Skip to main content

Immunomodulation by Growth Hormone in Humans

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Hans Selye Symposia on Neuroendocrinology and Stress ((HSSN,volume 3))

Abstract

The role of growth hormone in the establishment and maintenance of the immune system of animals has been well documented. Beginning with the demonstration of involution of the thymus gland following hypophysectomy,1 many studies have shown diminished immune functions in hypophysectomized animals that were reversible by growth hormone administration.2–8 Growth hormone has also been reported to stimulate DNA synthesis and c-myc proto-oncogene expression9 as well as superoxide anion production10,11 in hypophysectomized rats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. P.E. Smith, Effect of hypohysectomy upon the involution of the thymus in the rat, Anat. Rec. 47:119 (193).

    Google Scholar 

  2. P.M. Lundin, Action of hypophysectomy on antibody formation in the rat, Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 48:351 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. L. Enerback, P.M. Lundin and J. Mellgren, Pituitary hormones elaborated during stress. Action on lymphoid tissues, serum proteins and antibody titres, Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. (Suppl.) 144:141 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  4. R.H. Gisler and L. Schenkel-Hulliger, Hormonal regulation of the immune response II. Influence of pituitary and adrenal activity on immune responsiveness in vitro, Cell. Immunol. 2:646 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Comsa, J.A. Schwarz and H. Neu, Interaction between thymic hormone and hypophyseal growth hormone on production of precipitating antibodies in the rat, Immunol. Commun. 3:11 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. E. Nagy and I. Berczi, Immunodeficiency in hypophysectomized rats, Acta Endocrinol. 89:530 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. E. Nagy, I. Berczi and H.G. Friesen, Regulation of immunity in rats by lactogenic and growth hormones, Acta Endocrinol. 102:351 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. I. Berczi, “Pituitary Function and Immunity,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  9. I. Berczi, E. Nagy, S.M. DeToledo, R.J. Matusik and H.G. Friesen, Pituitary hormones regulate c-myc and DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissue, J. Immunol. 146:2201 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C.K. Edwards, III, L.M. Yunger, R.M. Lorence, R. Dantzer and K.W. Kelley, The pituitary gland is required for protection against lethal effects of Salmonella tvphimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 88:2274 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.K. Edwards, III, S.M. Ghiasuddin, L.B. Yunger, R.M. Lorence, S. Arkins, R. Dantzer and K.W. Kelley, In Vivo administration of recombinant growth hormone or gamma interferon activates macrophages: Enhanced resistance to experimental Salmonella tvphimurium infection is correlated with generation of reactive oxygen intermediates, Infect. Immun. 60:2514 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. W. Pierpaoli and E. Sorkin, Relationship between thymus and hypophysis, Nature 215:834 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. W. Pierpaoli and E. Sorkin, Hormones and immunologic capacity I. Effect of heterologous anti-growth hormone(ASTH)antiserum on thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissue in mice. Induction of a wasting syndrome, J. Immunol. 101:1036 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Baroni, Thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues and immunological responses of the pituitarydwarf mouse, Experientia 23:282 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. C.D. Baroni, N. Fabris and G. Bertoli, Effects of hormones on development and function of lymphoid tissues. Synergistic action of thyroxin and somatotropic hormone in pituitary dwarf mice, Immunology 17:303 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. C.D. Baroni, P.C. Pesando and G. Bertoli, Effects of hormones on development of lymphoid tissues. II. Delayed development of immunological capacity in pituitary dwarf mice, Immunology 21:455 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Dumont, F. Roert and P. Bischoff, T and B lymphocytes in pituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice, Immunology 38:23 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. N. Fabris, W. Pierpaoli and E. Sorkin, Hormones and the immunological capacity. III. The immunodeficiency disease of the hypopituitary Snell-Bagg dwarf mouse, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 9:209 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. N. Fabris, W. Pierpaoli and E. Sorkin, Hormones and the immunological capacity. IV. Restorative effects of developmental hormones or of lymphocytes on the immunodeficiency syndrome of the dwarf mouse, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 9:227 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R.J. Duquesnoy, P.K. Kalpaktsoglou and R.A. Good, Immunological studies on the Snell-Bagg pituitary dwarf mouse, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 133:201 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R.J. Duquesnoy, Immunodeficiency of the thymus-dependent system of the Ames dwarf mouse, J. Immunol. 108:1578 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. W.J. Murphy, S.K. Durum and D.L. Longo, Role of neuroendocrine hormones in murine T cell development: growth hormone exerts thymopoietic effects in vivo, J. Immunol. 149:3851 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. W.J. Murphy, S.K. Durum, M.R. Anver and D.L. Longo, Immunologic and hematologic effects of neuroendocrine hormones, J. Immunol. 148:3799 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. W.J. Murphy, S.K. Durum and D.L. Longo, Human growth hormone promotes engraftment of murine or human T cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4481 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K.W. Kelley, S. Brief, H.J. Westly, J. Novakofski, P.J. Bechtel, J. Simon and E.B. Walker, GH3 pituitary adenoma cells can reverse thymic aging in rats, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5663 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.Y. Li, D.L. Drunke, R. Dantzer and K.W. Kelley, Pituitary epithelial cell implants reverse the accumulation of CD4–CD8-lymphocytes in thymic glands of aged rats, Endocrinology 30:2703 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Selye, “The Stress of Life, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  28. S.A. Kaplan, “Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology,” W.B. Saunders Company, USA (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  29. M. Preece, Human pituitary growth hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, Horm. Res. 39:95 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J.O.L Jorgensen, Human growth hormoen replacement therapy: Pharmacological and clinical aspects, Endocr. Rev. 12:189 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. O. Westphal, Non-conventional growth hormone treatment in short children, Acta Endocrinol. 128:10 (1993).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Gupta, S.M. Fikrig and M.S. Noval, Immunological studies in patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 54:87 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. V. Abbassi and J.A. Bellanti, Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in growth hormone-deficient children: Effect of therapy with human growth hormone, Pediatr. Res. 19:299 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. W. Kiess, H. Holtmann, O. Butenandt and R. Eife, Modulation of lymphoproliferation by human growth hormone, Eur. J. Pediatr. 140:47 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. R. Rapaport, J. Oleske, H. Ahdieh, S. Solomon, C. Delfaus and T. Denny, Suppression of immune function in growth hormone-deficient children during treatment with human growth hormone, J. Pediatr. 109:434 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Bozzola, M. Cisternino, A. Valtorta, A. Moretta, I. Biscaldi, M. Maghnie, M. De Amici and R.M. Schimpff, Effect of biosynthetic methionyl growth hormone (GH) therapy on the immune function in GH-deficient children, Horm. Res. 31:153 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Matsuura, Y. Kikkawa, T. Kitagawa and S. Tanaka, Modulation of immunological abnormalities of growth hormone-deficient children by growth hormone treatment, Acta Paediatr. Jpn. 31:53 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. G.I. Spadoni, P. Rossi, W. Ragno, E. Galli, S. Cianfarani, C. Galasso and B. Boscherini, Immune function in growth hormone-deficient children treated with biosynthetic growth hormone, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 80:75 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Bozzola, R. Maccario, M. Cisternino, D. De Amici, A. Valtorta, A. Moretta, I. Biscaldi and R.M. Schimpff, Immunological and endocrinological response to growth hormone therapy in short children, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 77:675 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J.A. Church, G. Costin and J. Brooks, Immune functions in children treated with biosynthetic growth hormone, J. Pediatr. 115:420 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Rapaport and J. Oleske, Effect of growth hormone therapy on immune functions, J. Pediatr. 110:663 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. Rapaport, B. Petersen, K.A. Skuza, M. Heim and S. Goldstein, Immune functions during treatment of growth hormone-deficient children with biosynthetic human growth hormone, Clin. Pediatr. 30:22 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. B.H. Petersen, R. Rapaport, D.P Henry, C. Huseman and W.V. Moore, Effect of treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) on peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and function in growth hormone-deficient children, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70:1756 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Rapaport, J. Oleske, H. Ahdieh, K. Skuza, B.K. Holland, M.R. Passannante and T. Denny, Effects of human growth hormone on immune functions: In vitro studies on cells of normal and growth hormone-deficient children, Life Sci. 41, 2319 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. A. Yoshida, C. Ishioka, H. Kimata and H. Mikawa, Recombinant human growth hormone stimulates B cell immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation in serum-free medium, Acta Endocrinol. 126, 524 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. W. Kiess, H. Doerr, E. Eisl, O. Butenandt and B.H. Belohradsy, Lymphocyte subsets and natural-killer activity in growth hormone deficiency, N. Engl. J. Med. 314:321 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. W. Kiess, S. Malozowski, M. Gelato, O. Butenandt, H. Doerr, B. Crisp, E. Eisl, A. Maluish and B.H. Belohradsky, Lymphocyte subset distribution and natural killer activity in growth hormone deficiency before and during short-term treatment with growth hormone releasing hormone, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 48:85 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. D.M. Crist, G.T. Peake, L.T. MacKinnon, W.L. Sibbitt, Jr. and J.C. Kraner, Exogenous growth hormone treatment alters body composition and increases natural killer cell activity in women with impaired endogenous growth hormone secretion, Metabolism 36:1115 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. Bozzola, A. Valtoria, A. Moretta, M. Cisternino, I. Biscaldi and M.R. Schimpff, In vitro and in vivo effect of growth hormone on cytotoxic activity, J. Pediatr. 117:596 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M. Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx, B. Staf, H. Van Den Berghe, E. Eggermont and R. Eeckels, Growth hormone and lymphocyte transformation, Lancet 1:441 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. A. Astaldi, Jr., B. Yalcin, G. Meardi, G.R. Burgio, R. Merolla and G. Astaldi, Effects of growth hormone on lymphocyte transformation in cell culture, Blut 26:14 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Bozzola, A. Valtorta, A. Moretta, D. Montagna, R. Maccario and G.R. Burgio, Modulating effect of growth hormone (GH) on PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, Thymus 12:157 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. J.H. Jepson and E.E. McGarry, Hemopoiesis in pituitary dwarfs treated with human growth hormone and testosterone, Blood 39:238 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. Blatt, S. Wenger, S. Stitely and P.A. Lee, Lack of mitogenic effects of growth hormone on human leukemic lymphoblasts, Eur. J. Pediatr. 146:257 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Z. Estrov, R. Meir, Y. Barak, R. Zaizov and Z. Zadik, Human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 enhance the proliferation of human leukemic blasts, J. Clin. Oncol. 9:394 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. D.W. Golde, N. Bersch and C.H. Li, Growth hormone modulation of murine erythroleukemia cell growth in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3437 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. K.E. Mercola, M.J. Cline and D.W. Golde, Growth hormone stimulation of normal and leukemic human T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, Blood 58:337 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. S. Merchav, J. Tatarsky and Z. Hochberg, Enhancement of human granulopoiesis in vitro by biosynthetic insulin-like growth factor 1/somatomedin C. and human growth hormone, J. Clin. Invest. 81:791 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. T.G. Baier, E.W. Jenne, W. Blum, D. Schonberg and K.K.P. Hartmann, Influence of antibodies against IGF-I, insulin or their receptors on proliferation of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines, Leuk. Res. 16:807 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Z. Zadik, Z. Estrov, Y. Karov, T. Hahn and Y. Barak, The effect of growth hormone and IGF-I on clonogenic growth of hematopoietic cells in leukemic patients during active disease and during remission — A preliminary report, J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 6:79 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. S.M. Shalet, Leukaemia in children treated with growth hormone, J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 6:109 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. S. Watanabe, S. Mizuno, L.H. Oshima, Y. Tsunematsu, J. Fujimoto and A. Komiyama, Leukemia and other malignancies among GH users, J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 6:99 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. G.P. Redmond, R. Rapaport, S. Salisbury, R. David, J. Rao and S. Oberfield, Leukemia in growth hormone deficient (GHD) children who did not receive growth hormone (GH), Pediatr. Res. 31:83A (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  64. B. Tedeschi, G.L. Spadoni, M.X. Sanna, P. Vernole, D. Caporossi, S. Cianfarani, B. Nicoletti and B. Boscherini, Increased chromosome fragility in lymphocytes of short normal children treated with recombinant human growth hormone, Hum. Genet. 91:459 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Rovensky, M. Vigas, J. Lokai, P. Cuncik, P. Lukac and A. Takac, Effect of growth hormone on the metabolic activity of phagocytes of peripheral blood in pituitary dwarfs and acromegaly, Endocrinol. Exp. (Bratisl) 16:128 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  66. J. Rovensky, J. Ferencikova, M. Vigas and P. Lukac, Effect of growth hormone on the activity of some lysosomal enzymes in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes of hypopituitary dwarfs, Int. J. Tissue React. 7:153 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. C.J. Wiedermann, M. Niedermuhlbichler, D. Geissler, H. Beimpold and H. Braunsteiner, Priming of normal human neutrophils by recombinant human growth hormone, Brit. J. Haematol. 78:19 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. G.L. Spadoni, A. Spagnoli, S. Cianfarani, D. Del Principe, A. Menichelli, S. Di Giulio and B. Boscherini, Enhancement by growth hormone of phorbol diester-stimulated respiratory burst in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 124:589 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. C.J. Wiedermann, M. Niedermuhlbichler, H. Beimpold and H. Braunsteiner, In vitro activation of neutrophils of the aged by recombinant human growth hormone, J. Infect. Dis. 164:1017 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. C.K. Edwards, III, S.M. Ghiasuddin, J.M. Schepper, L.M. Yunger and K.W. Kelley, A newly defined property of somatotropin: Priming of macrophages for production of superoxide anion, Science 239:769 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Y.K. Fu, S. Arkins, G. Fuh, B.C. Cunningham, J.A. Wells, S. Fong, M.J. Cronin, R. Dantzer and K.W. Kelley, Growth hormone augments superoxide anion secretion of human neutrophils by binding to the prolactin receptor, J. Clin. Invest. 89:451 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Z. Hocherg, P. Hertz, G. Maor, J. Oiknine and M. Aviram, Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I increase macrophage uptake and degradation of low density lipoprotein, Endocrinology 18:430 (199).

    Google Scholar 

  73. M.R. Pandian and G.P. Talwar, Effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of thymus and on the immune response against sheep erythrocytes, J. Exp. Med. 134:1095 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. E. Mocchegiani, P. Paolucci, A. Balsamo, E. Cacciari and N. Fabris, Influence of growth hormone on thymic endocrine activity in humans, Horm. Res. 33:248 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J. Timsit, W. Savino, B. Safieh, P. Chanson, M.C. Gagnerault, J.F. Bach and M. Dardenne, Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate hormonal function and proliferation of thymic epithelial cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75:183 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. A.J. Ammann, R.J. Duquesnoy and R.A. Good, Endocrinological studies in ataxia-telangiectasia and other immunological deficiency disease, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 6:587 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A.J. Ammann, W. Sutliff and E. Millinchick, Antibody-mediated immunodefiency in short-limbed dwarfism, J. Pediatr. 84:200 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J. Spranger, G.K. Hinkel, H. Stoss, W. Thoenes, D. Eargowski and F. Zepp, Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: A newly recognized multisystem disease, J. Pediatr. 119:64 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. A.D.B. Webster, D. Barnes, C.F. Arlett, A.R. Lehmann and T. Lindahl, Growth retardation and immunodeficiency in a patient with mutations in the DNA ligase 1 gene, Lancet 339:1508 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. T.A. Fleisher, R.M. White, S. Broder, S.P. Nissley, R.M. Blaese, J.J. Mulvihill, G. Olive and T.A. Waldmann, X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency, N. Engl. J. Med. 302:1429 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. K.W. Sitz, A.W. Burks, L.W. Williams, S.F. Kemp and R.W. Steele, Confirmation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone deficiency as a disease entity, J. Pediatr. 116:292 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. V. Monafo, M. Maghnie, L. Terracciano, A. Valtorta, M. Massa and F. Severi, X-linked agammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency, (Case report) Acta Paediatr. Scand. 80:563 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. M.E. Conley, A.W. Burks, H.G. Herrod and J.A. Puck, Molecular analysis of X-linked agammaglobulinemia with growth hormone deficiency, J. Pediatr. 119:392 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. N.W. Wilson, J. Daaboul and J.F. Bastian, Association of autoimmunity with IgG2 and IgG4 subclass deficiency in a growth hormone-deficient child, J. Clin. Immunol. 10:330 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. M.L. Tang and A.S. Kemp, Growth hormone deficiency and combined immunodeficiency, Arch. Dis. Child. 68:231 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. R. Rapaport, Endocrine abnormalities in children with HIV infections, in: “Management of HIV infections in infants and children,” R. Yogev and E. Connor, eds., Mosby-Year Book Inc. (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  87. L.C Alvarez, CO. Dimas, A. Castro, L.G. Rossman, E.F. Vanderlaan and W.P. Vanderlann, Growth hormone in malnutrition, J. Clin. Endocr. 34:400 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. A.C. Ferguson, Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in children with intrauterine growth retardation, J. Pediatr. 93:52 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. D.N. McMurray, R.R. Watson and M.A. Reyes, Effect of renutrition on humoral and cell-mediated immunity in severely malnourished children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:2117 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. A.T. Soliman, A.I. Hassan, M.K. Aref, R.L. Hintz, R.G. Rosenfeld and A.R. Rogol, Serum Insulin-like growth factors I and II concentrations and growth hormone and insulin responses to arginine infusion in children with protein-energy malnutrition before and after nutritional rehabilitation, Pediatr. Res. 20:112 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. M.A. Lesniak, J. Roth, P. Gorden and J.R. Gavin, III, Human growth hormone radioreceptor assay using cultured human lymphocytes, Nat. New. Biol. 241:20 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Arrenbrecht, Specific binding of growth hormone to thymocytes, Nature 25:255 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. R. Eshet, S. Manheimer, P. Chobsieng and Z. Laron, Human growth hormone receptors in human circulating lymphocytes, Horm. Metab. Res. 7, 352 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. W. Kiess and O. Butenandt, Specific growth hormone receptors on human peripheral mononuclear cells. Reexpression, identification and characterization, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 60:740 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. C. Stewart, S. Clejan, L. Fugler, T. Cheruvanky and P.J. Collipp, Growth hormone receptors in lymphocytes of growth hormone-deficient children, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 220:309 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. L.J. Murphy, F. Vrhovsek and L. Lazarus, Identification and characterization of specific growth hormone receptors in cultured human fibroblasts, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57:1117 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. G.A. Werther, K.M. Haynes, D.R. Barnar and M.J. Waters, Visual demonstration of growth hormone rectptors on human growth plate chondrocytes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70:1725 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. G.A. Werther, K. Haynes and M.J. Waters, Growth hormone (GH) receptors are expressed on human fetal mesenchymal tissues — Indentification of messenger ribonucleir acid and GH binding protein, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76:1638 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. W.N. Rom, P. Basset, G.A. Fells, T. Nukiwa, B.C. Trapnell and R.G. Crystal, Alveolar macrophages release an insulin-like growth factor I-type molecule, J. Clin. Invest. 82:1685 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. R.G. Rosenfeld and I.A. Dollar, Characterization of the somatomedin-C/insulin like growth factor I (SMC/IGF-I) receptor on cultured human fibroblast monolyers: Regulation of receptor concentrations by SM-C/IGFI and insulin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55:434 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. C.A. Stuart, R.T. Meehan, L.S. Neale, N.M. Cintron and R.W. Furlanetto, Insulin-like growth factor-I binds selectively to human peripheral blood monocytes and B-lymphocytes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72:1117 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. B.H. Petersen, P. Barrett, L. Green and R. Rapaport, Flow cytometric detection of growth hormone receptors on human peripheral blood cells, (Presented at the 75th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society Annual Meeting, Abstract Book), (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  103. S.C. Duck, H.P. Schwartz, G. Costin, R. Rapaport, S. Arslanian, A. Hayek, M. Connors and J. Jarmillo, Subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient children: first year therapy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75:1115 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Pawlikowski, P. Zelazowski, K. Dohler and H. Stepien, Effects of two neuropeptides, somatoliberin (GRF) and corticoliberin (CRF), on human lymphocyte natural killer activity, Brain. Behav. Immun. 2:50 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. P. Zelazowski, K.D. Dohler, H. Stepien and M. Pawlikowski, Effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone on human peripheral blood leukocyte Chemotaxis and migration in normal subjects, Neuroendocrinology 50:236 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. A. Valtorta, A. Moretta, M. Maccario, M. Bozzola and F. Severi, Influence of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on phytoemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte activation: Comparison of two synthetic forms, Thymus 18:51 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. J.E. Beach, R.C. Smallridge, C.A. Kinzer, E.W. Bernton, J.W. Holaday and H.G. Fein, Rapid release of multiple hormones from rat pituitaries perfused with recombinant interleukin-1, Life Sci. 44:1 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. E.W. Bernton, J.E. Beach, J.W. Holaday, R.C. Smallridge and H.G. Fein, Release of multiple hormones by a direct action of interleukin-1 on pituitary cells, Science 238:519 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. V. Rettori, J. Jurcovicova and S.M. McCann, Central action of interleukin-1 in altering the release of TSH, growth hormone, and prolactin in the male rat, J. Neurosci. Res. 18:179 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. M.B. Atkins, J.A. Gould, M. Allegretta, J.J. Li, R.A. Dempsey, R.A. Rudders, D.R. Parkinson, S. Reichlin and J.W. Mier, Phase I evaluation of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with advanced malignant disease, J. Clin. Oncol. 4:1380 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. R.M. Schimpff and A.M. Repellin, Production of interleukin-1-alpha and interleukin-2 by 96 mononuclear cells in healthy adults in relation to different experimental conditions and to the presence of growth hormone, Horm. Res. 33:171 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. R. Rapaport, J. Oleske, S. Schenkman, J. Churchill and C. Kirkpatrick, Growth hormone deficiency: Interleukin-2 (IL2) and immune function, Pediatr. Res. 19:613 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  113. K. Lyson and S.M. McCann, The effect of interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone release in vivo and in vitro, Neuroendocrinology 54:262 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. N.L. Spangelo, A.M. Judd, P.C. Isakson and R.M. MacLeod, Interleukin-6 stimulates anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro, Endocrinology 125:575 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. P. Carmeliet, W. Vankelecom, J. Van Damme, A. Billiau and C. Denef, Release of interleukin-6 from anterior pituitary cell aggregates: developmental pattern and modulation by glucocorticoids and forskolin, Neuroendorcinology 53:29 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. B.L. Spangelo, R.M. MacLeod and P.C. Isakson, Production of interleukin-6 by anterior pituitary cells in vitro, Endocrinology 126:582 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. B.L. Spangelo, P.C. Isakson and R.M. MacLeod, Production of interleukin-6 by anterior pituitary cells is stimulated by increased intracellular adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate and vasoactive intestinal peptide, Endocrinology 127:403 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. B.L. Spangelo, A.M. Judd, P.C. Isakson and R.M. MacLeod, Interleukin-1 stimulates interleukin-6 release from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro, Endocrinology 128:2685 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. R.C. Gaillard, D. Turnill, P. Sappino and A.F. Muller, Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits the hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors, Endocrinology 127:101 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. P.E. Walton, M.J. Cronin, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits growth hormone secretion from cultured anterior pituitary cells, Endocrinology 125:925 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. K.W. Kelley, The role of growth hormone in modulation of the immune response, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 594:95 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. S.M. McCann, M.C. Gonzalez, L. Milenkovic, S. Karanth, M.C. Aguila, W.L. Dees, K. Lyson and V. Rettori, The effect of stress and infection on pituitary hormone secretion, Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 15:33 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. T.J. Merimee, M.B. Grant, C.M. Broder and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, Insulin-like growth factor secretion by human B-lymphocytes: a comparison of cells from normal and pygmy subjects, J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 69:978 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. M.E. Geffner, N. Bersch, B.M. Lippe, R.G. Rosenfeld, R.L. Hintz and D.W. Golde, Growth hormone mediates the growth of T-lymphoblast cell lines via locally generated insulin-like growth factor I, J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 71:464 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. N. Hattori, A. Shimatsu, M. Sugita, S. Kumagai and H. Imura, Immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) secretion by human lymphocytes: augmented release by exogenous GH, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:936 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. D.A. Weigent and J.E. Blalock, Expression of growth hormone by lymphocytes, Intern. Rev. Immunol. 4:193 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. D.A. Weigent and J.E. Blalock, Growth hormone releasing hormone production by rat leukocytes, J. Neuroimmunol. 29:1 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. D.A. Weigent and J.E. Blalock, Growth hormone and the immune system, PNEI Review 3:231 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  129. D.A. Weigent and J.E. Blalock, The production of growth hormone by subpopulations of rat mononuclear leukocytes, Cell. Immunol. 134:001 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. N. Hattori, K. Shimomura, T. Ishihara, K. Moridera, M. Hino, K. Ikekubo and H. Kurahachi, Growth hormone (GH) secretion from human lymphocytes is up-regulated by GH, but not affected by insulin-like growth factor-I, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76:937 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Symposium on GH-RH, GH and IGF-I: Basic and clinical advances. Final Program and Abstract Book, Serono Symposia, San Diego, CA (USA), December 9–12, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  132. W.D. Denckla, Interactions between age and the neuro-endocrine and immune systems, Fed. Proc. 37:1263 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. N. Fabris, W. Pierpaoli and E. Sorkin, Lymphocytes, hormones and aging, Nature 240:557 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. S. Gillis, R. Kozak, M. Durante and M.E. Weksler, Decreased production of and response to T cell growth factor by lymphocytes from aged humans, J. Clin. Invest. 67:937 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. D. Rudman, A.G. Feller, H.S. Nagaraj, G.A. Gergans, P.Y. Lalitha, A.F. Goldberg, R.A. Schlenker, L. Cohn, I.W. Rudman and D.E. Mattson, Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old, N. Engl. J. Med. 323:1 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. E. Corpas, S.M. Harman and M.R. Blackman, Human growth hormone and human aging, Endo. Rev. 14:20 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. R.W. Pfaffle, G.E. DiMattia, J.S. Parks, M.R. Brown, J.M. Wit, M. Jansen, H. Van der Nat, J.L. Van Den Brande, M.G. Rosenfeld and H. A. Ingraham, Mutation of the POU-specific domain of Pit-1 and hypoituitarism without pituitary hypoplasia, Science 257:1118 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. P.A. Kelly, J. Djiane, M.C. Postei-Vinay and M. Edery, The prolactin/growth hormoen receptor family, Endocr. Rev. 12:235 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rapaport, R. (1994). Immunomodulation by Growth Hormone in Humans. In: Berczi, I., Szélenyi, J. (eds) Advances in Psychoneuroimmunology. Hans Selye Symposia on Neuroendocrinology and Stress, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9104-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9104-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9106-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9104-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics