Abstract
Assessment of learning and memory is a critical component of neuropsychological evaluation, since impaired learning and memory are among the most common symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in neurological and psychiatric patients (Kapur, 1988; Spreen & Strauss, 1991). Learning and memory can be impaired in the context of relatively normal intellectual functions in the organic amnesias; alternatively, learning and memory can be impaired in the context of general intellectual decline in the dementias. Disordered learning and memory can also result from traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain tumors, and cerebrovascular disease, presenting as generalized or material-specific (verbal or visual nonverbal) impairment (Kapur, 1988). Finally, a variety of nonneurological, psychiatric factors—in particular, depression—can also affect learning and memory (Weingartner, 1986).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albert, M. S., Butters. N. & Brandt, J. (1981). Patterns of remote memory in amnesic and demented patients. Archives of Neurology, 38, 495–50O.
Albert, M. S. Butters, N. & Levin, J. (1979). Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff’s disease. Archives i) . 1 . Neurology, 36, 211–216.
Albert, M. S. & Moss, M. (1984). The assessment of memory disorders in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In L. R. Squire, N. Butters (Eds.), The neuropsvchologr o/ memory (pp. 236–246 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. U.S. Army, Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General’s Office.
Benton. A. L. (1974). The Revised Visual Retention Test ( 4th ed. ). New York: Psychological Corporation.
Benton, A. L. & Hamsher, K. deS. (1983). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. deS., Varney, N. R. & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bernard, L. C. (1991). The detection of faked deficits on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 81–88.
Brittain, J. L., La Marche, J. A., Reeder, K. P., Roth, D. L. & Boll, T. J. (1991). Effects of age and IQ on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) Performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 163–175.
Brown, J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 10, 12–21.
Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543–550.
Butters, N. (1992). Memory remembered: 1970–1991. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 285–295.
Butters, N. & Cermak, L. S. (1980). Alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome: An information processing approach. New York: Academic Press.
Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Cullum, C. M., Cairns, P., Troster, A. I., Jacobs, D., Moss, M. & Cermak, L. S. (1988). Differentiation of amnestic and demented patients with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 133–148.
Costa, L. D. (1975). The relation of visuospatial dysfunction to digit span performance in patients with cerebral lesions. Cortex, I1, 31–36.
Craik, F. I. M. (1984). Age differences in remembering. In L. R. Squire, N. Butters (Eds.), Neuro-psychology of memory (pp. 3–12 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.
Crawford, J. R., Stewart, L. E. & Moore, J. W. (1989). Demonstration of savings on the AVLT and development of a parallel form. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, II, 975–981.
Crook, T. H. (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of normal and pathologic memory impairment in later life. Seminars in Neurology, 9, 20–30.
Crook, T., Bartus, R. T., Ferris, S. H., Whitehouse. P., Cohen, G. D. & Gershon, S. (1986). Age-associated memory impairment: Proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change-Report of a National Institute of Mental Health work group. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 261–276.
Crook, T. H. Ferris, S. H. & McCarthy, M. (1979). The misplaced objects task: A brief test for memory dysfunction in the aged. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 27, 284–287.
Crook, T. H., Ferris, S. H., McCarthy, M. & Rae, D. (1980). The utility of digit recall tasks for assessing memory in the aged. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 228–233.
Crook, T. H., Johnson, B. A. & Larrabee, G. J. (1990). New methods for assessing drug effects in Alzheimer’s disease and age-associated memory impairment. In O. Benkert, W. Maier, K. Rickets (Eds.), Methodology of the evaluation of p.sychotropic drugs (pp. 37–55 ). New York: Springer.
Crook, T. H. & Larrabee, G. J. (1988). Interrelationships among everyday memory tests: Stability of factor structure with age. Neuropsychology, 2, 1–12.
Crook, T. H. & Larrabee, G. J. (1990). A self-rating scale for evaluating memory in everyday life. Psychology and Aging, 5, 48–57.
Crook, T. H. & Larrabee, G. J. (1992). Normative data on a self-rating scale for evaluating memory in everyday life. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 41–51.
Crook, T. H. Tinklenberg, J., Yesavage, J., Petrie, W., Nunzi, M. G. & Massari, D. C. (1991). Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 41, 644–649.
Crook, T. H., Youngjohn, J. R. & Larrabee, G. J. (1992). Multiple equivalent test forms in a computerized everyday memory battery. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 221–232.
Crosson, B., Novack, T. A., Trenerry, M. R. & Craig, P. L. (1988). California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) performance in severely head-injured and neurologically normal adult males. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurop.sychologv, 10, 754–768.
Curry, J. F., Logue, P. E. & Butler, B. (1986). Child and adolescent norms for Russell’s revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15, 214–220.
Delis, D. C., Cullum, C. M., Butters, N. & Cairns, P. (1988). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and California Verbal Learning Test: Convergence and divergence. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 188–196.
Delis, D. C., Freeland, J., Kramer, J. H. & Kaplan, E. (1988). Integrating clinical assessment with cognitive neuroscience: Construct validation of a multivariate verbal learning test. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 123–130.
Delis, D. C., Krasner, J. H., Kaplan, E. & Ober, B. A. (1987). Califòrnia Verbal Learning Test. Research edition. Manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
Delis, D. C., McKee, R., Massman, P. J., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E. & Gettman, D. (1991). Alternate form of the California Verbal Learning Test: Development and reliability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 154–162.
Denman, S. B. (1984). Denman Neuropsychologv Memory.Scale. Charleston. SC: Author.
Drake, A. I. & Hannay, H. J. (1992). Continuous recognition memory tests: Are the assumptions of the theory of signal detection met? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychologv, 14, 539–544.
Erickson, R. C. & Scott, M. L. (1977). Clinical memory testing: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 1130–1149.
Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, A. R., Benton A. L. & Van Allen, M. (1985). Neuropsychologie detection of abnormal mental decline in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 670–674.
Feher, E. P., Mahurin, R. K., Inhody, S. B., Crook, T. H. & Pirozzolo, F. J. (1991). Anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease. Ncuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 4, 136–146.
Ferris, S. H., Crook, T., Clark, E., McCarthy, M. & Rae, 1). (1980). Facial recognition memory deficits in normal aging and senile dementia. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 707–714.
Franzen, M. D., Tishelman, A., Smith, S., Sharp, B. & Friedman, A. (1989). Preliminary data concerning the test-retest and parallel forms reliability of the Randt Memory Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3. 25–28.
Geffen, G., Moar, K. J., O’Hanlon, A. P. Dlark, C. R. & Geffen. L.B. (1990). Performance measures of 16- to 86-year-old males and females on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 45–63.
Gilewski, M. J. & Zelinski. E. M. (1986). Questionnaire assessment of memory complaints. In L. W. Poon, T. Crook, K. L. Davis, C. Eisdorfcr, B. J. Gurland, A. W. Kaszniak, L. W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 93–107 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gilewski, M. J., Zelinski, E. M. & Schaic, K. W. (1990). The memory functioning questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in adulthood and old age. Psychology and Aging. 5, 482–490.
Glisky, E. & Schacter, D. (1987). Acquisition of domain-specific knowledge in organic amnesia: Training for computer-related work. Neuropsvchologia, 25, 893–906.
Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 367–373.
Haaland, K. Y., Linn, R. T. Hunt, W. D. & Goodwin, J. S. (1983). A normative study of Russell’s variant of the Wechsler Memory Scale in a healthy elderly population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 878–881.
Hamsher, K. deS. (1982). Presidents Test: Manual of instructions. Milwaukee, WI University of Wisconsin Medical School at Mt. Sinai Medical Center.
Hamsher, K. deS. & Roberts, R. J. (1985). Memory for recent U.S. presidents in patients with cerebral disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurmpsyeho1ogy, 7, 1–13.
Hannay, H. J. (1986). Psychophysical measurement techniques and their application to neuropsychology. In H. J. Hannay (Ed.). Experimental techniques in human neurops-vchologv (pp. 45–94 ). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hannay, H. J. & Levin, H. S. (1985). Selective Reminding Test: An examination of the equivalence of four forms. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 251–263.
Hannay, H. J. & Levin, H. S. (1989). Visual continuous recognition memory in normal and closedhead-injured adolescents. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, ll, 444–460.
Hannay, H. J., Levin, H. S. & Grossman, R. G. (1979). Impaired recognition memory after head injury. Cortex, 15, 269–283.
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I. & Matthews, C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms fbr an expanded HalsteadReitan Battery. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hermann, D. J. (1982). Know thy memory: The use of questionnaires to assess and study memory. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 434–452.
High, W. M., Levin, H. S. & Gary, H. E. (1990). Recovery of orientation following closed-head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12,. 703–714.
Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E., Kurland, L. T. (1992). Mayo’s older Americans normative studies: WMS-R norms for ages 56–94. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, (Suppl.), 49–82.
Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L. T. (1990). The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): Norms for ages 55 years and older. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 304–312.
Jennett, B. & Bond, M. (1975). Assessment of outcome after severe brain damange. Lancet, 1, 480–487.
Kaput, N. (1988). Memory disorders in clinical practice. London: Butterworths.
Kaszniak, A. W., Poon, L. W. & Riege, W. (1986). Assessing memory deficits: An information processing approach. In L. W. Non, T. Crook, K. L. Davis, C. Eisdorfer, B. J. Gurland, A. W. Kaszniak, L. W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 168–188 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kimura, D. (1963). Right temporal lobe damage. Archives of Neurology. 8, 264–271.
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. (1985). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology ( 2nd ed. ). New York: W. H. Freeman.
Kral. V. A. (1962). Senescent forgetfulness: Benign and malignant. Journal of the Canadian Medic-al Association, 86, 257–260.
Kramer, J. H., Levin, B. E., Brandt, J. & Delis, D. C. (1989). Differentiation of Alzheimer’s. Huntington’s. and Parkinson’s disease patients on the basis of verbal learning characteristics. Neuro-psychology, 3, III - 120.
Larrabee, G. J. (1990). Cautions in the use of neuropsychological evaluation in legal settings. Neuro-psychology, 4, 239–247.
Larrabee, G. J. (1991). The Memory Assessment Scales. A review. Bulletin of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, 8, 12–15.
Larrahee, G. J. & Crook, T. H. (1988). Assessment of drug effects in age-related memory disorders: Clinical, theoretical and psychometric considerations. Ps_ychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 515–522.
Larrabee, G. J. & Crook, T. H. (1989). Dimensions of everyday memory in age-associated memory impairment. Psychological Assessment.–A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1, 92–97.
Larrahee, G. J. & Crook, T. H. (1991). Computerized memory testing in clinical trials. In E. Mohr, P. Brouwers (Eds.), Handbook of clinic-al trials: The neurobehavioral approach (pp. 293–306 ). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Larrabee, G. J. & Curtiss, G. (1985). Factor structure and construct validity of the Denman Neuropsychology Memory Scale. International Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 269–276.
Larrabee, G.J. & Curtis, G. (1991). Factorial validity of various memory testing procedures’Abstract]. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 261–262.
Larrabee, G. J. & Kane, R. L. (1986). Reversed digit repetition involves visual and verbal processes. International Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 11–15.
Larrahee, G. J., Kane, R. L. & Schuck, J. R. (1983). Factor analysis of the WAIS and Wechsler Memory Scale: An analysis of the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 159–168.
Larrabee, G. J., Kane, R. L., Schuck, J. R. & Francis, D. E. (1985). The construct validity of various memory testing procedures. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 239–250.
Larrabee, G. J., Largen, J. W. & Levin, H. S. (1985). Sensitivity of age-decline resistant (“Hold”) WAIS subtexts to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 497–504.
Larrabee, G. J. & Levin, H. S. (1986). Memory self-ratings and objective test performance in a normal elderly sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 275–284.
Larrabee, G. J. Trahan, D. E. & Curtiss, G. (1992). Construct validity of the Continuous Visual Memory Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 7, 395–405.
Larrabee, G. J., Trahan. D. E., Curtiss. G. & Levin, H. S. (1988). Normative data for the Verbal Selective Reminding Test. Neuropsychology, 2, 173–182.
Larrabee. G. J., West, R. L. & Crook, T. H. (1991). The association of memory complaint with computer-simulated everyday memory performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuro-psychology, 13, 466–478.
Leonberger, F. T., Nicks, S. D., Goldfader, P. R. & Larrabee, G. J. (1990). Construct validity of the WMS-R indices [Abstract[. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 284.
Leonberger, F. T., Nicks, S. D., Larrabee, G. J. & Goldfader, P. ( 1992 ). Factor structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised within a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Neuropsychology, 6, 239–249.
Levin, H. S., Benton, A. L. & Grossman. R. G. (1982). Neurobehavioral consequences of closed head injury. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levin, H. S. & Grossman, R. G. (1976). Storage and retrieval. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1, 38–42.
Levin, H. S., High, W. M., Jr., Meyers, C. A. Von Laufen, A. Hayden. M. E. & Eisenberg, H. M. (1985). Impairment of remote memory after closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery. & Psychiatry, 48, 556–563.
Levin, H. S. & Larrabee, G. J. (1983). Disproportionate decline in visuospatial memory in human aging. Society for Ne uroscience.c Abstracts. 9, 918.
Levin, H. S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R. M., Eisenberg, H. M., Marshall, L. F., Tabaddor, K., High, W. M. & Frankowski, R. F. (1987). Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: A three-center study. Journal of Neurosurgery. 66, 234–243.
Levin, H. S., O’Donnell, V. M. & Grossman, R. G. (1979). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition alter head injury. Journal of Nervous and Menial Disease, 167, 675–684.
Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Loring, D. W. (1989). The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, or the Wechsler Memory Scale-revisited? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 59–69.
Loring, D. W. & Papanicolaou, A. C. (1987). Memory assessment in neuropsychology: Theoretical considerations and practical utility. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 340–358.
Macartney-Filgate, M. S. & Vriezen, E. R. (1988). lntercorrelation of clinical tests of verbal memory. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3 121–126.
Malec, J. F., Ivnik, R. J. & Hinkcldey, N. S. (1991). Visual Spatial Learning Test. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psyrhologv. 1, 82–88.
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. & Teuber, H. L. (1975). Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from news photographs. Neuropsrrhologia. 13, 353–364.
Martin, R. C., Loring, D. W., Meador, K. J. & Lee, G. P. (1988). Differential forgetting in patients with temporal lobe dysfunction. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 3. 351–358.
Masur, D. M., Fuld, P. A., Blau, A. D., Crystal, H. & Aronson, M. K. (1990). Predicting development of dementia in the elderly with the Selective Reminding Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsrehology, 12, 529–538.
Masur, M., Fuld, P. A., Blau, A. D. Thal, L. J., Levin, H. S. & Aronson, M. K. (1989). Distinguishing normal and demented elderly with the Selective Reminding Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurops_ychology, 11. 615–630.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1972). Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence ( 5th ed. ). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
McEntee, W. J. & Crook, T. H. (1989). Pharmacological treatments of age-related cognitive loss. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2, 543–547.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven. plus or minus two. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.
Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin, 27, 272–277.
Mishkin, M. (1978). Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature, 273, 297–298.
Niederehe, G. (1986). Depression and memory impairment in the aged. In L. W. Poon, T. Crook, K. L. Davis, C. Eisdorfer, B. J. Gurland, A. W. Kaszniak, L. W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 226–237 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ogden,.I. A. (1986). Neuropsychological and psychological sequelae of shunt surgery in young adults with hydrocephalus. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychologv, 8, 657–679.
Osterrieth. P. A. (1944). Le lest de copie d’une figure complex: Contribution a l’etude de la perception et de la memoire. Archives de Ps_ychologie, 30, 286–356.
Peterson, L. R. & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193–198.
Ponsfsord, J. L., Dorman, G. A. & Walsh, K. W. (1980). Disorders of memory in vertebrobasilar disease. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychologv. 2, 267–276.
Prigatano, G. P. (1978). Wechsler Memory Scale: A selective review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(Spec. Monogr. Suppl. ), 816–832.
Randt. C. ‘L. Brown, E. R. & Osborne, D. P. (1980). A memory test for longitudinal measurement of mild to moderate deficits. Clinical Neuropsychologv, 2, 184–194.
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., Borenstein, J., Sinaiko, E., de Leon, M. J. & Buttinger, C. (1986). Assessment of presenting symptoms. In L. E. Poon, T. Crook, K. L. Davis, C. Eisdorfer. B. J. Gurland, A. W. Kaszniak, L. W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 108–128 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rey, A. (1941). L’examen psychologique dans le cas de’encephalopathie traumatique. Archives’ de Ps_vehologie, 28. 286–340.
Rey. A. (1964). L’examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Ribot, T. (1881). Disco es of memory. New York: Appleton.
Roberts. R. J., Hamsher. K. de.S., Bayless, J. D. & Lee, G. P. (1990). Presidents Test performance in varieties of diffuse and unilateral cerebral disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurops_vchology, 12, 195–208.
Roman, I). C., Edwall, G. E. Buchanan, R. J. & Patton, J. H. (1991). Extended norms for the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. The Clinical Neurops_vchologi.st, 5, 33–40.
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H. & Quayhagen, M. (1989). Selective reminding tests: A normative study of verbal learning in adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychologv, 11, 539–550.
Russell, E. W. (1975). A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 43, 800–809.
Russell, E. W. (1988). Renorming Russell’s version of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychologv, 10, 235–249.
Ryan. J. J., Geisser. M. E., Randall, D. M. & Georgemiller, R. J. (1986). Alternate form reliability and equivalency of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychologv, 8, 611–616.
Ryan, J. J., Rosenberg, S. J. & Mittenberg, W. (1984). Factor analysis of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 239–241.
Sanders, H. I. & Warrington, E. K. (1971). Memory for remote events in amnesic patients. Brain, 94, 661–668.
Schear, J. M. & Craft, R. B. (1989). Examination of the concurrent validity of the California Verbal Learning Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologi.st, 2, 162–168.
Seltzer, B. & Benson, D. F. (1974). The temporal pattern of retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff’s disease. Neurology, 24, 527–530.
Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsyrhological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
Squire, L. R. & Slater, P. C. (1975). Forgetting in very long-term memory as assessed by an improved questionnaire technique. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 104, 50–54.
Strub, R. L. & Black, F. W. (1985). The mental status examination in neurology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Stuss, D. T., Kaplan, E. F., Benson, D. F., Weir, W. S., Chirilli, S. & Sarazin, F. F. (1982). Evidence for the involvement of orbitofrontal cortex in memory functions: An interference effect. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 96, 913–925.
Stuss, D. T., Stethem, L. L., Hugenholtz, H. & Richard, M. T. (1989). Itraumatic brain injury: A comparison of three clinical tests, and analysis of recovery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 145–156.
Stuss, D. T., Stethem, L. L. & Poirer, C. A. (1987). Comparison of three tests of attention and rapid information processing across six age groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 139–152.
Talland, G. (1965). Deranged memory. New York: Academic Press.
Taylor, E. M. (1959). The appraisal of children with cerebral deficits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Teasdale, G. & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet, 2, 81–84.
Trahan, D. E. (1992). Analysis of learning and rate of forgetting in age-associated memory differences. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 6, 241–246.
Trahan, D. E. & Larrabee, G. J. (1988). Professional manual: Continuou.s Visual Memory Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Trahan, D. E. & Larrabee, G. J. (1990). The Continuous Visual Memory Test: Development of an alternate form [Abstracts. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 56.
Trahan, D. E. & Larrabee, G. J. (1992). Effect of normal aging on rate of forgetting. Neuropsychology. 6, 115–122.
Trahan, D. E. & Larrabee, G. J. (1993). Clinical and methodological issues in measuring rate of forgetting with the verbal selective reminding test. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 67–71.
Trahan, D. E., Larrabee, G. J. & Levin, H. S. (1986). Age-related differences in recognition memory for pictures. Experimental Aging Research, 12, 147–150.
Trahan, D. E., Larrabee, G. J. & Quintana, J. W. (1990). Visual recognition memory in normal adults and patients with unilateral vascular lesions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 857–872.
Trahan, D. E., Larrabee, G. J., Quintana, J. W., Goethe, K. E. & Willingham, A. C. (1989). Development and clinical validation of an Expanded Paired Associate Test with delayed recall. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 169–183.
Trahan, D. E., Quintana, J., Willingham, A. C. & Goethe, K. E. (1988). The Visual Reproduction Subtest: Standardization and clinical validation of a delayed recall procedure. Neuropsychology, 2, 29–39.
Varney, N. R. & Shepherd, J. S. (1991). Predicting short-term memory on the basis of temporal orientation. Neuropsychology. 5, 13–16.
Warrington, E. K. (1984). Recognition Memory Test. Windsor, Berkshire: NFER-Nelson Publishing Company.
Warrington, E. K. & Silberstein, M. (1970). A questionnaire technique for investigating very longterm memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 508–512.
Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87–95.
Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1974). WISC-R manual. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
Weingartner, H. (1986). Automatic and effort-demanding cognitive processes in depression. In L. W. Poon, T. Crook, K. L. Davis, C. Eisdorfer, B. J. Gurland, A. W. Kaszniak, L. W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 218–225 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R. & Heyman, A. (1991). Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Archives of Neurology, 48, 278–281.
White, R. F. (1987). Differential diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease and solvent encephalopathy in older workers. The Clinical Neuropsvchologist, 1, 153–160.
Wickens, D. D. (1970). Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning. Psychological Review, 77, 1–15.
Wiens, A. N., McMinn, M. R. & Crossen, J. R. (1988). Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: Development of norms for healthy young adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 67–87.
Williams. J. M. (1991). Memory Assessment Scales. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Williams, J. M., Little. M. M., Scates, S. & Blockman, N. (1987). Memory complaints and abilities among depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 595–598.
Wilson, B. A., Cockburn, J. & Baddeley, A. D. (1985). The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Titchfield: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wilson, B. A., Cockburn, J., Baddeley, A. & Hiorns, R. (1989). The development and validation of a test battery for detecting and monitoring everyday memory problems. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 855–870.
Wilson, R. S., Kaszniak, A. W. & Fox, J. H. (1981). Remote memory in senile dementia. Cortex, 17, 41–48.
Youngjohn, J. R., Larrabee, G. J. & Crook, T. H. (1992). Discriminating age-associated memory impairment from Alzheimer’s disease. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical P.svchology, 4, 54–59.
Zelinski, E. M., Gilewski, M. J. & Anthony-Bergstone, C. R. (1990). Memory functioning questionnaire: Concurrent validity with memory performance and self-reported memory failure. Psychology and Aging, 5, 388–399.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larrabee, G.J., Crook, T.H. (1995). Assessment of Learning and Memory. In: Mapou, R.L., Spector, J. (eds) Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9709-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9709-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9711-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9709-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive