Abstract
Although the first cholecystectomy was performed by Langenbuch in 1882 [1], the common bile duct was not explored until 1890 [2–4]. For nearly 80 years, surgical common bile duct exploration was the treatment of choice for choledocholithiasis. The era of nonoperative or minimally invasive treatrient of common duct stones was ushered in by the introduction of interventional radiologic methods for stone extraction in 1964 [5], followed by the development of retrograde endoscopic techniques first introduced in 1974 [6, 7].
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Schwartz, L.B., Pappas, T.N. (1996). Laparoscopic Management of Choledocholithiasis. In: Atlas of Laparoscopic Surgery. Current Medicine Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9316-1_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9316-1_8
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