Abstract
The area of behavioral disabilities is broad because of the range of disorders that have been identified. Therefore, differentiating among these disorders and identifying disordered children as being different from normals require a more extensive description of characteristics than would be necessary in other disability areas. The characteristics reviewed in this chapter include cognitive abilities as well as those related to cognitive and behavioral style. It is these latter characteristics that provide a basis for the identification of disordered children and of target behavior, whereas cognitive ability assessment provides some indication of prognosis and the framework for instructional programming.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls aged 6–11 and 12–16. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 223–233.
Ackerman, P. T., Dykman, R. A., & Peters, J. E. (1977). Teenage status of hyperactive and nonhyperactive learning disabled boys. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 577–596.
Alpern, G. D., & Kimberlin, C. C. (1970). Short intelligence test ranging from infancy levels through childhood levels for use with the retarded. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 75, 65–71.
Barkley, R. A. (1982). Hyperactivity. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (1985). Do as we say, not as we do: The problem of stimulus control and rule-governed behavior in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. In J. Swanson & M. Bloomingdale (Eds.), Emerging trends in research on attention deficit disorders. New York: LEA Publications.
Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox A. (1977). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder: III. Discriminant functions analysis. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 383–396.
Berlyne, D.E. (1960). Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boucher, J. (1977). Alternation and sequencing behavior and response to novelty in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 67–72.
Boullin, D. J., Coleman, M., O’Brien, R. A., & Rimland, B. (1971). Laboratory prediction of infantile autism based on 5-hydroxytryptamine efflux from blood platelets and their correlation with Rimland E2 score. Journal of Autism and Child Schizophrenia, 1, 63–71.
Bower, E. (1969). Early identification of emotionally handicapped children in school (2nd ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Buchan, B., Swap, S., & Swap, W. (1977). Teacher identification of hyperactive children in preschool settings. Exceptional Children, 43, 314.
Campbell, S. B., & Cluss, P. (1982). Peer relationships of young children with behavior problems. In K. H. Rubin & H. S. Ross (Eds.), Peer relationships and social skills in childhood. New York: Springer Verlag.
Campbell, S. B., Douglas, V. I., & Morgenstern, G. (1971). Cognitive styles in hyperactive children and the effect of methylphenidate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 55–67.
Campbell, S. B., Endman, M. W., & Bernfeld, G. (1977). A three-year follow-up of hyperactive preschoolers into elementary school. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 239–249.
Campbell, S. B., Szumowski, E. K., Ewing, L. J., Gluck, D. S., & Breaux, A. M. (1982). A multidimension assessment of parent-identified behavior problem toddlers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 569–591.
Carroll, J. (1964). Language and thought. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Childers, A. T. (1935). Hyperactivity in children having behavior disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 5, 227–243.
Cohen, N. J., & Minde, K. (1983). The “hyperactive syndrome” in kindergarten children: Comparisons of children with pervasive and situational symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 443–455.
Cohen, N. J., Sullivan, J., Minde, K., Novak, C., & Helwig, C. (1981). Evaluation of the relative effectiveness of methylphenidate and cognitive behavior modification in the treatment of kindergarten hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 43–54.
Conners, C. K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children (special issue). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 24–84.
Conners, C. K. (1975). Minimal brain dysfunction and psychopathology in children. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child psychopathology and personality: Current topics. New York: Wiley.
Cunningham, C. E., & Barkley, R. A. (1978a). The effects of methylphenidate on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive and identical twins. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 20, 634–642.
Cunningham, C. E., & Barkley, R. A. (1978b). The role of academic failure in hyperactive behavior. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 274–280.
Cunningham, C. E., & Barkley, R. A. (1979). The interactions of normal and hyperactive children with their mothers in free play and structured tasks. Child Development, 50, 217–224.
Davids, A. (1971). An objective instrument for assessing hyperkinesis in children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4, 35–37.
Davids, A. (1975). Childhood psychosis: The problem of differential diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 130–138.
Davison, G. C., & Neale, J. M. (1974). Abnormal psychology. New York: Wiley.
DeMyer, M. K. (1976). The measured intelligence of autistic children. In E. Schopler & R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Psychopathology and child development: Research and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
DeMyer, M. K., Churchill, D. W., Pontius, W., & Gilkey, K. M. (1971). A comparison of five diagnostic systems for childhood schizophrenia and infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Child Schizophrenia, 1, 175–189.
Douglas, V. I. (1972). Stop, look, and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 4, 259–282.
Douglas, V. I. (1980). Higher mental processes in hyperactive children: Implications for training. In R. M. Knights & D. J. Bakker (Eds.), Treatment of hyperactive and learning disabled children. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Douglas, V. I., & Peters, K. G. (1979). Toward a clearer definition of the attentional deficit of hyperactive children. In G. A. Hale & M. Lewis (Eds.), Attention and the development of cognitive skills. New York: Plenum Press.
Douglas, V. L, & Sanders, F. A. (1968). A pilot study of Rimland’s diagnostic checklist with autistic and mentally retarded children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 105–109.
Dwyer, A. M., & Zentall, S.S. (1987). Color stimulation and its effects on the impulsive errors and activity of hyperactive children. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Fay, W. H. (1980). Aspects of language. In W. H. Fay, A. L. Schuler, & R. L. Schiefelbusch (Eds.), Emerging language in autistic children. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Fein, D., Humes, M., Kaplan, E., Lucci, D., & Waterhouse, L. (1984). The question of left hemisphere dysfunction in infantile autism. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 258–281.
Fineman, K. R. (1968). Visual-color reinforcement in establishment of speech by an autistic child. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 26, 761–762.
Frankel, F., Freeman, B. J., Ritvo, E., Chikami, B., & Carr, E. (1976). Effects of frequency of photic stimulation upon autistic and retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81, 32–40.
Frankel, F., Simmons, J. Q., III, Fichter, M., & Freeman, B. J. (1984). Stimulus overselectivity in autistic and mentally retarded children—A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25, 147–155.
Freeman, B., & Ritvo, E. (1976). In E. Ritvo, B. Freeman, E. Ornitz, & P. Tanguay (Eds.), Autism: Diagnosis, current research and management. Holliswood, NY: Spectrum.
Freeman, B. J., Frankel, B. J., & Ritvo, E. J. (1976). The effects of response contingent vestibular stimulation on the behavior of autistic and retarded children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 353–358.
Freibergs, V., & Douglas, V. I. (1969). Concept learning in hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 338–395.
Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (1984). Systematic bias in the assessment of handicapped children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April.
Fuchs, D., Zern, D. S., & Fuchs, L. S. (1983). Participants’ verbal and nonverbal behavior in familiar and unfamiliar test conditions: An exploratory analysis. Diagnostique, 8, 159–169.
Graubard, P. (1973). Children with behavioral disabilities. In L. M. Dunn (Ed.), Exceptional children in the schools (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Halverson, C. F., & Waldrop, M. F. (1976). Relations between preschool activity and aspects of intellectual and social behavior at age 7½. Developmental Psychology, 12, 107–112.
Harris, G., Vincent, J., & Williams, B. (1977). Temporal stability of behavior profiles and behaviors of hyperactive and control children. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
Hermelin, B., & Frith, V. (1971). Can autistic children make sense of what they see and hear?. Journal of Special Education, 5, 107–117.
Hermelin, B., & O’Connor, N. (1968). Measures of the occipital alpha rhythm in normal, subnormal, and autistic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 603–610.
Hermelin, B., & O’Connor, W. (1970). Psychological experiments with children. Oxford: Pergamon.
Hoy, E., Weiss, G., Minde, K., & Cohen, N. (1978). The hyperactive child at adolescence: Cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 311–324.
Hutt, C., & Ounsted, C. (1968). Gaze aversion and its significance in childhood autism. In S. J. Hutt & C. Hutt (Eds.), Behavior studies in psychiatry. New York: Pergamon Press.
James, A. L., & Barry, R. J. (1980). Respiratory and vascular responses to simple visual stimuli in autistics, retardates, and normals. Psychophysiology, 17, 541–547.
Jenkins, S., Owen, C., Bax, M., & Hart, H. (1984). Continuities of common behavior problems in preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25, 75–89.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
Kauffman, J. M. (1981). Characteristics of children’s behavior disorders (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
Knoblock, P. (1983). Teaching emotionally disturbed children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Koegel, R. L., & Egel, A. L. (1979). Motivating autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 418–426.
Krug, D. A., Arick, J., & Almond, P. (1980). Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 105–109.
Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255–268.
Lidz, C. S. (1983). Issues in assessing preschool children. In K. D. Paget & B. A. Braken (Eds.), The psychoeducational assessment of preschool children. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Lipowski, Z. J. (1975). Sensory and information inputs overload: Behavioral effects. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16, 199–221.
Lockyer, L., & Rutter, M. (1970). A five-to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: IV. Patterns of cognitive ability. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 152–163.
Loney, J. (1974). The intellectual functioning of hyperactive elementary school boys: A cross-sectional investigation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 44, 754–762.
Loney, J., Whaley-Klahn, M. A., Kosier, T., & Conboy, T. (1981). Hyperactive boys and their brothers at 21: Predictors of aggressive and antisocial outcomes. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Life History Research, Monterey, California.
Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1970). Strengths and weaknesses of operant conditioning techniques for the treatment of autism. Proceeding of the Conference and Annual Meeting of the National Society for Autistic Children.
Madan-Swain, A., & Zentall, S. S. (1987). Behavioral comparisons of accepted and rejected hyperactive children and their matched controls in social play contexts. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Margolies, P. J. (1977). Behavioral approaches to the treatment of early infantile autism: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 249–264.
Mash, E. J., & Terdal, L. G. (1982). Behavioral assessment of childhood disturbance. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disturbance. New York: Guilford Press.
Milich, R., & Landau, S. (1982). Socialization and peer relations in hyperactive children. In K. D. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.), Advances in Learning and Behavior Disabilities (Vol. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Milich, R. S., & Loney, J. (1979). The factor composition of the WISC for hyperkinetic/MBD males. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 55–64.
Minde, K., Lewin, D., Weiss, G., Lavigueur, H., Douglas, V. I., & Sykes, E. (1971). The hyperactive child in elementary school: A 5-year controlled follow-up. Exceptional Children, 38, 215–221.
Nathanson, L. W. (1977). Autism versus retardation: Discrimination maintenance along a distracting visual continuum. Paper presented at the Eighty-fifth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Newsom, C., & Rincover, A. (1982). Autism. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
O’Connor, N., & Hermelin, B. (1967). The selective visual attention of psychotic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 167–179.
Ornitz, E. M. (1974). The modulation of sensory input and motor output in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4, 197–214.
Palkovitz, R. J., & Wiesenfeld, A. R. (1980). Differential autonomic responses of autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 347–360.
Parry, P. A., & Douglas, V. I. (1983). Effects of reward on concept identification in hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 327–340.
Pelham, W. E., & Bender, M. E. (1982). Peer relationships in hyperactive children, Description and treatment. Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities, 1, 365–436.
Prior, M. R. (1977). Conditional matching learning set performance in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 183–189.
Prior, M. R. (1979). Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 357–380.
Richer, J. (1976). The social-avoidance behavior of autistic children. Animal Behavior, 24, 898–906.
Rimland, B. (1971). The differentiation of child psychosis: An analysis of checklists for 2,218 psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 161–174.
Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1982). Hyper activity: Current issues, research, and theory (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Routh, D. K., Schroeder, C. S., & O’Tuama, L. (1974). Development of activity level in children. Developmental Psychology, 10, 163–168.
Rutter, M. (1968). Concepts of autism: A review of research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 1–25.
Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139–157.
Rutter, M., & Bartak, L. (1971). Causes of infantile autism: Some considerations from recent research. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 20–32.
Rutter, M., Greenfield, D., & Lockyer, L. (1967). A 5 to 15 year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: II. Social and behavioral outcome. British Journal of Psychology, 113, 1183–1199.
Safer, D. J., & Allen, R. P. (1976). Hyperactive children: Diagnosis and management. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Schleifer, M., Weiss, G., Cohen, N., Elman, M., Cvejic, H., & Kruger, E. (1975). Hyperactivity in preschoolers and the effect of methylphenidate. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 38–50.
Schopler, E. (1965). Early infantile autism and receptor processes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 327–355.
Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 613–620.
Shores, R. E., & Haubrich, P. A. (1969). Effect of cubicles in educating emotionally disturbed children. Exceptional Children, 36, 21–24.
Simmons, J., & Tymchuk, A. (1973). The learning deficits in childhood psychosis. The Pediatric Clinics of North America, 20, 665–679.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Smith, A. A., Malmo, R. B., & Shagass, C. (1977). An electromyographic study of listening and talking. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 8, 219–227.
Spivak, G., & Swift, M. (1967). Devereux elementary school behavior rating scale. Devon, PA: Devereux Foundation Press.
Sroufe, L. A., Steucher, H. V., & Stutzer, W. (1973). The functional significance of autistic behaviors for the psychotic child. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1, 225–240.
Steinkamp, M. W. (1980). Relationships between environmental distraction and task performance of hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 209–214.
Stevens, D., Boydstun, J., Dykman, R., Peters, J., & Stinton, D. (1967). Presumed minimal brain dysfunction in children: Relationship to performance on selected behavioral tests. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 281–285.
Strain, P. S., & Shores, R. E. (1983). A reply to “misguided mainstreaming.”. Exceptional Children, 50, 271–273.
Suedfeld, P., & Schwartz, G. (1983). Restricted environmental stimulation therapy REST as a treatment for autistic children. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 4, 196–201.
Tant, J. L., & Douglas, V. I. (1982). Problem solving in hyperactive, normal, and reading-disabled boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 285–306.
Weingartner, H., Rapoport, J. L., Buchsbaum, M. S., Bunney, W. E., Ebert, M. H., Mikkelsen, E. J., & Caine, E. D. (1980). Cognitive processes in normal and hyperactive children and their response to amphetamine treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 25–37.
Weiss, G., Minde, K., Werry, J., Douglas, V., & Nemeth, E. (1971). Studies of the hyperactive child: VII. Five-year follow up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 409–414.
Weithorn, C. J., & Kagen, E. (1978). Interaction of language development and activity level among first-graders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 148–159.
Werry, J. S. (1968). Studies on the hyperactive child: IV. An empirical analysis of the minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 9–16.
Whalen, C. K., Henker, B., Collins, B. E., McAuliffe, S., & Vaux, A. (1979). Peer interaction in a structured communication task: Comparisons of normal and hyperactive boys and of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and placebo effects. Child Development, 50, 388–401.
Winett, R. A., & Winkler, R. C. (1972). Current behavior modification in the classroom: Be still, be quiet, be docile. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 499–504.
Wing, L. (1976). Early childhood autism. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Zentall, S. S. (1975). Optimal stimulation as theoretical basis of hyperactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 549–563.
Zentall, S. S. (1979). Effects of environmental stimulation on behavior as a function of type of behavior disorder. Behavior Disorders, 5, 19–29.
Zentall, S. S. (1980). Behavioral comparisons of hyperactive and normally active children in natural settings. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 98, 93–109.
Zentall, S. S. (1983). Effects of psychotropic drugs on the behavior of preacademic children: A review. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 3, 29–39.
Zentall, S. S. (1984). Context effects in the behavioral ratings of hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 345–352.
Zentall, S. S. (1986). Effects of color stimulation on performance and activity of hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 159–165.
Zentall, S. S. (1987) Production deficiencies in elicited language but not in the spontaneous verbalizations of hyperactive children. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Zentall, S. S., & Barack, R. S. (1979). Ratings scales for hyperactivity: Concurrent validity, reliability, and decisions to label for the Conners and Davids abbreviated scale. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 179–190.
Zentall, S. S., & Gohs, D. E. (1984). Responses of hyperactive and comparison children to global vs. detailed information. Learning Disability Quarterly, 7, 77–87.
Zentall, S. S., & Leib, S. (1985). Structured tasks: Effects on activity and performance of hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Educational Research, 79, 91–95.
Zentall, S. S., & Shaw, J. H. (1980). Effects of classroom noise on performance and activity of second grade hyperactive and control children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 830–840.
Zentall, S. S., & Zentall, T. R. (1983). Optimal stimulation: A model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 446–471.
Zentall, S. S., Zentall, T. R., & Barack, R. S. (1978a). Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 540–548.
Zentall, S. S., Zentall, T. R., & Booth, M. E. (1978b). Within-task stimulation: Effects on activity and spelling performance in hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Educational Research, 71, 223–230.
Zentall, S. S., Gohs, D. E., & Culatta, B. (1983). Language and activity of hyperactive and comparison preschoolers in a listening task. Exceptional Children, 50, 255–266.
Zentall, S. S., Falkenberg, S. D., & Smith, L. B. (1985). Effects of stimulation on copying performance of attention problem adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 501–511.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zentall, S.S. (1988). Cognitive Assessment of Infants and Preschoolers with Severe Behavioral Disabilities. In: Wachs, T.D., Sheehan, R. (eds) Assessment of Young Developmentally Disabled Children. Perspectives in Developmental Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9306-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9306-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9308-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9306-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive