Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Use of Transcription-based Amplification Systems in the Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infections

  • Chapter
Applied Virology Research

Part of the book series: Applied Virology Research ((AVIR,volume 3))

  • 87 Accesses

Abstract

The advances in nucleic acid sequencing and detection by hybridization have opened new approaches to the diagnosis of human pathogens. While nucleic acid hybridization made detection of target sequences highly specific and/or relatively rapid in comparison to standardized immunological or culture-based assays, the methodology was slow in being adapted to clinical settings for two major reasons. First, the most sensitive nucleic acid hybridization techniques requires the use of radiolabeled probes making everyday utilization and waste management problematic. Secondly, even using radioactivity, nucleic acid hybridization is unable to detect targets below approximately 104 molecules (Chou and Merigan, 1982). This limitation in sensitivity poses a major stumbling block for the use of probes especially in viral diagnostics since several clinically important viruses such as human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and 2), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) frequently are present clinical samples well below the level of sensitivity achievable by most nucleic acid-based hybridization assays (Landry, 1990). A major breakthrough in the utility of nucleic acid hybridization as a diagnostic tool occurred with the introduction of in vitro nucleic acid target amplification. The development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1985 (Saiki et al.,1985) permitted the amplification of target nucleic acid sequences over a million-fold, thereby allowing a single copy of a target molecule to be detected in a clinical sample. The only other diagnostic tool comparable in sensitivity is the in vitro propagation by culturing of the pathogen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, J. M., Poiesz, B. J., Byrne, B. C., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J. J. and Ehrlich, G. D. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1158–1169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barany, F. (1991a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 189–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barany, F. (1991b) PCR Method.Applic. 1, 5–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barringer, K. J., Orgel, L., Wahl, G. and Gingeras, T. R. (1990) Gene 89, 117–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker-André, M. and Hahlbrock, K. (1989) Nucl. Acids Res. 17, 9437–9446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagavati, S., Ehrlich, G., Kula, R. W., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J., Udani, V. and Poeisz, B. J. (1988) N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1141–1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, C. A. B., Tersmette, M., Lange, J. M. A., Kellam, P., deGoede, R. E. Y., Mulder, J. W., Darby, G., Goudsmit, J. and Larder, B. A. (1990) Lancet 336, 585–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchbinder, A., Josephs, S. F., Ablashi, D., Salahuddin, S. Z., Klotman, M. E., Manak, M., Krueger, G. R., Wong-Staal, F. and Gallo, R. C. (1988) J. Virol. Meth. 21, 191–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chelly, J., Kaplan, J.-C., Maire, P., Gautron, S. and Kahn, A. (1988) Nature 333, 858–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, S. and Merigan, T. C. (1982) N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 921–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cimino, G. D., Metchette, K. C., Hearst, J. E. and Isaacs, S. T. (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 99–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. R., Blumeyer, K., DiMichele, L. J., Whitfield, K. M., Chappelle, H., Riggs, N., Ghosh, S. S., Kao, P., Fahy, E., Kwoh, D. Y., Guatelli, J. C., Spector, S. A., Richman, D. D. and Gingeras, T. R. (1990) J. Infect. Dis. 162, 13–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de la Salle, C., Bass, M. J., Laustriat, D., Guy, B., Bordes, E., Wiesel, M. L., Grunebaum, L., Lutz, P., Partisani, M., Lang, J. M. et al. (1991) Ann. Hematol. 62, 165–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demmler, G. J., Buffone, G. J., Schimbor, C. M. and May, R. A. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1177–1184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, D. B., Ehrlich, G. D., Davey, F. P., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J., Goldberg, J., Baltrucki, L. and Poiesz, B. J. (1988) Blood 71, 1027–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, B. K., (1991) In The Enzymes (P. Boyer, ed.), pp. 565–586, Academic Press, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlich, H. A., ed. (1989). In PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, Stockton Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlich, H. A., Gelfand, D. H. and Saiki, R. K. (1988) Nature 331, 461–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahy, E., Kwoh, D. Y. and Gingeras, T. R. (1991) PCR Method. Applic. 1, 25–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farzadegan, H., Polis, M. A., Wolinsky, S. M., Rinaldo, C. R. J., Sninsky, J. J., Kwok, S., Griffith, R. L., Kaslow, R. A., Phair, J. P., Polk, E. B. and Saah, A. J. (1988) Ann. Intern. Med. 108, 785–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gama, R. E., Hughes, R. J., Bruce, C. B. and Stanway, G. (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 9346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudette, M. F. and Crain, W. R. (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 1879–1884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, D. H. and White, T. J., (1990) In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky and T. White, eds.), pp. 129–141, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. A., Chamberlain, J. S. and Caskey, C. T., (1989) In PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (H. Erlich, ed.), pp. 171–191, Stockton Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, G., Perrin, S. and Bunn, H. F., (1990a) In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky and T. White, eds.), pp. 60–69, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, G., Perrin, S., Blanchard, K. and Bunn, H. F. (1990b) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2725–2729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gingeras, T. R. and Kwoh, D. Y. (1991) In Diagnostic Nucleic Acid Probe Technology (C. Dangler and B. Osburn eds.) Hanser Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gingeras, T. R., Prodanovich, P., Latimer, T., Guatelli, J. C., Richman, D. D. and Barringer, K. J. (1991) J. Infect. Dis. 164

    Google Scholar 

  • Gingeras, T. R., Richman, D. D., Kwoh, D. Y. and Guatelli, J. C. (1990a) Veterinary Microbiology 24, 235–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gingeras, T. R., Whitfield, K. M. and Kwoh, D. Y. (1990b) Annales du Biologie Clinique 48, 498–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guatelli, J. C., Whitfield, K. M., Kwoh, D. Y., Barringer, K. J., Richman, D. D. and Gingeras, T. R. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 1874–1878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten, U. and Erlich, H. A. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7652–7656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, C., Schochetman, G., Spira, T., Lifson, A., Moore, J., Galphin, J., Sninsky, J. and Ou, C. Y. (1988) Lancet 2, 596–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmilä, I., Dakuba, S., Mukkala, V.-M., Sitari, H. A. and Lövgren, T. (1984) Anal. Biochem. 137, 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett, I., Y., L., Epstein, J., Hawthorne, C. A., Ruta, M. and Allain, J. P. (1990) J. AIDS 3, 714–720.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imagawa, D. T., Lee, M. H., Wolinsky, S. M., Sano, K., Morales, F., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J.J., Nishanian, P.G., Giorgi, J., Fahey, J.L., Dudley, J., Visscher, B.R. and Detels, R. (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 1458–1462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innis, M. A. and Gelfand, D. H., (1990). In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, (M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky and T. White, eds.). Academic Press, Inc., San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, S. T., Tessman, J. W., Mitchette, K. C., Hearst, J. E. and Cimino, G. D. (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 109–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B., Kwok, S. Y., Sninsky, J. J., Hopsicker, J. S., Sannerud, K. J., Rhame, F. S., Henry, K., Simpson, M. and Balfour, H. H. J. (1990) J. Clin. Microbiol. 28, 16–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Japour, A. J., Chatis, P. A., Eigenrauch, H. A. and Crumpacker, C. S. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 3092–3096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, P. A., Szotyeri, Z., Fromhole, C. and Almond, N. (1990) Nature 344, 201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwoh, D. Y., Davis, G. R., Whitfield, K. M., Chappelle, H. L., DiMichele, L. J. and Gingeras, T. R. (1989) Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 1173–1177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwoh, D. Y. and Kwoh, T. J. (1990) Am. Biotech. Lab. 8, 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, S. and Higuchi, R. (1989) Nature 339, 237–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, S., Kellogg, D., Ehrlich, G., Poiesz, B., Bhagavati, S. and Sninsky, J. J. (1988)1. Infect. Dis. 158, 1193–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, M. L. (1990) Clin. Biochem. 23, 267–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larder, B. A., Chesebro, B. and Richman, D. D. (1990) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34, 436–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larder, B. A., Darby, G. and Richman, D. D. (1989) Science 243, 1731–1734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larder, B. A. and Kemp, S. D. (1989) Science 246

    Google Scholar 

  • Larzul, D., Guigue, F., Sninsky, J. J., Mack, D. H., Bréchot, C. and Guesdon, J. L. (1988) J. Virol. Meth. 20, 227–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laure, F., Courgnaud, V., Rouzioux, C., Blanche, S., Veber, F., Burgard, M., Jacomet, C., Griscelli, C. and Bréchot, C. (1988) Lancet 2, 538–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lifson, A. R., Stanley, M., Pane, J., O’Malley, P. M., Wiber, J. C., Stanley, A., Jeffrey, B., Rutherford, G. W. and Sohmer, P. R. (1990) J. Infect. Dis. 161, 436–439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lizardi, P. M., Guerra, C. E., Lomeli, H., Tussie-Luna, I. and Kramer, F. R. (1988) Bio Technology 6, 1197–1201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, M. C., Berninger, M. S. and Hartley, J. L. (1990) Gene 93, 125–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-Galíndez, C., Rojas, J. M., Nâjera, R., Richman, D. D. and Perucho, M. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 4280–4284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, P. C., (1990) In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky and T. White, eds.), pp. 76–83, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morello, D., Duprey, P., Israel, A. and Babinet, C. (1985) Immunogenetics 22, 441–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullis, K. B. (1990) Scientific American 262, 56–61, 64–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullis, K. B. and Faloona, F. A. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 155, 335–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murakawa, G. J., Zaia, J. A., Apallone, P. A., Stephens, D. A., Kaplan, B. E., Wallace, R. B. and Rossi, J. J. (1988) DNA 7, 287–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. M., Laren, Z. and Maniatis, T. (1985) Science 230, 1242–1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, K. E., Beck, C., Holzmayer, T. A., Chin, J. E., Wunder, J. S. Andrulis, I. L., Gazdar, A. F., William, C. L., Von Hoff, D. D. and Robinson, I. B. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 7160–7164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oser, A., Roth, W. K. and Valet, G. (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 1181–1196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ou, C.-Y., Kwok, S., Mitchell, S. W., Sninsky, J. J., Krebs, J. W., Feorino, P., Warfield, D. and Schochetman, G. (1988) Science 239, 295–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ou, C.-Y., Moore, J. L. and Schochetman, G. (1991) Bio Techniques 10, 442–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa, T., Tanaka, M., Ikebe, S.-I., Ohno, K., Kondo, T. and Mizuno, Y. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 172, 483–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterlini, P., Gerken, G., Nakajima, E., Terre, S., D’Errico, A., Grigioni, W., Nalpas, B., Franco, D., Wands, J., Kew, M., Pisi, E., Tiollais, P. and Bréchot, C. (1990a) N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 80–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterlini, P., Lallemant-Le Coeur, S., Lallemant, M., M’Pele, P., Dazza, M. C., Terre, S., Moncany, M., Jourdain, G., Courgnaud, V. and N’Zingoula, S. (1990b) J. Med. Virol. 30, 53–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persing, D. H. (1991) J. Clin. Microbiol. 29, 1281–1285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persing, D. H. and Landry, M. L. (1989) Yale J. Biol. Med. 62, 159–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pezzella, M., Rossi, P., Lombardi, V., Gemelli, V., Mariani Constantini, R., Mirolo, M., Fundaro, C., Moschese, V. and Wigzell, H. (1989) BMJ 298, 713–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayfield, M., DeCork, K., Heyward, W., Goldstein, L., Krebs, J., Kwok, S., Lee, S., McCormick, J., Moreau, J. M., Odebouri, K., Schochetman, G., Sninsky, J. and Ou, C. Y. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1170–1176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D., Rosenthal, A. S., Skoog, M., Eckner, R. J., Chou, T.-C., Sabo, J. P. and Merluzzi, V. J. (1991b) Antimicrob. Agents Chemotherap. 35, 305–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. D. (1990) Rev. Infectious Diseases 12, S507 - S512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. D., Grimes, J. M. and Lagakos, S. W. (1990) J. AIDS 3, 743–746.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. D., McCutchan, J. A. and Spector, S. A. (1987) J. Infect. Dis. 156, 823–827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, M. O. and Simon, M. I. (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 1557–1562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M. F., Ou, C.-Y., Rayfield, M., Thomas, P. A., Schoenbaum, E. E., Abrahms, E., Krasinski, K., Selwyn, P. A., Moore, J., Kaul, A., Grimm, K. T., Bamji, M. and Schochetman, G. (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 1649–1654.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, R. K., (1989). PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, Stockton Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., Mullis, K. B. and Erlich, H. A. (1988) Science 230, 1350–1354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, R. K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F. A., Mullis, K. B., Horn, G., Erlich, H. and Arnheim, W. (1985) Science 230, 1300–1354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, H. W., Ascher, M. S., Busch, M. B., Sohmer, P. R., Stanley, M., Luce, M. C., Chimera, J. A., Madej, R., Rodgers, G. C., Lynch, C. and The New York City Collaborative Study of maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiore Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group (1991) J. AIDS 4, 277–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, D., Fu, Y. S., Gupta, J. W., Shah, K. V., Arnheim, N. and Martin, W. J. (1988a) Lab. Invest. 59, 555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, D., Martin, W. J., Appleman, M. D., Causey, D. M., Leedom, J. M. and Arnheim, N. (1988b) J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1185–1192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, D. K., Arnheim, N. and Martin, W. J. (1988c) J. Exp. Med. 167, 225–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. D. and Gillespie, W. R. (1990) Clin. Biochem. 23, 261–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varas, F., Leandro, M., Ballester, S. and Nâjera, R. (1991) Bio Techniques 11, 384–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, A. M., Doyle, M. V. and Mark, D. F. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 9717–9721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, A. M. and Mark, D. F., (1990) In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky and T. White, eds.), pp. 70–75, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedell, A., Datta, S. Andersson, B. and Luthman, H. (1990) Technique 2, 23–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P., Simmonds, P., Yap, P. L., Balfe, P., Bishop, J., Brettle, R., Hague, R., Hargreaves, D., Inglis, J. and Brown, A. L. (1990) AIDS 4, 393–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, E., Yamamoto, F., Almoguera, C. and Perucho, M. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 7575–7579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolinsky, S. M., Rinaldo, C. R., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J. J., Gupta, P., Imagawa, D., Farzadegan, H., Jacobson, L. P., Grovit, K. S. and Lee, M. H. (1989) Ann. Intern. Med. 111, 961–972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D. Y. and Wallace, R. B. (1989) Genomics 4, 560–569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeldis, J. B., Lee, J. H., Mamish, D., Finegold, D. J., Sircar, R., Ling, Q., Knudsen, P. J., Kuramoto, I. K. and Mimms, L. T. (1989) J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1503–1508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zignego, A. L., Deny, P., Feray, C., Ponzetto, A., Gentilini, P., Tiollais, P. and Bréchot, C. (1990) Mol. Cell. Probes 4, 43–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Life Sciences Research Laboratory, Baxter Diagnostics, Inc., P.O. Box 910492, San Diego, CA, 92191-0492, USA

    Deborah Y. Kwoh & Thomas R. Gingeras

Authors
  1. Deborah Y. Kwoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas R. Gingeras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Edouard Kurstak

  2. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    R. G. Marusyk

  3. University of California, Davis, California, USA

    F. A. Murphy

  4. Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France

    M. H. V. Van Regenmortel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kwoh, D.Y., Gingeras, T.R. (1994). The Use of Transcription-based Amplification Systems in the Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infections. In: Kurstak, E., Marusyk, R.G., Murphy, F.A., Van Regenmortel, M.H.V. (eds) Applied Virology Research. Applied Virology Research, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9265-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9265-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9267-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9265-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation