Abstract
The existence of a local system of axonal protein synthesis was proposed approximately 35 years ago to explain the similar rates of reappearance of acetylcholinesterase activity in proximal and distal regions of the cat hypoglossal nerve following irreversible inactivation of the enzyme (Koenig and Koelle, 1960). Since then this question has been approached with more direct techniques, by measuring the incorporation of radiolabelled aminoacids into the proteins of the axonal compartment following its separation from the closely apposed glial cells by microdissection or by autoradiographic methods (Koenig, 1984; Giuditta et al., 1990). The separation of axonal and glial compartments is more readily accomplished in large axons, such as the squid giant axon (Giuditta et al., 1968; 1983; 1991) and the Mauthner axon of the goldfish (Koenig, 1979; 1991; Koenig and Martin, 1996).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Austin, L., and Morgan, I.G. (1967). Incorporation of 14-C-labelled leucine into synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex “in vitro”. J. Neurochem. 14:377–387.
Autilio, L.A., Appel, S.H., Pettis, P., Gambetti. P.G. (1968). Biochemical studies of synapses “in vitro”. I. Protein synthesis. Biochem. 7:2615–2622.
Cheung, M.K. (1989). The specificity of glutamate inhibition of protein synthesis in synaptosomal fractions from rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem. Int. 15: 293–300.
Chun, J.T., Gioio, A.E., Crispino, M., Giuditta, A., and Kaplan, B.B. (1995). Characterization of squid enolasc mRNA: sequence analysis, tissue distribution, and axonal localization. Neurochem. Res. 20:923–930.
Cotman, C.W., and Taylor, D.A. (1971). Autoradiographic analysis of protein syntesis in synaptosomal fractions. Brain Res. 29:366–372.
Crispino, M., Castigli, E., Perrone Capano, C., Martin, R., Menichini, E., Kaplan, B.B., and Giuditta, A. (1993a). Protein synthesis in a synaptosomal fraction from squid brain. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 4:366–374.
Crispino, M., Perrone Capano, C., Kaplan, B.B., and Giuditta, A. (1993b). Neurofilament proteins are synthesized in nerve endings from squid brain. J. Neurochem. 61:1144–1146.
Crispino, M., Perrone Capano, C., Kaplan, B.B., and Giuditta, A. (1994). Squid optic lobe synaptosomes: what can they tell us about presynaptic protein synthesis? J. Neurochem. 63:387–389.
Cutillo, V., Montagnese, P., Gremo, F., Casola, L., and Giuditta, A. (1983). Origin of axoplasmic RNA in the squid giant fibre. Neurochem. Res. 8:1621–1634.
Evans, P.D., Reale, V., and Villegas, J. (1986). Peptidergic modulation of the membrane potential of the Schwann cell of the squid giant nerve fibre. J. Physiol. 379:61–82.
Gainer, H., Tasaki, l., and Lasek, R.J. (1977). Evidence for the glia neuron transfer hypothesis from intracellular perfusion studies of squid giant axons. J. Cell Biol. 74:524–530.
Gambetti, P., Autilio-Gambetti, L.A., Gonatas, N.K., and Shafer, B. (1972). Protein synthesis in synaptosomal fractions. J. Cell Biol. 52:526–535.
Gilbert, M.J. (1972). Evidence for protein synthesis in synaptosomal membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 247:6541–6550.
Gioio, A.E., Chun, J.T., Crispino, M., Perrone Capano, C., Giuditta, A., and Kaplan, B.B. (1994). Kinesin mRNA is present in the squid giant axon. J. Neurochem. 63: I3–18.
Giuditta, A. (1980). Origin of axoplasmic protein in the squid giant axon. Riv. Biol. 73:35–49.
Giuditta, A., Dettbarn, W.D., and Brzin, M. (1968). Protein synthesis in the isolated giant axon of the squid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59:1284–1287.
Giuditta, A., Metafora, S., Felsani, A., and Del Rio, A. (1977). Factors for protein synthesis in the axoplasm of the squid giant axons. J. Neurochem. 28:1393–1395.
Giuditta, A., Cupello, A., and Lazzarini, G. (1980). Ribosomal RNA in the axoplasm of the squid giant axon. J. Neurochem. 34:1757–1760.
Giuditta, A., Hunt, T., and Santella, L. (1983). Messenger RNA in squid axoplasm. Biol. Bull. 165:526.
Giuditta, A., Hunt, T., and Santella, L. (1986). Messenger RNA in squid axoplasm. Neurochem. Intern. 8:435–442.
Giuditta, A., Menichini, E., Castigli, E., and Perrone Capano, C. (1990). Protein synthesis in the axonal territory. In Giuffrida Stella, A.M., de Vellis, J., Perez Polo, R. (eds.): “Regulation of Gene Expression in the Nervous System.” New York: Alan Liss, Inc., pp 205–218.
Giuditta, A., Menichini, A., Perrone Capano, C., Langella, M., Martin, R., Castigli, E., and Kaplan, B.B. (1991). Active polysomes in the axoplasm of the squid giant axon. J. Neurosci. Res. 28:18–28.
Hernandez, A.G., Langford, G.M., Martinez, J.L., and Dowdall, J. (1976). Protein synthesis by synaptosomes from the head ganglion of the squid “Loligo Pealii”. Acta Cient. Venez. 27:120–123.
Ingoglia, N.A., Giuditta, A., Zanakis, M.F., Babigian, A., Tasaki, I., Chakraborty, G., and Sturman, J. (1983). Incorporation of [3H]aminoacids into proteins in a partially purified fraction of axoplasm: Evidence for transfer RNA mediated, post-translational protein modification in squid giant axon. J. Neurosci. 3:2463–2473.
Irwin, C.C. (1985). Comparison of protein syntesis in mitochondria, synaptosomes and intact brain cells. J. Neurochem. 44:433–438.
Kaplan, B.B., Gioio, A.E., Perrone Capano, C., Crispino, M., and Giuditta, A. (1992). ß-actin and (3-tubulin are components of a heterogeneous mRNA population present in the squid giant axon. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 3:133–144.
Koenig, E. (1979). Ribosomal RNA in Mauthner axon: implications for a protein synthesizing machinery in the myelinated axon. Brain Res. 174:95–107.
Koenig, E. (1984). Local synthesis of axonal proteins, in “Handbook of Neurochemistry”, Vol. 7 (Lajtha, A. ed.), 2nd edition, pp. 315–340. Plenum Press, New York.
Koenig, E. (1991). Evaluation of local synthesis of axonal proteins in the goldfish Mauthner cell axon and axons of dorsal and ventral roots of the rat in vitro. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2:384–394.
Koenig, E., and Koelle, G.B. (1960). Acetylcholinesterase regeneration in peripheral nerve after irreversible inactivation. Science 132:1249–1250.
Koenig, E., and Martin, R. (1996). Cortical plaque-like structures identify ribosome-containing domains in the Mauthner cell axon. J. Neurosci. 16:1400–1411.
Lasek, R.J., Dabrowski, C., and Nordlander, R. (1973). Analysis of axoplasmic RNA from invertebrate giant axons. Nature NB 244:162–165.
Lasek, R.J., Gainer, H., and Przybylski, K. (1974). Transfer of newly-synthesized proteins from Schwann cells to the squid giant axon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1188–1192.
Lasek, R.J., Gainer, H., and Barker, J.L. (1977). Cell to cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon. J. Cell Biol. 74:501–523.
Lieberman, E.M. (1991). Role of glutamate in axon-Schwann cell signaling in the squid. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 633:448–457.
Litman, P., Barg, J., and Ginzburg, I. (1994). Microtubules are involved in the localization of tau mRNA in primary neuronal cells in culture. Neuron 13:1463–1474.
Martin, R., Fritz, W., and Giuditta, A. (1989). Visualization of polyribosomes in the postsynaptic area of the squid giant synapse by electron spectroscopic imaging. J. Neurocytol. 18:11–18.
Morgan, I.G., and Austin, L. (1968). Synaptosomal protein synthesis in a cell-free system. J. Neurochem. 15:41–51.
Olink-Coux, M., and Hollenbeck, P.J. (1996). Localization and active transport of mRNA in axons of sympathetic neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. 16:1346–1358.
Perrone Capano, C., Gioio, A.E., Giuditta, A., and Kaplan, B. (1987). Occurrence and sequence complexity of polyadenylated RNA in squid axoplasm. J. Neurochem. 49:698–704.
Ramirez, G., Levitan, LB., and Mushynski, E. (1972). Highly purified synaptosomal membranes from rat brain: incorporation of amino acids into membrane proteins in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 247:5382–5390.
Rao, A., and Steward, O. (1991). Evidence that protein costituents of postsynaptic membrane specializations are locally synthesized: analysis of proteins synthesized within synaptosomes. J. Neurosci. 11:2881–2895.
Rapallino, M.V., Cupello, A., and Giuditta, A. (1988). Axoplasmic RNA species synthesized in the isolated squid giant axon. Neurochem. Res. 13: 625–631.
van Minnen, I. (1994). RNA in axonal domain: a new dimension in neuronal functioning? Histochem. J. 26:377–391.
Verity, M.A., Cheung, M.K., and Brown, W.J. (1981). Studies on valinomycin inhibition of synaptosome-fraction protein synthesis. Biochem. J. 196:25–32.
Wedege, E., Luqmani, Y., and Bradford, H.F. (1977). Stimulated incorporation of amino acids into proteins of synaptosomal fractions induced by depolarizing treatments. J. Neurochem. 29:527–537.
Wensley, C.H., Stone, D.M., Baker, H., Kauer, J.S., Margolis, F.L., and Chikaraishi, D.M. (1995). Olfactory marker protein mRNA is found in axons of olfactory receptor neurons. J. Neurosci. 15:4827–4837.
Wiehelm, J.E., and Vale, R.D. (1993). RNA on the move: the mRNA localization pathway. J. Cell Biol. 123:269–274.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Giuditta, A., Crispino, M., Capano, C.P. (1997). Local Protein Synthesis in the Squid Giant Axon and Presynaptic Terminals. In: Sotelo, J.R., Benech, J.C. (eds) Calcium and Cellular Metabolism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9555-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9555-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9557-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9555-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive