Abstract
Respiration is a vital autonomic function that is characterized by an almost unwavering ability to maintain homeostatic blood gas and pH levels in the face of profound physiological and environmental challenges. This remarkable behavior has led many researchers to assume that respiratory control is a reflexogenic process whose sole purpose is simply to maintain nominal body gas and pH tones. While this model has born some insight into certain aspects of the respiratory system, it fails to account for more complex behaviors of the system that have been increasingly recognized.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, E. D. Afferent impulses in the vagus and their effect on respiration. J. Physiol. (London), 79: 332–58, 1933.
Åström, K. J., and B. Wittenmark. Adaptive Control. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1995.
Bach, K. B., and G. S. Mitchell. Hypoxia-induced long-term facilitation of respiratory activity is serotonin dependent. Respir. Pysiol., 104: 251–60, 1996.
Baudry, M., R. F. Thompson, and J. L. Davis. Synaptic plasticity: molecular, cellular, and functional aspects. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
Biscoe, T. J., and M. J. Purves. Observations on the rhythmic variation in the cat carotid body chemorecep-tor activity which has the same period as respiration. J. Physiol. (London), 190: 389–93, 1967.
Bisgard, G. E., and J. A. Neubauer. Peripheral and central effects of hypoxia. In A. Dempsey and A. I. Pack, editors, Regulation of Breathing, Ed 2. II. Lung biology in health and disease, volume 79, pages 617–668. Dekker, New York, 1995.
Bliss, T. V. P., and T. Lømo. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J. Physiol., 232: 331–335, 1973.
Brown, T. H., P. F. Chapman, E. W. Kairiss, and C. L. Keenan. Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science, 242: 724–728, 1988.
Byrne, J. H. Cellular analysis of associative learning. Physiol. Rev., 67: 329–439, 1987.
Carlson, A. Anti-Hebbian learning in a non-linear neural network. Biol. Cybern., 64: 171–6, 1990.
Dan, Y., and M. M. Poo. Hebbian depression in isolated muscular synapses in vitro. Science, 256: 1570–3, 1992.
Eldridge, F. L., and D. E. Millhorn. Oscillation, gating, and memory in the respiratory control system. In N. S. Cherniack and J. G. Widdicombe, editors, Handbook of Physiology, volume 2, section 3, pages 93–114. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, 1986.
England, S. J., J. E. Melton, P. Pace, and J. A. Neubauer. NMDA receptors mediate respiratory short-term potentiation in the nucleus tractus solitarius. FASEB J., 6: A1826, 1992.
Frégnac, Y., D. Shulz, S. Thorpe, and E. Bienenstock. A cellular analogue of visual cortical plasticity. Afa-tare, 333: 367–70, 1988.
Fregosi, R. F. Short-term potentiation of breathing in humans. J. Appl. Physiol., 71: 892–9, 1991.
Fregosi, R. F., and G. S. Mitchell. Long-term facilitation of inspiratory intercostal nerve activity following carotid sinus nerve stimulation in cats. J. Physiol. (London), 477: 469–79, 1994.
Gesell, R., and M. A. Hamilton. Reflexogenic components of breathing. Am. J. Physiol, 133: 694–719, 1941.
Hebb, D. O. The Organization of Behavior. Wiley, New York, 1949.
Honda, Y., and M. Ueda. Fluctuations of arterial pH associated with respiratory cycle in dogs. Jpn. J. Physiol., 11:223–8, 1961.
Kelso, S. R., A. H. Ganong, and T. H. Brown. Hebbian synapses in hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83: 5326–5330, 1986.
Kirkwood, A., S. M. Dudek, J. T. Gold, C. D. Aizenman, and M. F. Bear. Common forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex in-vitro. Science, 260: 1518–1521, 1993.
Lewis, G., J. Ponte, and M. J. Purves. Fluctuations of PaC02 with the same period as respiration in cat. J. Physiol. (London), 298: 1–11, 1980.
Malenka, R. C. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: LTP and LTD. Cell, 78: 535–538, 1994.
Malenka, R. C., and R. A. Nicoli. NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity: multiple forms and mechanisms. Trends in Neural Sci., 16: 521–7, 1993.
Millhorn, D. E. Stimulation of raphe (obscurus) nucleus causes long-term potentiation of phrenic nerve activity in cat. J. Physiol. (London), 381: 169–79, 1994.
Millhorn, D. E., F. L. Eldridge, and J. P. Kiley. Oscillations of medullary extracellular fluid pH caused by breathing. Resp. Physiol., 55: 193–203, 1984.
Minai, A. A. Covariance learning of correlated patterns in competitive networks. Neural Comput., 9: 667–81, 1997.
Ponte, J., and M. J. Purves. Frequency response of carotid body chemoreceptors in the cat to changes of PaCO2, PaO2, and pHa. J. Appl. Physiol, 37: 635–47, 1974.
Poon, C. -S. Ventilatory control in hypercapnia and exercise: optimization hypothesis. J. Appl. Physiol., 62: 2447–2459, 1987.
Poon, C. -S. Adaptive neural network that subserves optimal homeostatic control of breathing. Annals of Biomed. Engr., 21: 501–508, 1993.
Poon, C. -S. Self-tuning optimal regulation of respiratory motor output by Hebbian covariance learning. Neural Networks, 9: 1367–1383, 1996.
Poon, C. -S. Synaptic plasticity and respiratory control. In M. C. K. Khoo, editor, Bioengineering Approaches to Pulmonary Physiology and Medicine, pages 93–113. Plenum, New York, 1996.
Poon, C. -S., Y. Li, S. X. Li, and S. Tonegawa. Respiratory rhythm is altered in neonatal mice with malfunc-tional NMDA receptors. FASEBJ., 8: A389, 1994.
Poon, C. -S., and C. K. Merrill. Decrease of cardiac chaos in congestive heart failure. Nature, 389: 492–5, 1997.
Sammon, M. P., and E. N. Bruce. Vagal afferent activity increases dynamical dimension of respiration in rats. J. Appl. Physiol., 70: 1748–1762, 1991.
Sejnowski, T. J. Storing covariance with nonlinearly interacting neurons. J. Math. Biol., 4: 303–321, 1977.
Stanton, P. K. LTD, LTP, and sliding threshold for long-term synaptic plasticity. Hippocampus, 6: 35–42, 1996.
Stanton, P. K., and T. J. Sejnowski. Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus induced by Hebbian covariance. Nature, 339: 215–218, 1989.
Tobin, M. J., M. J. Mador, S. M. Guenther, R. F. Lodato, and M. A. Sackner. Variability of resting respiratory center drive and timing in health subjects. J. Appl. Physiol., 65: 309–17, 1988.
Yamamoto, W. S. Transmission of information by the arterial blood stream with particular reference to carbon dioxide. Biophy. J., 2: 143, 1962.
Zhou, Z., J. Champagnat, and C. -S. Poon. Phasic and long-term depression in brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius neurons: differing roles of AMPA receptor desensitization. J. of Neurosci., 17: 5349–5356, 1997.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Young, D.L., Poon, CS. (1998). Hebbian Covariance Learning. In: Hughson, R.L., Cunningham, D.A., Duffin, J. (eds) Advances in Modeling and Control of Ventilation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 450. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9077-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9077-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9079-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9077-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive