington, R. A. (1979). The risk of institutionalization before death. The Gerontologist, 19, 361–367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  269. Wallis, G. G., Baldwin, M., & Higginbotham, P. (1983). Reality orientation therapy-a controlled trial. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56, 271–277.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  270. Wayne, G. J. (1953). Modified psychoanalytic therapy in senescence. The Psychoanalytic Review, 40, 99–116.Google Scholar
  271. Wechsler, D. (1945). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
  272. Wechsler, D. (1958). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
  273. Weinberg, J. (1976). On adding insight to injury. The Gerontologist, 16 (Part I), 6–10.Google Scholar
  274. Whitbourne, S. K. (1987). Personality development in adulthood and old age: Relationships among identity style, health and well-being. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 189–216). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  275. Wigdor, B. T. (1987). Principles of gerontological practice. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), The encyclopedia of aging (pp. 534–536). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  276. Willis, S. L. (1987). Cognitive training and everyday competence. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 159–188). New York: Springer Publishing.Google Scholar
  277. Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W (1986). Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed? Developmental Psychology, 22, 223–232.Google Scholar
  278. Wiseman, R. (1986). The migration and geographic concentration of older people. In R. J. Newcomer, M. P Lawton, & T. O. Byerts (Eds.), Housing an aging society (pp. 69–82). Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson & Ross.Google Scholar
  279. Wisocki, P (1984). Behavior modification in the elderly. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 16). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  280. Woods, R. T., & Britton, P. G. (1985). Clinical psychology with the elderly. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems.Google Scholar
  281. Zarit, S. H. (1980). Aging and mental disorders. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
  282. Zepelin, H., Wolfe, C. S., & Kleinplatz, F. (1981). Evaluation of a year-long reality orientation program. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 70–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  283. Zimberg, S. (1974). The elderly alcoholic. The Gerontologist, 14, 221–224.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  284. Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  285. Zung, W. W. K., & Zung, E. M. (1986). Use of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale in the elderly. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 137–148.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1991

Authors and Affiliations

  • Rachel Pruchno
    • 1
  • M. Powell Lawton
    • 1
  1. 1.Polisher Research InstitutePhiladelphia Geriatric CenterPhiladelphiaUSA

Personalised recommendations