Skip to main content

What Went Wrong?

Diagnostic and Ethical Problems in Dealing with the Effects of Torture and Repression in South Africa

  • Chapter
Beyond Trauma

Part of the book series: The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping ((SSSO))

Abstract

No category of crime has been so extensively and widely condemned as crimes against humanity and abuses of human rights. But beyond doubt, there is no category of criminal so certain to escape punishment or even serious inconvenience, or so likely to retire on a pension at the expense of his or her victims. Trauma is an inevitable consequence of such offenses, and accordingly, clinicians and researchers working with trauma are provided with both opportunities and responsibilities to understand these phenomena.

“Tell me, what went wrong? Born like I was, good and murky, Bred like you were, human and odd ... Can’t you see you’ve been killing the dead? Sending me to pastures grey, when pastures green abound? Have you said I’m good, when dead? Born like I were, dead as a grave ... Born like I am, great and murky, Bred as I am, human and wise, I lave you said it? Dead. No, Alive!

From a poem by Donald Madisha, who died as a political prisoner in South Africa in June 1990; found during a psychological autopsy (Simpson, 1993d).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1991). DSM-IV options book. Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th cd.; DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International. (1992). Amnesty International Report: 1992. London: Author. Askevolde, F. (1980). The war sailor syndrome. Danish Medical Bulletin, 27, 220 - 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • British Medical Association. (1992). edicine betrayed: The participation of doctors in human rights abuses. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, A. W., and Holmstrom, L. I.. (1974). Rape trauma syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 981 - 986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, L. (1965). Alice through the looking glass. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. (1989). Soviet psychiatry: Politics and mental health in the USSR today. London: Paladin.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beer, C. (1984). The South African disease: Apartheid health and health services. Johannesburg: Southern African Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Zulueta, F. (1993). Front pain to violence: The traumatic roots of destructiveness. London: Whurr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engdahl, E. E., and Eberly, R. E. (1990). The effects of torture and other captivity maltreatment: Implications for psychology. In P. Suedfeld (Ed.), Psychology and torture (Chap. 3 ). New York: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. (1969). The Afrikaners. London: Chappell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gluzman, S. (1989). On Soviet totalitarian psychiatry. Amsterdam: International Association on the Political Uses of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple, A. (1967). Verwoerd. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. L. (1992a). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma.. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377 - 392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. 1.. (1992b). Sequelae of prolonged repeated trauma: Evidence for a complex posttraumatic syndrome (DESNOS). In J. R. T. Davidson and E. B. Foa (Eds.), PTSD: DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 213 - 228 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C. (1993). The social context of torture: Policy process. In R. D. Crelinstein and A. I. Schmidt (Eds.), The politics of pain: Torturers and their masters (pp. 21 - 38 ). Leiden, Netherlands: COMT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, S. A., and Kutchins, H. (1992). The selling of DSM: The rhetoric of science in psychiatry. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litton, R. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S. (1993). What constitutes a stressor? The “Criterion A” issue. In J. R. T. Davidson and E. B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 3755 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitscherlich, A., and Mitscherlich, M. (1975). The inability to mourn. New York: Grove lress. Pross, C. (1988). Wiedergutmachung: Der Kleinkrieg gegen die Opfer. Frankfurt: Atheneum Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pross, C. (1991). Breaking through the postwar coverup of Nazi doctors in Germany. Journal of Medical Ethics, 17 (Suppl.), 13 - 16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, A. A. (1993). Prosecuting Nazi war criminals. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Schmolling, P. (1984). Human reactions to the Nazi concentration camps: A summing up. Journal of Human Stress, 10, 108 - 120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1987, November). Psychological findings in eight accused of murder by “common purpose” in the course of a township riot: Report to the court in the case of State vs. M. Ncaphayi,

    Google Scholar 

  • V Jack, B. Sonamzi, S. Booysen, E. Nelani, M. Sgoko, R. Yebe, and N. Madolo. Supreme Court of South Africa (Eastern Cape Division), Grahamstown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1988, June). Psychological and psychiatric findings in three men accused of terrorist bombings: Report to the Court in the case of State versus Nthunzi Tshika, Thembinkosi Nkosi, and Zwellinjani Mathe. Supreme Court of South Africa, Pietermaritzburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1989, January). Traumatic stress problems in a patient alleging prolonged solitary confinement, prolonged interrogation, and torture: Report to the court in the case of State versus P. Sibankulu, T. Nkgati, and M. P. Cele. Natal Regional Court, Newcastle and Utrecht, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1992a, December). Amnesty means never having to say youre sorry. Critical Health (Johannesburg), 41, 23 - 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1992b, June). Ethical aspects of torture and health professionals. Paper pre- sented to the ISTSS First World Conference on Traumatic Stress, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. (1993a). Bitter waters: Effects on children of the stresses of unrest and oppression. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), The international handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 601 - 624 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1993b, June 10). Changes as trauma: Challenges in the transition to democracy in South Africa. Closing Plenary Address, Third European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Bergen, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. ( 1993c, June 10). On surviving assassination attempts. Paper presented to the Third European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Bergen, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. (1993d). Poems and notes by Donald Madisha, South African detainee. Torture, 3(4), 125 - 130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. (1993e). Traumatic stress and the bruising of the soul: The effects of torture and coercive interrogation. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), The international handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 667 - 684 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. A. (1996). The second bullet—Intergenerational impacts of trauma: The South African experience. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), Multigenerational legacies of trauma: An international handbook. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjaastad, O. (1986). The war sailor and KZ syndrome. Functional Neurology, 1, 5 - 19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staub, E. (1993). Torture: Psychological and cultural origins. In R. D. Crelinstein and A. P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt (Eds.), The politics of pain: Torturers and their masters (pp 109-123). Leiden, Netherlands: COMT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stover, E., and Nightingale, E. O. (1985). The breaking of bodies and minds: Torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on DSM-IV. ( 1991, September 1). DSM-IV options book: Work in progress. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thygesen, P. (1980). The concentration camp syndrome. Danish Medical Bulletin, 27, 224228.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1982). Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly physicians, in the protection of prisoners and detainees against torture. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Voren, R. (Ed.). (1987). Koryagin: A man struggling for human dignity. Amsterdam: Second World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Simpson, M.A. (1995). What Went Wrong?. In: Kleber, R.J., Figley, C.R., Gersons, B.P.R. (eds) Beyond Trauma. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9421-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9421-2_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9423-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9421-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics