Abstract
Small entrepreneurial companies, with their clear agility advantage over the giants, created America’s information technology industry. They started their corner of the industry with little help from government which favored the giants’ mainframe mindset. Microsoft, Intel, and Apple became common names after Xerox developed (and let go) the seeds of new industries: laser printer, desk-top, mouse. A few giants (Motorola, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T) then furnished the new industry with an infrastructure that could only come from giant investments that the revolutionaries could neither raise nor implement. Some of the gnats rose into that class, like Intel which has invested billions in chip fabrication facilities.
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References
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Nelson, C.W. (1997). Photon Capital: A Subsidy for Photonic Entrepreneurs. In: Lampropoulos, G.A., Lessard, R.A. (eds) Applications of Photonic Technology 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9250-8_2
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