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Peptidoglycan (Murein) Hydrolases: Unusual Enzymes for Unusual Substrates

  • Chapter
Bacterial Growth and Lysis

Part of the book series: Federation of European Microbiological Societies Symposium Series ((FEMS,volume 65))

Abstract

A broad variety of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to have the ability to dissolve themselves (autolyze), particularly under “adverse” conditions (see Ghuysen and Shockman, 1973; Daneo-Moore and Shockman, 1977; Rogers et al., 1980; Shockman and Barrett, 1983; Doyle and Koch, 1987; Höltje and Tuomanen, 1991, for reviews). This process is now known to be initiated by the action of endogenous enzymes that hydrolyze specific bonds in the insoluble, osmotically protective, shape-maintaining and essential, peptidoglycan (murein) polymer of the bacterial cell wall. Hydrolysis of a sufficient number of bonds in a restricted area of the two- or three-dimensional peptidoglycan network, or a larger number of bonds in a broader area of the wall, creates a weak spot (or a generalized weakness in the structure), so that the wall can no longer protect the protoplast from its own internal osmotic pressure, so that the protoplast then explodes out through the weakened structure. Endogenous enzymes are now known that can hydrolyze virtually every bond in the peptidoglycan including: (i) glycosidases and transglycosidases, such as N-acetylmuramoylhydrolases (muramidases) and N-acetylglucosaminidases, (ii) N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases, and (iii) various peptidases and transpeptidases, including DD- and LD-carboxypeptidases (Rogers et al., 1980).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA

    Gerald D. Shockman, Chien-Peng Chu, Reiko Kariyama, Lori K. Tepper & Lolita Daneo-Moore

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  2. Chien-Peng Chu
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  1. Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain

    M. A. de Pedro

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany

    J.-V. Höltje

  3. Institut für Allgemeine Biochemie, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

    W. Löffelhardt

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Shockman, G.D., Chu, CP., Kariyama, R., Tepper, L.K., Daneo-Moore, L. (1993). Peptidoglycan (Murein) Hydrolases: Unusual Enzymes for Unusual Substrates. In: de Pedro, M.A., Höltje, JV., Löffelhardt, W. (eds) Bacterial Growth and Lysis. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Symposium Series, vol 65. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9359-8_25

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