Synthesis of graphite intercalation compounds

  • Albert Hérold
Chapter
Part of the NATO ASI Series book series (NSSB, volume 172)

Abstract

Graphite is one of the most important 2D host lattice by the number and the scientific and technical interest of its intercalation compounds. This paper is not a comprehensive review of GIC synthesis but a description of the thermodynamical and chemical conditions of intercalation into graphite, for a comparison with intercalation into other host lattices and, if possible, as a starting point of new syntheses. It partly develops ideas which were put forward at the 1st Conference on GIC, in La Napoule, 1977. I apologize to those uncited authors whose work merits being cited in a true review of GIC.

Keywords

Graphene Sheet Graphene Layer Graphitic Oxide Ternary Compound Host Lattice 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Review Papers

  1. A).
    A.R. Ubbelohde, F.A. Lewis: Graphite and its Crystal Compounds, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960.Google Scholar
  2. B).
    A. Hérold, R. Setton, N. Platzer, Composés d’Insertion du Graphite, in Les Carbones, A. Pacault editeur, Masson, 1964, Vol. 2, p458–683.Google Scholar
  3. C).
    L.W. Ebert, Ann. Rev. Mat. Science 6 (1976) 182–211.ADSGoogle Scholar
  4. D).
    1. A.R. Ubbelohde (p1–31); 2. A. Hérold (323-421); 3. M.S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus (422-480); 4.J.E. Fischer (481-532);5. M.S. Whittingham and LL.B. Ebert (533-562) in Intercalated Layered Materials, edited by F.A. Lévy, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979.Google Scholar
  5. E).
    M.S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus, Advances in Physics, Vol. 30, 2 (1981) p139–326.ADSGoogle Scholar
  6. F).
    A. Hérold, 1st Int. Conf. on GIC, 1977, in Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 31, 1977, 1–16.Google Scholar
  7. G).
    A.R. Ubbelohde, ibidem, 34-51.Google Scholar
  8. H).
    W.C. Forsmann, T. Dziemianowicz, K. Leong, D. Carl, Synth. Met. 5 (1983) 77–100.Google Scholar

Part I

  1. 1.
    H.P. Boehm, R. Setton, E. Stumpp, Synth. Met. II (1985) 363.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    C. Delmas, This Volume, plenary lecturce.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    R. Schöllhorn, idem.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    J. Rouxel, idem.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    W. Rüdorff, U. Hofmann, Z. electrochem. 40 (1934) 511.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    W. Rüdorff, U. Hofmann, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 288 (1938) 1.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    G. Hennig, J. Chem. Phys. 19 (1951) 922.ADSGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    M.L. Dzurus, G. Hennig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 5897.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    F.R. McDonnel, R.C. Pink, A.R. Ubbelohde, J. Chem. Soc, London (1951) 191.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    R. Setton, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1960) 1758.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    F.J. Salzano, S. Aronson J. Chem. Phys. 45 (1966) 2221.ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    M. Armand, Thèse, Grenoble (1978).Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    A.D. Crowell, J. Chem. Phys. 22.8 (1954) 1397.ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    N. Daumas, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sci. C. 268 (1969) 373 and Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1971) 1598.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    W.T. Eeles, J.A. Turnbull, Porc. Roy. Soc. (London A. 283 (1963) 179.ADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    M. Heerschap, P. Delavignette, Carbon (1967) 5.383.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    R. Levi-Setti, G. Crow, Y.L. Wang, N.W. Parker, R. Mittleman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 24 (1985) 2615.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    J.M. Thomas, G.R. Millward, R.F. Schloögl, H.P. Boehm, Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (1980) 671.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    R. Rousseaux, G. Besson, C. Tchoubar, M. R.S. Meeting, Symposium K, Boston 1986.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    E.J. Samuelsen, R. Moret, R. Comes, H. Fuzellier, M. Klatt, M. Lelaurain, A. Herold, Synth. Met. 10 (1984/85) 13.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    C. Clinard, D. Tchoubar, C. Tchoubar, F. Rousseaux, H. Fuzellier, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 333 and Clinard, Diplome Supérieur de Recherches, Orléans (1987).Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    A. Safran, this volume, plenary lecture.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    J.E. Fischer, idem.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    A. Herold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1960, 533.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    A. Métrot, in Progress in vacuum microbalance techniques Vol.3, p153, Ed. C. Eyraud, M. Escoubes, Heiden, 1975.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    A. Herold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1955) 999.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    A. Suematsu, Colloque Franco-Japonais 1985 in Ann. Phys. Fr. 11 (1986) 75.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    A. Herold, Isgic 4, to be published in Synth. Met.Google Scholar

Part II

  1. 1.
    E. Weintraub, U.S. Patent 922, 645 (1909) and Brevet Français 5 85 185, (1924).Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    K. Fredenhagen, G. Cadenbach, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 158 (1926), 249.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1955) 999.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    A. Herold, G. Furdin, D. Guérard, L. Hachim, M. Lelaurain, N.E. Nadi, R. Vangelisti, Proc. Int. Symp. Tsukuba, in Physica 105 B (1981) 253.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    R.C. Asher, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem, 10 (1959) 238.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    A. Métrot, D. Guérard, D. Billaud, A. Hérold, Synth. Met. 1 (1979/80) 363.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    A. Métrot, A. Herold, J. Chim. Phys. (1969) 71.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    D. Guérard, A. Herold, Carbon 13 (1975) 337.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    D. Guérard, M. Chaabouni, P. Lagrange, M. El Makrini, A. Hérold, Carbon, 18 (1980) 257.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    M. El Makrini, D. Guérard, P. Lagrange, A. Hérold, ibid p203.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    D. Billaud, E. McRae, J.F. Marêché, A. Hérold, Synth. Met. 3 (1981) 21.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    S. Basu, C. Zeller, P. Flanders, CD. Fuerst, W.D. Johnson, J.E. Fischer, Mater. Sci. Eng. 38 (1979) 275.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    A. Hérold, D. Saehr, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1960) 1039.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    D. Billaud, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1972) 103, and (1974) 2402 and 2407.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    D. Billaud, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1978) 131.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    M. El Makrini, P. Lagrange, D. Guérard, A. Hérold, Carbon 18 (1980), 211.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    M. El Makrini, P. Lagrange, A. Hérold, Carbon 18 (1980) 374.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    P. Lagrange, A. Bendriss-Rerhrhaye, J.F. Marêché, E. McRAE, Proc. Int. Symp. Tsukuba, in Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 201.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    D. Saehr, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 11 (1965) 3130.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    M. Colin, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 6 (1971) 1982.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    A. Hérold, P. Lagrange, ISGIC 1, Mater. Sc. Eng. 31 (1977) 29 and 33.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    D. Guérard, C. Takoudjou, F. Rousseaux, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 43.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    D. Guérard, N.E. Elalem. C. Takoudjou, Proc. Int. Symp. Tsukuba, in Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 195.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    W. Rüdorff, E. Schulze, Angew. Chem. 66 (1954) 305.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    W. Rüdorff, E. Schulze, O. Rubish, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem, 282 (1955) 223.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    W. Ruüdorff, Chimia, 19 (1965) 489.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    W. Craven, W. Ostertag, Carbon (1966) 223.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    C. Stein, L. Bonnetain, J. Golé, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1966) 3166.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    L. Bonnetain, Ph. Touzain, A. Hamwi, ISGIC 1, in Mat. Sc. Eng. 31 (1977) 45.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    F. Beguin, P. Marceau, R. Setton, M.F. Quinton, Proc. 16th Bienn. Conf. on Carbon, San Diego, USA (1983) 252.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    F. Beguin, H. Estrade-Szwarckopf, J. Conard, P. Lauginie, P. Marceau, D. Guérard, L. Facchini, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 77.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    F. Beguin, B. Gonzalez, J. Conard, H. Estrade-Szwarckopf, D. Guérard, Int. Symp. on GIC, Tsukuba (1985) in Synth. Met, 12 (1985) 187.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    J. Jegoudez, C. Mazières, R. Setton, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 85.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    R. Setton, F. Beguin, J. Jegoudez, C. Mazières, Rev. Chim. Min. 19 (1982) 360.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    S.A. Solin, Y.B. Fan, X.W. Qian, Proc. Int. Symp. Tsukuba, in Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 181.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    A.P. Legrand, L. Facchini, D. Bonnin, J. Bonat, M.F. Quinton, F. Beguin ibidem, p175.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    F. Beguin, “Carbon 86”, Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p424.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    R. Setton, ibidem, p420.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    R. Gross, Thèse de Docteur Ingénieur, Nancy (1962).Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    R. Vangelisti, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 280, C (1975) 571Google Scholar
  41. R. Vangelisti, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 286, C (1978) 289.Google Scholar
  42. 41.
    R. Erre, F. Beguin, D. Guérard, S. Flandrois, “Carbon 86” Baden-Baden, extend. abstr. p516.Google Scholar
  43. 42.
    H. Klotz and A. Schneider, Naturwiss 49 (1962) 448.ADSGoogle Scholar
  44. 43.
    G. Bewer, N. Wichmann, H.P. Boehm, ISGIC 1 in Mat. Sc. Eng. 31 (1977) 73–76.Google Scholar
  45. 44.
    M.E. Vol’pin, Yu. T. Struchnov, Yu. N. Novikov, V.A. Semion, Zh. Obshsb. Khim. 41 (1971) 2426.Google Scholar
  46. 45.
    M.E. Vol’pin, Yu N. Novikov et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97 (1975) 3366.Google Scholar
  47. 46.
    Ph. Touzain, A. Chamberod, A. Briggs, ISGIC 1, in Mat. Sci. Eng, 31 (1977) 77.Google Scholar
  48. 47.
    R. Yazami, Ph. Touzain, G. Chouteau, A. Briggs, Synth. Met., 12 (1985) 485.Google Scholar
  49. 48.
    D. Braga et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. (1978) 127.Google Scholar
  50. 49.
    M. Inagaki, Y. Schiwachi, Y. Maeda, J. Chem. Phys., 81 (1984) 847.Google Scholar

Part III

  1. 1.
    P. Schaffaütl, J. prakt. Chem. 21 (1841) 155.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    H. Thiele, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 207 (1932) 340–52.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    G. Furdin, Isgic 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 101.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    J.S. Culik, D.D.L. Chung, Mater. Sci. Eng. 37 (1979) 213.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    S.M. Heald, E.A. Stern, ISGIC 2 in Synth. Met. 2 (1980) 87.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    D. Ghosh, D.D.L. Chung, Mat. Res. Bull. 18 (1983) 1179.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    M.C. Robert, M. Oberlin, J. Mering, Chemistry and Physics of Carbons, edited by P.L. Walker and P.A. Thrower, Marcel Dekker Inc., Vol. 10 p141-210.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    G. Hennig, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 1443.ADSGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    G. Furdin, M. Lelaurain, E. McRae, J.F. Marêche, A. Hérold, Carbon, 17 (1979) 329.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    G. Colin, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 9 (1972) 2345.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    B. Bach, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 5 (1968) 1978.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    G. Furdin, A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 5 (1972) 1768.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    R.C. Croft, Austral. J. Chem. 9 (1956) 184.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    E. Stumpp, Isgic 1, in Mater. Sc. Eng, 31 (1977) 53.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    M.L. Dzurus, G.R. Hennig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 1051.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    P. Behrens, U. Wiegand, W. Metz, “Carbon 86”, Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p502.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    J. Melin, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 269 (1969) 877.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    J. Melin, A. Hérold, Carbon 13 (1975) 357.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    J. Melin, Thèse Nancy (1976).Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    P. Boolchand, W.J. Bresser, D. McDaniel, K. Sisson, V. Yeh, P.C. Ecklund, Sol. State Com. 40 (1981) 1049.ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    J.M. Friedt, L. Soderholm, R. Poinsot, R. Vangelisti, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 8 (1983) 99.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    J. Conard, ISGIC 4, Jerusalem 1987, to be published in Synth. Metals.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    C. Hauw, J. Gaultier, S. Flandrois, O. Gonzalez, D. Dorignac, R. Jagut, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 213.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    S. Flandrois, A.W. Hewat, C. Hauw, R.H. Bragg, ibid, 305.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    F. Rousseaux, R. Vangelisti, A. Plançon, D. Tchoubar, Revue de Chimie Minérale, 19 (1982) 572.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    J. Maire, Proc. 2nd U.N. Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses A torn. Energy, Geneva, 1958, P392.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    J.M. Lalancette, J. Lafontaine, J. Can. Soc. Chem. Comm., 21 (1973) 815.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    A.A. Opalovskii, A.S. Nazarov, A.A. Uminskii, Zh. Neorg. Khim. 19, 6 (1974) 1512.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    A.A. Opalovskii, Z.M. Kuznetzova, Y.V. Chichgov, A.S. Nazarov, A.A. Uminskii, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 19, 8 (1974) 2071.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    H. Selig, O. Gani, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 11 (1975) 75.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    J. Melin, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 280 (1975) 641.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    E. Buscarlet, P. Touzain, M. Armand, L. Bonnetain, ibid p1313.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    N. Watanabe, H. Toubara, T. Nakajima, H. Selig in Inorganic Solid fluorides, edited by P. Hagenmuller, Acad. Press. Inc. 1975, p332-366.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    E.R. Falardeau, L.R. Hanlon, T.R. Thompson, Inorg. Chem. 17 (1978) 301.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    M. Lelaurain, J.F. Marêché, G. Furdin, E. McRae, A. Hérold, ISGIC 4, Jerusalem 1987, to be published in Synthetic Metals.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    N. Bartlett, T. Mallouk, F. Okino, G. Rosenthal, J. Verniolle, J. Fluorine Chem. 23. (1983) 221.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    D. Ravaine, J. Boyce, A. Hamwi, Ph. Touzain, ISGIC 2, in Synth. Met. 2 (1980) 249.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    A. Hamwi, Ph, Touzain, Rev. de Chim. Min. 19 (1982) 432.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    A. Hamwi, S. Mouras, D. Djurado, J.C. Cousseins, “Carbon 86” Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p454.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    D. Vaknin, D. Davidov, H. Selig, J. Fluorine Chem., 32 (1986) 345.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    N. Bartlett, B.W. McQuillan, in “Intercalation Chemistry”, M.S. Whittingham, A.J. Jacobson editors, Academ. Press, (1982), 19.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    N. Platzer, B. de la Martinière, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1961) 177.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    H. Fuzellier, Thèse Nancy, (1974).Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    H. Fuzellier, A. Hérold, Proceed. 4th London, Int. Carbon and Graphite Conf., (1974) 322.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    L.B. Ebert, L. Matty, Synth. Met. 4 (1982) 345.Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    A. Yaddaden, M. Lakjadj, P. Vast, Rev. Chim. Min. 19 (1981) 602.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    G. Furdin, M. Klatt, M. Lelaurain, A. Hérold, ISGIC, Jérusalem 1987, to be published in Synth. Met.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    E. Stumpp. G. Nietfeld, K. Steinwede, K.D. Wageringel, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 143.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    E. Stumpp, S. Gieschinger, G. Nietfeld, “Carbon 86”, Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p451.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    N. Watanabe, Proc. of the Yamada Conf. IV, Sendai 1980, in Physica 105 B (1981) 17.Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    W. Rüdorff and G. Rüdorff, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 253 (1947) 281.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    T. Nakajima, M. Kawaguchi, N. Watanabe, Carbon, 20 (1982) 287Google Scholar
  53. T. Nakajima, M. Kawaguchi, N. Watanabe, ISGIC 3 in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 117.Google Scholar
  54. 53.
    I. Palchan, D. Vaknin, D. Davidov, H. Selig, “Carbon 86” Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p462.Google Scholar
  55. 54.
    I. Toubara, ISGIC 4, Jerusalem, 1987 to be published in Synth. Metals.Google Scholar
  56. 55.
    B.C. Brodie, Ann. Chim. Phys. 45(3) (1855) 351.Google Scholar
  57. 56.
    R. Yazami, Ph. Touzain, Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 351.Google Scholar
  58. 57.
    A. Clauss, R. Plass, H.P. Boehm, U. Hofmann, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chemie, 291 (1957) 205.Google Scholar

Part IV

  1. 1.
    H. Thiele, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 206 (1932) 407.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    P.C. Eklund, C.H. Olk, F.J. Holler, J.G. Spolar, E.T. Arakawa, J. Mater. Res. 1, 2 (1986) 361.ADSGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    W. Rüdorff, U. Hofmann, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 238 (1938) 1.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    W. Rüdorff, W.F. Siecke, Ber, 91 (1958) 1348.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    W. Helle, H.P. Boehm, B. Buisinger, “Carbon 86”, Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p485.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    A. Métrot, P. Willman, A. Hérold, Carbon 19 (1981) 119.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    J. Besenhard, H.P. Fritz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1697.MATHGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    J. Besenhard, H.P. Fritz, H. Mohwald, J.J. Nickl, “Carbon 80” Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p147.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    A. Jobert, Ph. Touzain, L. Bonnetain, Carbon 19 (1981) p193.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    P. Touzain, A. Jobert, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. I, (1983) 110.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    D. Billaud, A. Chenite, A. Métrot, Carbon, 20 (1982) 493.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    D. Billaud, A. Chenite, J. of Power Sources 13 (1984) 1.ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    M. Dzurus, G. Hennig, J. Chem. Phys. 27 (1957) 275.ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    J.O. Besenhard, H.P. Fritz, H. Möhwald, J.J. Nickl, “Carbon 80”, Baden-Baden, Ext. Abstr. p147.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    B. Marcus, Ph. Touzain, “Carbon 86”, Ext. Abstr., p430.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    S. Aronson, F.J. Salzano, D. Bellafiore, J. Chem. Phys. 49 (1968) 434.ADSGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    R. Yazami, Ph. Touzain, Solid State Ionics, 9–10 (1983) 489.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    M. Armand, private communication.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    D.W. Murphy, S.A. Sunshine, S.M. Zahurak, this volume, plenary lecture.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    H. Fuzellier, A. Métrot, B. Bouayad, A. Hérold, 15th Biennal Carbon Conf. Univ. of Pennsylvania P.A., Ext. Abstr. (1981) 391.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    B. Bouayad, A. Marrouche, M. Thili, H. Fuzellier, A. Métrot, ISGIC 3, in Synth. Met. 7 (1983) 159.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    P. Touzain, A. Jobert, Electrochimica Acta, 26 (1968) 1133.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    D. Billaud, A. El Haouari, private communication.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    A. Métrot, ISGIC 3, in Synth Met. 7 (1983) 177.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    A. Métrot, J. Fisher, Synth. Met. 3 (1981) 201.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    H. Fuzellier, Thèse Nancy 1974.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    S. Longhin, R. Grayeski, J.E. Fischer, J. Chem. Phys, 69, 8 (1978) 3740.ADSGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    See (III, 33 p344).Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    W.C. Forsman, 13th Biennal Conf. on Carbon, Irvine C.A. 1977, Ext. Abst. p153.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    W.C. Forsman, H. Mertwoy, Synth. Met, 2 (1980) 171.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    D. Billaud, A. Pron, F. Lincoln Vogel, Synth. Met, 2 (1980), 177.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    D. Billaud, A. Chenite, Mat. Res. Bull. 18 (1983) 1001.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    R. Schlögl and A.P. Boehm, ibidem, p371.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    P. Bowen, W. Jones, J. Thomas, R. Schlögl, J.C.S. Chem. Comm (1981) 677.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    R. Schlögl and H.P. Boehm, Z. Naturforsch. 39 b (1984) 112.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    R. Schlögl and H.P. Boehm, Z. Naturforsch. 39 b (1984) 788.ADSGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    P. Bowen, W. Jones, J. Thomas, R. Schlögl, J.C.S. Chem. Comm (1981) 679.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    R. Schlögl, H.P. Boehm, “Carbon 82”, London, Ext. Abstr, (1982) 73.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    H.P. Boehm, R. Schlögl, ISGIC 4, Jerusalem 1987, to be published in Synth. Met.Google Scholar

Part V

  1. 1.
    A.G. Freeman, J.C.S. Chem. Comm. (1974) 74.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    P. Lagrange, A. Métrot, A. Hérold, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 278 (1974) 701.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    A. Hérold, G. Furdin, D. Guérard, L. Hachim, M. Lelaurain, N.E. Nadi, R. Vangelisti, Int. Symp. on GIC, Tsukuba, in Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 11.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Séminaire Franco-Japonais, Paris 1985, in Ann. Phys. Fr. 11 (1986), 3.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    E. Stumpp, H.J. Hummel, C. Ehrhardt, ISGIC 4, Jerusalem 1987, to be published in Synth. Met.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    M. Inagaki, Z.D. Wang, Y. Okamoto, M. Okira, 1987, to be published in Synth. Met.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • Albert Hérold
    • 1
  1. 1.Laboratoire de chimie Minérale Appliquée CNRS 158Université de Nancy IVandoeuvre lès-Nancy cedexFrance

Personalised recommendations