Abstract
When depolarized most voltage-dependent channels undergo a process known as inactivation. This molecular rearrangement can take place in a time scale ranging from a few milliseconds to several seconds and is characterized by a decrease in ionic current with time after the onset of a depolarizing voltage pulse.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adelman, J.P., Shen, K.Z., Kavanaugh, M.P., Warren, R.A., Wu, Y.N., Lagrutta, A., Bond, C.T., & North, R.A. (1992). Calcium-activated potassium channels expressed from cloned complementary DNAs. Neuron 9: 209–216.
Aldrich, R.W., Hoshi, T., & Zagotta, W.N. (1990). Differences in gating among amino-terminal variants of Shaker potassium channels. Cold Spring Harbor Symp.Quant.Biol. 55: 19–27.
Armstrong, C.M., Bezanilla, F., & Rojas, E. (1973). Destruction of sodium conductance inactivation in squid axons perfused with pronase. J.Gen.Physiol. 62: 375–391.
Baumann, A., Grupe, A., Ackermann, A., & Pongs, O. (1996). Structure of the voltage-dependent channel is highly conserved from Drosophila to vertebrate central nervous system. EMBO J. 7: 2457–2463.
Beirao, P.S.L., Davies, N.W., & Stanfield, P.R. (1994). Inactivating `ball’ peptide from Shaker B blocks Ca“-activated but not ATP-dependent K’ channels of rat skeletal muscle. J.Physiol.(Lond.) 474: 269–274.
Bezanilla, F. & Armstrong, C.M. (1977). Inactivation of the sodium channel. I. Sodium current experiments. J.Gen.Physiol. 70: 549–566.
Bezanilla, F., Perozo, E., Papazian, D.M., and Stefani, E. (1991). Molecular basis of gating charge immobilization in Shaker potassium channels. Science 254: 679–683.
Choi, K.L., Aldrich. R.W., & Yellen. G. (1991). Tetraethylammonium blockade distinguishes two inactivation mechanisms in voltage-activated K+ channels. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88: 5092–5095.
Collins, A., German, M.S., Jan, Y.-N., Jan, L.Y., & Zhao, B. (1996). A strongly inwardly rectifying K’ channel that is sensitive to ATP. J. Neurosci. 16: 1–9.
Demo, S.D. & Yellen, G. (1991). The inactivation gate of the Shaker K’ channel behaves like an open-channel blocker. Neuron 7: 743–753.
Dubinsky, W.P., Mayorga-Wark, 0., & Schultz, S.G. (1992). A peptide from the Drosophila Shaker K’ channel inhibits a voltage-gated K’ channel in basolateral membranes of Nech+rus enterocytes. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 89: 1770–1774.
England, S.K., Uebeles, V.N., Kodali, J., Bennett, P.B., & Tamkun, M.M. (1995a). A novel K’ channel h subunit (hKvbl.3) is produced by alternative splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 28531–28534.
England, S.K., Uebele, V.N., Shear, H., Kodali, J., Bennett, P.B., & Tamkun, M.M. (1995). Characterization of a voltage-gated K’ channel b subunit expressed in human heart. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6309–6313.
Fernandez-Ballester, G., Gavillanes, F., Alvar, J.P., Criado, M., Ferragut, J.A., & Gonzales-Ros, J.M. (1995). Adoption of b structure by the inactivating “ball” peptide of the Shaker B potassium channel. Biophys. J. 68: 858–865.
Foster, C.D., Chung, S., Zagotta, W.N., Aldrich, R.W., & Levitan, I.B. (1992). A peptide derived from the Shaker B K` channel produces short and long blocks of reconstituted Ca“-dependent K’ channels. Neuron 9: 229–236.
Gomez-Lagunas, F. & Armstrong, C.M. (1995). Inactivation in ShakerB K’ channels: A test for the number of inactivating particles on each channel. Biophys. J. 68: 89–95.
Heinemann, S.H., Rettig,J., & Pongs,O. (1995). Functional expression of three K channel b-subunits. Biophys. J. 68, A361 (Abstr.)
Hoshi, T., Zagotta, W.N., & Aldrich, R.W. (1990). Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of Shaker potassium channel inactivation. Science. 250: 533–538.
Isacoff, E.Y., Jan, Y.N., & Jan, L.Y. (1991). Putative receptor for the cytoplasmic inactivation gate in the Shaker K’ channel. Nature 353: 86–90.
Iverson, L.E. & Rudy, B. (1990). The role of divergent amino and carboxyl domains on the inactivation properties of potassium channels derived from the Shaker gene of Drosophila. J. Neurosci. 10: 2903–2916.
Jan, L.Y. & Jan, Y.N. (1990a). A superfamily of ion channels. Nature (London) 345: 672.
Jan, L.Y. & Jan, Y.N. (19906). How might the diversity of potassium channels be generated. Trends Neurol. Sci. I3: 415–419.
Kamb, A., Tweng-Drank, J., & Tanouye, M.A. (1988). Multiple products of the Drosophila Shaker gene may contribute to poasssium channel diversity. Neuron 1: 421–430.
Larsson, H.P., Baker, O.S., Dhillon, D.S., & lsacoff, E.Y. (1996). Transmembrane movement of the Shaker K’ channel S4. Neuron 16: 387–397.
Latorre, R. & Labarca, P. (1996). Potassium channels: Diversity, assembly. and differential expression. In: Potassium Channels and Their Modulators: From Synthesis to Clinical Experience, edited by Evans, i.M., Hamilton, T.C., Longman, S.D., & Stemp, G. London: Taylor & Francis, p. 123–156.
Liman, E.R., Tytgat, J., & Hess, P. (1992). Subunit stoichiometry of a mammalian K’ channel determined by construction of multimeric cDNAs. Neuron 9: 861–871.
Lopez, G.A., Jan. Y.N., & Jan, L.Y. (1994). Evidence that the S6 segment of the Shaker voltage-gated K channel comprises part of the pore. Nature 367: 179–182.
MacKinnon, R. (1991). Determination of the subunit stoichiometry of a voltage-activated potassium channel. Nature 350: 232–235.
MacKinnon, R., Aldrich, R.W., & Lee, A.W. (1993). Functional stoichiometry of Shaker potassium channel inactivation. Science 263: 757–759.
Majumder,K., DeBiasi,M., Wang,Z., & Wibble,B.A. (1995). Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel potassium channel b-subunit from human atrium. FEBS Lett. 361: 13–16
Mannuzzu, L.M., Moronne, M.M., & Isacoff, E.Y. (1996). Direct physical measure of conformational rearrangement underlying potassium channel gating. Science 271: 213–216.
Meera, P., Wallner, M., Jiang, Z. & Toro, L. (1996). A calcium switch for the functional coupling between a (hslo) and 13 subunits (Kvc.a13) of MaxiK channels. FEBS Lett. 382: 84–88.
Miller, C. (1988). Competition for block of a Cat’ -activated K’ channel by charybdotoxin and tetraethylammonium. Neuron 1: 1003–1006.
Morales, M.J., Castellino, R.C., Crews, A.L., Rasmusson, R.L., & Strauss, H.C. (1995). A novel b subunit increases rate of inactivation of specific voltage-gated potassium channel a subunit. J.Biol.Chem. 270: 6272–6277.
Murrell-Lagnado, R.D. & Aldrich, R.W. (1993a). Interactions of amino terminal domains of Shaker K channels with a pore blocking site studied with synthetic peptides. J.Gen.Physiol. 102: 949–975.
Murrell-Lagnado, R.D. & Aldrich, R.W. (1993). Energetics of Shaker K channels block by inactivation peptides. J.Gen.Physiol. 102: 977–1003.
Nakahira, K., Shi, G., Rhodes, K.J., & Trimmer, J.S. (1996). Selective interactions of voltage-gated K’ channels b-subunits with a-subunits. J.Biol. Chem. 271: 7084–7089.
Nobile,M., Olcese,R., Chen, Y.C., Toro, L., & Stefani,E. (1993). Fast inactivation by the ball peptide in Shaker B channels is highly temperature dependent. Biophys. J. 64, 113a (Abstr.)
Papazian, D.M., Shao, X.M., Seoh, A., Mock, A.F., & Wainstock, D.H. (1995). Electrostatic interactions of S4 voltage sensor in Shaker K’ channels. Neuron 14: 1293–1301.
Parcej, D.N., & Dolly, J.O. (1989). Dendrotoxin receptor from bovine synaptic plasma membranes. Binding properties, purification and subunit composition of a putative constituent of certain voltage K’ channels. Biochem. J. 257: 899–903.
Perozo, E., Santacruz-Toloza, L., Stefani, E., Bezanilla, F., & Papazian, D.M. (1994). S4 mutations alter gating currents of Shaker K channels. Biophys. J. 66: 345–354.
Rettig, J., Heinemann, S.H., Wunder, F., Lorra, C., Parcej, D.N., Dolly, J.O., & Pongs, O. (1994). Inactivation properties of voltage-gated K’ channels altered by presence of b-subunit. Nature 369: 289–294.
Roux, M. J., Toro, L., & Stefani, E. (1995). Fast inactivation of ionic currents and “charge immobilization” of Shaker H4 and ShH4 W434F K’ channels. Biophys. J. 68: A137.
Ruppersberg, J.P., Frank, R., Pongs, O., & Stocker, M. (1991a). Cloned neuronal IK(A) channels reopen during recovery from inactivation. Nature 353: 657–660.
Ruppersberg, J.P., Stocker, M., Pongs, O., Heinemann, S.H., Frank, R., & Koenen, M. (1991b). Regulation of fast
inactivation of cloned mammalian IK(A) channels by cysteine oxidation. Nature 352:711–714.
Schwarz, T.L., Tempel, B.L., Papazian, D.M., Jan, Y.N., & Jan, L.Y. (1988). Multiple potassium-channel components are produced by alternative splicing at the Shaker locus in Drosophila. Nature 331: 137–142.
Solaro, C.R. & Lingle, C.J. (1992). Trypsin-sensitive, rapid inactivation of a calcium-activated potassium channel.
Science 257:1694–1698.
Stephens, G.J. & Robertson, B. (1995). Inactivation of the cloned potassium channel mouse Kv1.1 by the human Kv3.4 `ball’ peptide and its chemical modification. J. Physiol. ( London ) 484: 1–13.
Stocker, M., Stuhmer, W., Wittka, R., Wang, X., Muller, R., Ferrus, A., & Pongs, O. (1990). Alternative Shaker transcripts express either rapidly inactivating or noninactivating K+ channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8903–8907.
Tempel, B.L., Papazian, D.M., Schwarz, T.L., Jan, Y.L., & Jan, L.Y. (1987). Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at Shaker locus of Drosophila. Science 237: 770–775.
Timpe, L.C., Jan, Y.N., & Jan, L.Y. (1988a). Four eDNA clones from the Shaker locus of Drosophila induce kinetically distinct A-type potassium currents in Xenopus oocytes. Neuron 1: 659–667.
Timpe, L.C., Schwarz, T.L., Tempel, B.L., Papazian, D.M., Jan, Y.N., & Jan, L.Y. (1988b). Expression of functional potassium channels from Shaker eDNA in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 331: 143–145.
Toro, L., Ottolia, M., Stefani, E., & Latorre, R. (1994). Structural determinants in the interaction of Shaker Inactivating peptide and a Ca activated K’ channel. Biochemistry 33: 7220–7228.
Toro, L., Stefani, E., & Latorre, R. (1992). Internal blockade of a Ca“-activated K’ channel by Shaker B inactivating ”ball“ peptide. Neuron 9: 237–245.
Tseng-Crank, J., Yao, J.-A., Berman, M.F., & Tseng, G.-N. (1993). Functional role of the NI-12-terminal cytoplasmic domain of a mammalian A-type K channel. J. Gen. Physiol. 102: 1057–1083.
Wallner, M., Meera, P., Ottolia, M., Kaczorowski, G., Latorre, R., Garcia, M.L., Stefani, E., & Toro, L. (1995). Cloning, expression and modulation by a b-subunit of a human maxi Kc., channel cloned from human myometrium. Receptors and Channels 3: 185–199.
Zagotta, W.N., Hoshi, T., & Aldrich, R.W. (1990). Restoration of inactivation in mutants of Shaker potassium channels by a peptide derived from ShB. Science 250: 568–571.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Latorre, R., Stefani, E., Toro, L. (1997). Balls, Chains, and Potassium Channels. In: Sotelo, J.R., Benech, J.C. (eds) Calcium and Cellular Metabolism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9555-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9555-4_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9557-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9555-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive