Abstract
Macrophages were originally considered merely to be scavenger cells whose function was to protect against invading microbes or eliminate unwanted debris from necrotic areas. However, it has become apparent from very many in vitro studies that monocytes/macrophages or mononuclear phagocytes can synthesize an enormous number of products, many of which are secreted from the cell (Nathan, 1987). It is clear that mononuclear phagocytes change their properties depending on, for example, the tissue and species of origin and on the agent(s) used both to elicit them into tissues and also to modulate their in vitro behavior. The word “activation” was originally applied to describe alterations in macrophage properties, such as enhanced bactericidal killing or spreading (Karnovsky and Lazdins, 1978). The “activation state” of a macrophage in most cases is probably a reflection both of the degree of differentiation (or maturation) of the cell as well as of the changes resulting from “immunologic events” occurring in vivo or in vitro.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aderem, A. A., and Cohn, Z. A., 1988, Calcium ionophore synergizes with bacterial lipopolysaccharides in activating macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism, J. Exp. Med. 167: 623–631.
Aderem, A. A., Cohen, D. S., Wright, S. D., and Cohn, Z. A., 1986, Bacterial lipopolysaccharides prime macrophages for enhanced release of arachidonic acid metabolites, J. Exp. Med. 164: 165–179.
Aderem, A. A., Albert, K. A., Keum, M. M., Wang, J. K., Greengard, P., and Cohn, Z. A., 1988, Stimulus dependent myristoylation of a major substrate for protein kinase C, Nature (London) 332: 362–364.
Bachwich, P. R., Chensue, S. W., Larrick, J. W., and Kunkel, S. L., 1986, Tumor necrosis factor stimulates interleukin-1 and prostaglandin E2 production in resting macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 136: 94–101.
Bailey, J., Makheja, A. N., Pash, J., and Verma, M., 1988, Corticosteroids suppress cyclooxygenase messenger RNA levels and prostanoid synthesis in cultured vascular cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157: 1159–1163.
Balter, M. S., Toews, G. B., and Peters-Golden, M., 1989, Different patterns of arachidonate metabolism in autologous human blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages, J. Immunol. 142: 602–608.
Bonney, R. J., and Humes, J. L., 1984, Physiological and pharmacological regulation of prostaglandin and leukotriene production by macrophages, J. Leukocyte Biol. 35: 1–10.
Boraschi, D., Censini, S., and Tagliabue, A., 1984, Interferony reduces macrophage-suppressive activity by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 release and inducing interleukin-1 production, J. Immunol. 133: 764–768.
Brandwein, S. R., 1986, Regulation of interleukin-1 production by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Effects of arachidonic acid metabolites, cyclic nucleotides, and interferons, J. Biol. Chem. 261: 8624–8632.
Browning, J., 1987, Interferons and rheumatoid arthritis: Insight into interferon biology? Immunol. Today 8: 372–374.
Browning, J. L., and Ribolini, A., 1987, Interferon blocks interleukin-l -induced prostaglandin release from human peripheral monocytes, J. Immunol. 138: 2857–2863.
Brune, K., Glatt, M., Kalin, H., and Peskar, B. A., 1978, Pharmacological control of prostaglandin and thromboxane release from macrophages, Nature(London) 274: 261–263.
Brune, K., Aehringhaus, U., and Peskar, B. A., 1984, Pharmacological control of leukotriene and prostaglandin production from mouse peritoneal macrophages, Agents Actions 14: 729–734.
Cantarow, W. D., Cheung, H. T., and Sundharadas, G., 1978, Effects of prostaglandins on the spreading, adhesion and migration of mouse peritoneal macrophages, Prostaglandins 16: 39–46.
Censini, S., Bartalini, M., Tagliabue, A., and Boraschi, D., 1989, Interleukin-1 stimulates production of LTC, and other eicosanoids by macrophages, Lymphokine Res. 8: 107–114.
Chang, J., Cherney, M. L., Moyer, J. A., and Lewis, A. J., 1984, Effect of forskolin on prostaglandin synthesis by mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 103: 303–312.
Chensue, S. W., and Kunkel, S. L., 1985, Induction of interleukin-1 release by leukotrienes, Fed. Proc. 44: 1270.
Cheung, D. L., and Hamilton, J. A., 1992, The regulation of human monocyte DNA synthesis by colony stimulating factors, cytokines and cAMP, Blood, 79: 1972–1981.
Cochrane, F. R., Roddick, V. L., Connor, J., Thornburg, J. T., and Waite, M., 1987, Regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in resident and BCG-activated alveolar macrophages: Role of lyso (bis) phosphatidic acid, J. Immunol. 138: 1877–1883.
Cocks, B. G., Vairo, G., Bodrug, S. E., and Hamilton, J. A., 1992, Suppression of growth factor-induced CYL1 cyclin gene expression by antiproliferative agents, J. Biol. Chem., 267: 12307–12310.
Dieter, P., Schulze-Specking, A., and Fitzke, E., 1991, Activation of phospolipase C is not correlated to the formation of prostaglandins and superoxide in cultured rat liver macrophages, Cell. Signal. 3: 65–71.
Dinarello, C. A., Bishai, J., Rosenwasser, L. J., and Coceani, F., 1984, The influence of lipoxygenase inhibitors on the in vitro production of human leucocytic pyrogen and lymphocyte activating factor (interleukin-1), Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 6: 43–50.
Di Rosa, M., Flower, R. J., Hirata, F., Parente, L., and Russo-Marie, A., 1984, Nomenclature announcement: Anti-phospholipase proteins, Prostaglandins 28: 441–442.
Drysdale, B. E., and Shin, M. S., 1981, Activation of macrophages for tumor cell cytotoxicity: Identification of indomethacin sensitive and insensitive pathways, J. Immunol. 127: 760–765.
Elias, J. A., Ferro, T. J., Rossman, M. D., Greenberg, J. A., Daniele, R. P., Schreiber, A. D., and Freundlich, B., 1987, Differential prostaglandin production by unfractionated and density-fractionated human monocytes and alveolar macrophages, J. Leukocyte Biol. 42: 114–121.
Fels, A. O. S., Pawlowski, N. A., Cramer, E. B., King, T. K. C., Cohn, Z. A., and Scott, W. A., 1982, Human alveolar macrophages produce leukotriene B,, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 7866–7870.
Fu, J. Y., Masferrer, J. L., Seibert, K., Raz, A., and Needleman, P., 1990, The induction and suppression of prostaglandin H2 synthase (cyclooxygenase) in human monocytes, J Biol. Chem. 265: 16737–16740.
Fulford, D. E., and Rutherford, R. B., 1987, Cell-bound C3b stimulates human monocyte release of prostaglandin E and thromboxane B2, J. Leukocyte Biol. 41: 363–366.
Gonzales-Crussi, F., Hsueh, W., and Lamb, R., 1982, Decreased phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis in bacillus Calmette-Guerin activated alveolar macrophages, Fed. Proc. 41: 449–453.
Hamilton, J. A., 1980, Stimulation of macrophage prostaglandin and neutral protease production by phorbol esters as a model for the induction of vascular changes associated with tumor promotion, Cancer Res. 40: 2273–2280.
Hamilton, J. A., 1981, Regulation of prostaglandin and plasminogen activator production by mouse peritoneal macrophages, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 30: 115–128.
Hamilton, J. A., 1983, Glucocorticoids and prostaglandins inhibit the induction of macrophage DNA synthesis by macrophage growth factor and phorbol ester, J. Cell. Physiol. 115: 67–74.
Hamilton, J. A., Vairo, G., Knight, K., and Cocks, B. G., 1991, Activation and proliferation signals in murine macrophages. Biochemical signals controlling the regulation of macrophage urokinase-type plasminogen activator activity by colony-stimulating factors and other agents, Blood 77: 616–627.
Hamilton, J. A., Vairo, G., and Cocks, B. G., 1992, Inhibition of S-phase progression in macrophages is linked to GI/S-phase suppression of DNA synthesis genes, J. Immunol., 148: 4028–4035.
Hart, P. H., Whitty, G. A., Piccoli, D. S., and Hamilton, J. A., 1988, Synergistic activation of human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN-y. Increased TNF-a but not IL-1 activity, J. Immunol. 141: 1516–1521.
Hart, P. H., Whitty, G. A., Piccoli, D. S., and Hamilton, J. A., 1989, Control by IFN-ry and PGE2 of TNFa and IL-1 production by human monocytes, Immunology 66: 376–383.
Hartung, H. P., Hadding, U., Bitter-Suermann, D., and Gemsa, D., 1983, Stimulation of prostaglandin E and thromboxane synthesis in macrophages by purified C3b, J. Immunol. 130: 2861–2865.
Hsueh, W., 1979, Prostaglandin biosynthesis in pulmonary macrophages, Am. J. Pathol. 97: 137–147.
Hsueh, W., and Sun, F., 1982, Leukotriene B4 biosynthesis by alveolar macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 106: 1085–1091.
Humes, J. L., Bonney, R. J., Pelus, L., Dahlgren, M. E., Sadowski, S. J., Kuehl, F. A., Jr., and Davies, P., 1977, Macrophages synthesise and release prostaglandins in response to inflammatory stimuli, Nature (London) 269: 149–150.
Humes, J. L., Burger, S., and Galavage, M., 1980, The diminished production of arachidonic acid oxygenated products by elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages: Possible mechanism, J. Immunol. 124: 2110–2116.
Humes, J. L., Sadowski, S., Galavage, M., Goldenberg, M. M., Subers, E., Bonney, R. J., and Kuehl, F. A., Jr., 1982, Evidence for two sources of arachidonic acid for oxidative metabolism by mouse peritoneal macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 1591–1594.
Hunt, N. H., Lim, L. K., Eichner, R. D., Buffinton, G. D., and Weidemann, M. J., 1984, Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119: 1082–1088.
Hutchinson, D. L., and Myers, R. L., 1987, Prostaglandin-mediated suppression of macrophage phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes, Cell Immunol. 110: 68–76.
Kaever, V., Pfannkuche, H. J., Wessel, K., and Resch, K., 1990, The ratio of macrophage prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis is determined by the intracellular free calcium level, Biochem. Pharmacol. 39: 1313–1319.
Karnovsky, M. L., and Lazdins, J. K., 1978, Biochemical criteria for activated macrophages, J. Immunol. 121: 809–813.
Katakami, Y., Nakao, Y., Koizumi, T., Katakami, N., Ogawa, R., and Fujita, T., 1988, Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by mouse peritoneal macrophages: The role of cellular cAMP, Immunology 64: 719–724.
Khansari, N., Chou, Y. K., and Fudenberg, H. H., 1985, Human monocyte heterogeneity: Interleukin-1 and prostaglandin E2 production by separate subsets, Eur. J. Immunol. 15: 48–51.
Knight, K. R., Vairo, G., and Hamilton, J. A., 1992, Regulation of pinocytosis in murine macrophages by colony stimulating factors and other agents, J. Leukocyte Biol., 57: 350–359.
Knudsen, P. J., Dinarello, C. A., and Strom, T. B., 1986, Prostaglandins transcriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin-1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphzate, J. Immunol. 137: 3189–3194.
Kröner, E. E., Peskar, B. A., Fischer, H., and Ferber, E., 1981, Control of arachidonic acid accumulation in bone marrow-derived macrophages by acyltransferases, J. Biol. Chem. 256: 3690–3697.
Kunkel, S. L., 1988, The importance of arachidonate metabolism by immune and nonimmune cells, Lab. Invest. 58: 119–121.
Kunkel, S. L., and Chensue, S. W., 1985, Arachidonic acid metabolites regulate interleukin-1 production, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128: 892–897.
Kunkel, S. L., Chensue, S. W., and Phan, S. M., 1986a, Prostaglandins as endogenous mediators of interleukin-1 production, J. Immunol. 136: 186–192.
Kunkel, S. L., Wiggins, R. C., Chensue, S. W., and Larrick, J., 1986b, Regulation of macrophage tumor necrosis factor production by prostaglandin E2, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137: 404–410.
Kurland, J. I., and Bockman, R., 1978, Prostaglandin E production by human monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 147: 952–957.
Kurland, J. 1., Hadden, J. W., and Moore, M. A. S., 1977, Role of cyclic nucleotides in the proliferation of committed granulocyte—macrophage progenitor cells, Cancer Res. 37: 4534–4538.
Kurland, J. I., Broxmeyer, H. E., Pelus, L. M., Bockman, R. S., and Moore, M. A. S., 1978, Role of monocyte—macrophage-derived colony stimulating factor and prostaglandin E in the positive and negative feedback control of myeloid stem cell proliferation, Blood 52: 388–407.
Kurland, J. I., Pelus, L. M., Ralph, P., Bockman, R. S., and Moore, M. A. S., 1979, Induction of prostaglandin E synthesis in normal and neoplastic macrophages: Role for colony-stimulating factor(s) distinct from effects on myeloid progenitor cell proliferation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 2326–2330.
Lee, M.-T., Kaushansky, K., Ralph, P., and Ladner, M. B., 1990, Differential expression of M-CSF, G-CSF and GM-CSF by human monocytes, J. Leukocyte Biol. 47: 275–282.
Lim, L. K., Hunt, N. H., Eichner, R. D., and Weidemann, M. J., 1983, Cyclic AMP and the regulation of prostaglandin production by macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 114: 248–254.
Masferrer, J. L., Zweifel, B. S., Seibert, K., and Needleman, P., 1990, Selective regulation of cellular cyclooxygenase by dexamethasone and endotoxin in mice, J. Clin. Invest. 86: 1375–1379.
Matsunaga, A., Miller, B. C., and Cottam, G. L., 1990, Pertussi toxin and H-7 distinguish mechanisms involved in eicosanoid release from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages, Eur. J. Biochem. 187: 599–603.
Moore, R. N., Urbascheck, R., Wahl, L. M., and Mergenhagen, S. E., 1979, Prostaglandin regulation of colony-stimulating factor production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine leukocytes, Infect. Immun. 26: 408–414.
Movat, H. Z. (ed.), 1977, Inflammation, Immunity and Hypersensitivity, 2nd ed., Harper and Row, New York.
Nathan, C. F., 1987, Secretory products of macrophages, J. Clin. Invest. 79: 319–326.
Needleman, P., Turk, J., Jakschik, B. A., Morrison, A. R., and Lefkowith, J. B., 1986, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55: 69–102.
Nichols, F. C., and Garrison, S. W., 1987, Interferon-y potentiation of lipopolysaccharide-induced eicosanoid release from human monocytes, J. Interferon Res. 7: 121–129.
Ogle, C. K., Ogle, J. D., Johnson, C., Keynton, L., and Alexander, J. W., 1988, The production of C3, PGE2 and thromboxane by splenic, alveolar, and peritoneal guinea pig macrophages, Prostaglandins 36: 279–289.
Ohmori, Y., Strassman, G., and Hamilton, T. A., 1990, cAMP differentially regulates expression of mRNA encoding IL-la and IL-113 in murine peritoneal macrophages, J. Immunol. 145: 3333–3339.
Okonogi, K., Getty, T. W., Uhing, R. J., Tarry, W. C., Adams, D. O., and Prpic, V., 1991, Inhibition of prostaglandin E2-stimulated cAMP accumulation by lipopolysaccharide in murine peritoneal macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 296: 10305–10312.
Oropeza-Rendon, R. L., Speth, V., Hiller, G., Weber, K., and Fischer, H., 1979, Prostaglandin E1 reversibly induces morphological changes in macrophages and inhibits phagocytosis, Exp. Cell. Res. 119: 365–371.
Ozaki, T., Moriguchi, H., Nakamura, Y., Kamei, T., Yasuoka, S., and Ogura, T., 1990, Regulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 on fibronectin release from human alveolar macrophages, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141: 965–969.
Parker, C. W., 1987, Lipid mediators produced through the lipoxygenase pathway, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 5: 65–84.
Passwell, J. H., Dayer, J.-M., and Merler, E., 1979, Increased prostaglandin production by human monocytes after membrane receptor activation, J. Immunol. 123: 115–120.
Passwell, J. H., Geiger, B., Levanon, M., Davidsohn, J. Cohen, B. E., and Ramot, B., 1984, IgE induces secretion of prostaglandin E2 by human monocytes, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 58: 566–572.
Pfannkuche, H.-J., Kaever, V., Gemsa, D., and Resch, K., 1989, Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis by protein kinase C in mouse peritoneal macrophages, Biochem. J. 260: 471–478.
Remick, D. G., Larrick, J. W., Nguyen, D. T., and Kunkel, S. L., 1987, Stimulation of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane E2 production by human monocytes in response to interleukin-2, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 147: 86–93.
Rhodes, J., Salmon, J., and Wood, J., 1985, Macrophage Fcy2b receptor expression and receptor-mediated phospholipase activity: Regulation by endogenous eicosanoids, Eur. J. Immunol. 15: 222–227.
Rola-Plesczcynski, M., and Lemaire, I., 1985, Leukotrienes augment interleukin-1 production by human monocytes, J. Immunol. 135: 3985–3991.
Rosen, A., Nairn, A. C., Greengard, P., Cohn, Z. A., and Aderem, A., 1989, Bacterial lipopolysaccharide regulates the phosphorylation of the 68K protein kinase C substrate in macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 264: 9118–9121.
Rouzer, C. A., Scott, W. A., Cohn Z. A., Blackburn, P., and Manning, J. M., 1980a, Mouse peritoneal macrophages release leukotriene C in response to a phagocytic stimulus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4928–4933.
Rouzer, C. A., Scott, W. A., Kempe, J., and Cohn, Z. A., 1980b, Prostaglandin synthesis by macrophages requires a specific receptor-ligand interaction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4279–4282.
Rouzer, C. A., Scott, W. A., Hamill, A. L., and Cohn, Z. A., 1982, Synthesis of leukotriene C and other arachidonic acid metabolites by mouse pulmonary macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 155: 720–733.
Schade, U. F., Moll, H., and Rietschel, E. T., 1987, Metabolism of exogneous arachidonic acid by mouse peritoneal macrophages, Prostaglandins 34: 401–412.
Schlick, E., Hartung, K., and Chirigos, M. A., 1984, Role of prostaglandin E and interferon in secretion of colony-stimulating factor by murine macrophages after in vitro treatment with biological response modifiers, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 6: 407–418.
Schreiber, S., Blum, S., Chappel, J. C., Stenson, W. F., Stahl, P. D., Teitelbaum, S. L., and Perkins, S. L., 1990, Prostaglandin E specifically upregulates the expression of the mannose-receptor on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, Cell Regul. 1: 403–413.
Scott, W. A., Pawlowski, N. A., Murray, H. W., Andreach, M., Zrike, J., and Cohn, Z. A., 1982, Regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by macrophage activation, J. Exp. Med. 155: 1148–1160.
Sitrin, R. G., Kaltreider, H. B., and Goldyne, M. E., 1984, Prostaglandin E is required for the augmentation of procoagulant activity of LPS-stimulated rabbit alveolar macrophages, J. Immunol. 132: 867–871.
Snyder, D. S., Beller, D. I., and Unanue, E. R., 1982, Prostaglandins modulate macrophage la expression, Nature (London) 299: 163–165.
Strassmann, G., Bertolini, D. R., Kerby, S. B., and Fong, M., 1991, Regulation of murine mononuclear phagocyte inflammatory products by macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Lack of IL-1 and prostaglandin E2 production and generation of a specific IL-1 inhibitor, J. Immunol. 147: 1279–1285.
Stuart, R. K., Hamilton, J. A., Sensenbrenner, L. L., and Moore, M. A. S., 1981, Regulation of myelopoiesis in vitro: Partial replacement of colony-stimulating factors by tumor-promoting phorbol esters, Blood 57: 1032–1042.
Taffet, S. M., and Russell, S. W., 1981, Macrophage mediated tumor cell killing: Regulation of expression of cytolytic activity, J. Immunol. 126: 424–427.
Tripp, C. S., Mahoeny, M., and Needleman, P., 1985, Calcium ionophore enables soluble agonists to stimulate macrophage 5-lipooxygenase, J. Biol. Chem. 260: 5895–5898.
Utsugi, T., and Fidler, I. J., 1991, Prostaglandin E2 does not inhibit tumoricidal activity of mouse macrophages against adherent tumor cells, J. Immunol. 146: 2066–2071.
Vairo, G., Argyriou, S., Bordun, A.-M., Whitty, G., and Hamilton, J. A., 1990, Inhibition of the signaling pathways for macrophage proliferation by cyclic AMP. Lack of effect on early responses to colony stimulating factor, J. Biol. Chem. 265: 2692–2701.
Vairo, G., Royston, A. K., and Hamilton, J. A., 1992, Biochemical events accompanying macrophage activation and the inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 induced macrophage proliferation by tumor necrosis factor-a, interferon-y and lipopolysaccharide, J. Cell. Physiol. 151: 630–641.
Vane, J. R., 1971, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs, Nature (London) 231: 232–235.
Vassalli, J.-D., Hamilton, J. A., and Reich, E., 1976, Macrophage plasminogen activator: Modulation of enzyme production by anti-inflammatory steroids, mitotic inhibitors and compounds affecting cyclic nucleotide metabolism, Cell 8: 271–281.
Wahl, L. M., McCarthy, J. B., Olsen, C. E., Wahl, S. M., Sandberg, A. L., and Mergenhagen, S. E., 1977, Prostaglandin regulation of macrophage collagenase production, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 4955–4958.
Wightman, D. B., and Dallob, A., 1990, Regulation of phosphatidylinositol breakdown and leukotriene synthesis by endogenous prostaglandins in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 265: 9176–9180.
Wightman, P. D., Humes, J. L., Davies, P., and Bonney, R. J., 1981, Identification and characterization of two phospholipase A2 activities in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages, Biochem. J. 195: 427–433.
Williams, J. D., Robin, J. L., Lewis, R. A., Lee, T. H., and Austen, K. F., 1986, Generation of leukotrienes by human monocytes pretreated with cytochalasin B and stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine, J. Immunol. 136: 642–648.
Yamamoto, H., and Suzuki, T., 1987, Prostaglandin E2-induced activation of adenosine 3’-5’-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of a murine macrophage-like cell line (P388D1), J. Immunol. 139: 3416–3421.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hamilton, J.A. (1993). Macrophages and Prostaglandins. In: Horton, M.A. (eds) Macrophages and Related Cells. Blood Cell Biochemistry, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9534-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9534-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9536-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9534-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive