Toward Better Theory and Practice

Abstract

In discussing the origins of general system theory, Ludwig von Bertalanffy¹ stated in 1956, “Today, our main problem is that of organized complexity.... General Systems Theory is in principle capable of giving exact definitions for such concepts and, in suitable cases, of putting them to quantitative analysis.” Similar thoughts about “organized complexities” inspired the writings of Mary Parker Follett,² who in the 1930s examined complex industrial systems not merely to enlighten how they pursued the two objectives of producing commodities valued by the public and maximizing profits, but also because of her larger concern that unless organizations learn how to operate effectively in serving the individual, we are on the road to chaos. Her idea was that although the individual’s welfare is greatly dependent on the ability of business organizations to solve the problems of producing goods and services, clearly it is also dependent on governmental organizations to maintain equality among people in rights and privileges, as well as to provide protection and safety for them. In addition to the business organizations she studied, organizations and institutions dedicated to law, education, and justice, as well as health and welfare, are also vital to the safety and welfare of the individual citizen.