Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Depression in Adolescents

Contemporary Issues and Perspectives

  • Chapter
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 16))

Abstract

The study of depression in adolescents has become a major focus of research within psychology, psychiatry, and related mental health fields. The wealth of new information and research on depression in adolescents presents a formidable challenge for the professional who wishes to keep up-to-date with current knowledge. Research on depression in adolescents has burgeoned across many scientific fields that can be conceptualized as encompassing a biopsychosocial perspective (Reynolds, 1992a, in press b). This research mirrors the many problem areas associated with depressive disorders, including biological, developmental, familial, psychological, social, somatic, and cognitive areas. Depressive disorders are serious forms of psychopathology in adolescents. For some youngsters, early onset of depression is a precursor to serious mental health problems and psychosocial dysfunction in adulthood. Furthermore, some depressive episodes in adolescents may lead to potential or actual life-ending outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akiskal, H. S. (1983). Dysthymic disorder: Psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 11–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal, H. S. (1989). Diagnostic considerations in the treatment of mood disorders. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1751–1766). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal, H. S., & Weise, R. E. (1992). The clinical spectrum of so-called “minor” depressions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 9–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal, H. S., Downs, J., Jordan, P., Watson, S., Daugherty, D., & Pruitt, D. B. (1985). Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives: Mode of onset and prospective course. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 996–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, N. E., Krahn, D., Brehm, D., & Wittekindt, J. (1989). Prepubertal anorexia nervosa and major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 380–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, N. E., & Magen, J. (1988). Comorbidity of other psychiatric disturbances in depressed psychiatrically hospitalized children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1582–1584.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, N. E., McManus, M., Grapentine, W. L., & Brickman, A. (1984). The characterization of depressive disorders in serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6, 9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, N. E., Robbins, D. R., & Dilsaver, S. C. (1987). Panic and depressive disorders among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 20, 275–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allgood-Merten, B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Hops, H. (1990). Sex differences and adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosini, P. J., Bianchi, M. D., Rabinovich, H., & Elia, J. (1993). Antidepressant treatments in children and adolescents: I. Affective disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosini, P. J., Metz, C., Arora, R. C., Lee, J., Kregel, L., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1992). Platelet imipramine binding in depressed children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 298–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd rev.) Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1991). DSM-IV Options book: Work in progress, 9/1/91. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1993). DSM-IV Draft Criteria, 3/1/93. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J., & McGee, R. (in press). Comorbidity of depression in childhood and adolescence. In W. M. Reynolds and H. F. Johnston (Eds.). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1982). Concepts, diagnosis and classification. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.) Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 24–44). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, J. A., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1992). Suicidal attempts among older adolescents: Prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 655–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., & Rutter, M. (1992). Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Weissman, M. M., John, K., Wickramaratne, P., & Prusoff, B. (1991). The effects of age and sex on depression ratings in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., Maruish, M., Imhof, E. A., & Piotrowski, C. (1991). Psychological test use with adolescent clients: 1990 survey findings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 247–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, D. H., Bolte, M. A., Cohen, S., & Millet, M. S. (1992). Gradual versus rapid dawn simulation treatment of winter depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 359–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, D. H., Bolte, M. A., Dager, S. R., Wilson, L. G., Weyer, M., Cox, G. B., & Dunner, D. L. (1993). Dawn simulation treatment of winter depression: A controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 113–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, P., & Perron, L. (1986). Sex differences in the Beck Depression Inventory scores of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescents, 15, 165–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, R. P., Schinke, S. P., & Maxwell, J. S. (1983). Psychological correlates of teenage motherhood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 471–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Bemporad, J., Keller, M. B., & Klerman, G. L. (1983). Children of parents with major affective disorder: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 825–832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Klerman, G. L., Dorer, D. J., & Samuelson, H. (1988). Psychiatric disorder in adolescent offspring of parents with affective disorder in a non-referred sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 313–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Klerman, G. L., Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., & Podorefsky, D. L. (1985). But are they cases? Validity of DSM-III major depression in children identified in a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 687–691.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., & Podorefsky, D. (1988). Resilient adolescents whose parents have serious affective and other psychiatric disorders: Importance of self-understanding and relationships. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 63–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Salt, P., Porterfield, K., Rothberg, P. C., van de Velde, P., Swatling, S., Hoke, L., Moilanen, D. L., & Wheelock, I. (1993). Comparison of preventative interventions for families with parental affective disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 254–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., & Wheelock, I. (in press). Children of parents with affective disorders: Empirical findings and clinical implications. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Hollon, S. D., Young, J. E., Bedrosian, R. C., & Budenz, D. (1985). Treatment of depression with cognitive therapy and amitriptyline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 142–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bemporad, J. (1978). Psychodynamics of depression and suicide in children and adolescents. In S. Arieti & J. Bemporad (Eds.), Severe and mild depression: The psychotherapeutic approach (pp. 185–207). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemporad, J. R. (1988). Psychodynamic treatment of depressed adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49 (Suppl.), 26–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bemporad, J. R. (1989). Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1946–1949). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Amos, B. (1992). Depression and conduct disorders in children and adolescents: A review of the literature. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 56, 188–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, L. (1947). One-hundred cases of childhood schizophrenia treated with ECT. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 72, 165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, A. L., & Jobes, D. A. (1991). Adolescent suicide: Assessment and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, E., & Wolpert, E. (1987). Intractable manic-depressive psychosis with rapid cycling in an 18-year-old woman successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 236–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A. (1991). Comorbidity and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinic sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A., Garfinkel, B. D., & Borchardt, C. M. (1990). Com Chapautive studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 773–781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertagnoli, M. W., & Borchardt, C. M. (1990). A review of ECT for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 302–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J. (1991). Sudden death in children treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 495–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., & Steingard, R. (1989). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 19, 587–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, C. I., & Sarabia, F. (1980). Diagnosing manic-depressive illness in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21, 263–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowring, M. A., & Kovacs, M. (1992). Difficulties in diagnosing manic disorders among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 611–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bukstein, O. G., Glancy, L. J., & Kaminer, Y. (1992). Patterns of affective comorbidity in a clinical population of dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1041–1045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, B. J. (1991). Mental health services used by adolescents in the 1970s and 1980s. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 144–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. D. (1952). Manic depressive psychosis in children: Report of 18 cases. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 116, 424–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Perry, R., & Green, W. H. (1984). Use of lithium in children and adolescents. Psychosomatics, 25, 95–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A.(1983). Bipolar affective disorders in childhood and adolescence. In D. P. Cantwell & G. A. Carlson (Eds.), Affective disorders in childhood and adolescents — An update (pp. 61–83). Jamaica, NY: Spectrum Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A. (1990). Bioplar disorders in children and adolescents. In B. D. Garfinkel, G. A. Carlson, & E. B. Weiler (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 21–36). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A. (in press). Adolescent bipolar disorder: Phenomenology and treatment implications. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A., & Strober, M. (1978a). Affective disorder in adolescence: Issues in misdiagnosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 39, 63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A., & Strober, M. (1978b). Manic-depressive illness in early adolescence: A study of clinical and diagnostic characteristics in six cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 138–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, V., Dorrington, C., Schrader, G., & Wale, J. (1983). The use of ECT for mania in childhood bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 411–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casat, C. D. (1982). The under- and over-diagnosis of mania in children and adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 552–559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiles, J., Miller, M., & Cox, C. (1979). Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1179–1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (in press). A developmental psychopathology perspective on depression in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum

    Google Scholar 

  • Press. Cole, J. O., & Bodkin, J. A. (1990). Antidepressant drug side effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51(1: Suppl), 21–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, J., & Kupfersmid, J. H. (1988). Treating psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents for depression and suicide: The Sagamore Hills model. In A. R. Stiffman and R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health, A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide (vol. 3, pp. 279–304).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Conte, H. R., & Karasu, T. B. (1992). A review of treatment studies of minor depression: 1980–1991. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 58–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. G. (1992). Research on symptoms versus research on syndromes: Arguments in favour of allocating more research time to the study of symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 304–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dech, B., & Budow, L. (1991). The use of fluoxetine in an adolescent with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 298–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLong, G. R. (1978). Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness. The Journal of Pediatrics, 93, 689–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLong, G. R., & Aldershof, A. L. (1987). Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: Correlation with clinical diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 389–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Milio, L. (1989). Psychiatric syndromes in adolescent substance abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1212–1214.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wilde, E. J. (1992). Specific characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wilde, E. J., Kienhorst, I. C. W. M., Diekstra, R. F. W., & Wolters, W. H. G. (1993). The specificity of psychological characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 51–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deykin, E. Y., Levy, J. C., & Wells, V. (1987). Adolescent depression, alochol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 178–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., Feldman, S., Khuri, J., & Friedman, S. (in press). Maltreatment and childhood depression. In W. M. Reynolds and H. F. Johnston (Eds.). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & Weissman, M. M. (1990). Family risk factors, parental depression, and childhood psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 26, 40–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, A. R. (1970). The pretherapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 23, 455–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A. J., Lipovsky, J. A., & Casat, C. D. (1989). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity or se Chapaute constructs? In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 171–202). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, S. (1992, June). The nature of depression in young people. Keynote address, First Annual University of British Columbia Conference on Problems in School Age Children. Vancouver, BC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, S., Forth, A., Gilbert, M., & Haley, G. (1991). Group therapy for adolescent depressive disorder: A comparison of social skills and therapeutic support. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 30, 79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flament, M. F., Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C. J., Sceery, W., Kilts, C., Mellstrom, B., & Linnoila, M. (1985). Imipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 977–983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. E., Boyle, M. H., & Offord, D. R. (1993). The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario child health study follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 28–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. E., & Offord, D. R. (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 571–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J. E., & Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Prevalence of childhood and adolescent depression in the community: Ontario child health study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 647–654.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forness, S. R. (1988). School characteristics of children and adolescents with depression. Monograph in Behavioral Disorders, 10, 117–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G., Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1992). Avoidant disorder and social phobia in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1086–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E., Anderson, B. P., West, D. G., & Lando, J. (1988). Depressive symptoms and adolescent rape victims. In A. R. Stiffman & R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health, A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide (vol. 3, pp. 145–158). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., Perel, J. M., Cornes, C., Jarrett, D. B., Mallinger, A. G., Thase, M. E., McEachran, A. B., & Grochocinski, V. J. (1990). Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1093–1099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frommer, E. A. (1967). Treatment of childhood depression with antidepressant drugs. British Medical Journal, 1, 729–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frommer, E. A. (1968). Depressive illness in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 117–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, H. J., McGonigle, J. J., Slomka, G. T., & Monteverde, E. (1992). Clomipramine treatment of stereotypic behaviors and self-injury in patients with developmental disabilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1157–1160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., Kriss, M. R., Koch, M., & Lindholm, L. (1988). Recurrent depression in adolescents: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, D. M., & Teti, D. M. (1990). The effects of maternal depression on children. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 329–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Farooki, Z. Q., & Chestnut, E. C. (1985). Dose and plasma levels of nortriptyline and chlorpromazine in delusionally depressed adolescents and of nortriptyline in nondelusionally depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 336–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Graham, D. L., Fetner, H. H., Marsteller, R. A., & Wells, J. (1992). Pharmacokinetically designed double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in 6- to 12-year olds with major depressive disorder: Outcome, nortriptyline and hydroxy-nortriptyline plasma levels, EKG, BP, and side effects measurements. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 34–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1991). Fluoxetine in autism with depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 508–509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. F. (1971). Controlled imipramine treatment of school phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 204–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. L. (1981). Depression and suicidal ideation in the young adult. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 35–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C. T., Rapoport, J. L., Hamburger, S. D., State, R. C., & Mannheim, G. B. (1992). Differential response of seven subjects with autistic disorder to clomipramine and desipramine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 363–366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H., & Lee, C. M. (1990). Children of depressed parents: A review and directions for future research. In C. D. McCann & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Depression: New directions in theory, research, and practice (pp. 187–208). Toronto: Wall & Emerson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagborg, W. J. (1992). Prevalence and correlates of self-reported depressive mood among seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents. Psychological Reports, 70, 23–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hains, A. A. (1992). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral stress management techniques with adolescent boys. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 600–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C., Burge, D., Burney, E., & Adrian, C. (1990). Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1112–1117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, G. (1992). Suicidality with clomipramine [Letter to the Editor]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 369–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R. C. (1989). Childhood and adolescent depression: Recent developments. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2, 480–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 465–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, L. (1992). Presidential address: Reflections on humane values and biopsychosocial integration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1135–1141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, S. T., & Smith, H. F. (1991). The development and experience of affect in adolescence. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39, 131–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., & Taylor, C. B. (1989). Panic attacks in young adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1061–1062.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heiligenstein, E., & Jacobsen, P. B. (1988). Differentiating depression in medically ill children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 716–719.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, H. A. (1977). Lithium and the treatment of adolescent manic-depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System, 38, 480–483.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, G. (1992). Misdiagnosed bipolar disorder in adolescents in a special educational school and treatment program. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 133–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jampala, V. C., Zimmerman, M., Sierles, F. S., & Taylor, M. A. (1992). Consumers’ attitudes toward DSM-III and DSM-III-R: A 1989 survey of psychiatric educators, researchers, practitioners, and senior residents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 180–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, R. B., & Rush, A. J. (1989). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for depression. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1834–1846). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, J. W. (1982). The use of lithium in childhood and adolescence: An overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 174–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, J. W. (1989). Lithium: A therapeutic magic wand. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 81–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemerin, J. M., Roebuck, K., Philips, I. (1988). Bipolar disorder in a six-year-old boy: A diagnosis by proxy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 133–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H. F., & March, J. S. (1992). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 107–148). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, P. R. (1984). Age of onset in bipolar affective disorder and misdiagnosis as schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 14, 145–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J. S., Kehle, T. J., Jenson, W. R., & Clark, E. (1990). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, and self-modeling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review, 19, 196–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B.(1988). Substance use, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation in adolescence and young adulthood. In A. R. Stiffman & R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health, A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide (vol. 3, pp. 127–143). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1982). Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1205–1212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1986). Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 255–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B., Raveis, V. H., & Davies, M. (1991). Suicidal ideation in adolescence: Depression, substance use, and other risk factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 289–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, C. M., McAllister, J. A., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 584–589.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., & Breedlove, L. (in press). Depression in medically ill youngsters. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Carlson, G. A., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Corcoran, C.M., McAllister, J. A., Fallahi, C., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1987). Depression, depressive symptoms, and depressed mood among a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 931–934.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Hodges, K. K., & Shekim, W. O. (1980). Hypomanic reaction to amitriptyline in a depressed child. Psychosomatics, 21, 867, 872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Keller, M. B., Solomon, N., Reid, J. C., & Mazzola, D. (1985). Double depression in adolescent substance users. Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 153–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Manning, G. W., McKnew, D. H., Cytryn, L., Simonds, J. F., & Wooderson, P. C. (1980). Depression among incarcerated delinquents. Psychiatry Research, 3, 185–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1989). Developmental perspectives in child and adolescent depressive symptoms in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 871–875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J. H., Sherman, D. D., Parker, D. R., & Reid, J. C. (1990). Utility of the Beck Depression Inventory with clinic-referred adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 278–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Child psychotherapy: Developing and identifying effective treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1990). Assessment of childhood depression. In A. M. La Greca (Ed.), Through the eyes of the child: Obtaining self-reports from children and adolescents, (pp. 189–233). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W., Schwartz, C. & Roth, J. (1992). Chronic course of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 595–599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., & Sessa, F. M. (1989). Dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders. In C. G. Last & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychiatric diagnosis (pp. 330–342). New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., & Shapiro, R. W. (1982). Double depression: Superimposition of acute depressive episodes on chronic depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 438–442.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. T., Koch, M., & Buegel, D. (1976). Lithium carbonate in juvenile manic-depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System, 37, 90–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Kortlander, E., Chansky, T. E., & Brady, E. U. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Treatment implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 869–880.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. A., Riddle, M. A., Chappell, P. B., Hardin, M. T., Anderson, G. M., Lombroso, P., & Scahill, L. (1991). Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 179–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. N., Depue, R. A., & Slater, J. F. (1985). Cyclothymia in the adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 115–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L. (1987). Depression associated with medical and neurological diseases, drugs, and alcohol. In A. J. Marsella, R. M. A. Hirschfeld, & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The measurement of depression (pp. 20–29). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L. (1989). Introduction. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1726–1745). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1989). Increasing rates of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2229–2235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobak, R. R., Sudler, N., Gamble, W. (1991). Attachment and depressive symptom during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 461–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kocsis, J. H. (1989). Dysthymic disorder. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1940–1945). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1979). Children’s Depression Inventory. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1985). The natural history and course of depressive disorders in childhood. Psychiatric Annals, 15, 387–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1989). Affective disorders in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 44, 209–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1990). Comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood-onset depressions. In J. D. Maser & C. R. Cloniger (Eds.), Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders, (pp. 271–281). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S. L., Pollock, M., & Finkelstein, R. (1984a). Depressive disorders in childhood: II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 643–649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S. L., & Finkelstein, R.(1984b). Depressive disorders in childhood: I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 229–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Gatsonis, C., Paulauskas, S. L., & Richards, C. (1989). Depressive disorders in childhood, IV: A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 776–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Goldston, D. (1991). Cognitive and social cognitive development of depressed children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 388–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Paulauskas, S. L., Gatsonis, C., & Richards, C. (1988). Depressive disorders in childhood, III: A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for conduct disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 205–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A. D., & Feiguine, R. J. (1981). Clinical effects of amitriptyline in adolescent depression: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 636–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kriechman, A. M. (1987). Desipramine and imipramine overdose in a psychotic adolescent. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 108–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, V., & Kuhn, R. (1971). Drug therapy for depression in children. Indications and methods. In A. Annell (Ed.), Depressive states in childhood and adolescence (pp. 455–459). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., & Marton, P. (1991). Affective disorders in first-degree relatives of adolescent onset bipolar, unipolar, and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 75–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., Marton, P., & Korenblum, M. (1989). Relationship between psychiatric illness and conduct disorder in adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 526–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, J., & Pusker, K. R. (1991). School-based adolescent mental health project survey of depression, suicidal ideation, and anger. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 4, 101–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B., & Melin, L. (1990). Depressive symptoms in Swedish adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 91–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G. (1992). Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. In W. M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 61–106). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G., Francis, G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A. E., & Strauss, C. C. (1987). SeChapaution anxiety and school phobia: A comparison using DSM-III criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 653–657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A. E., Finkelstein, R., & Strauss, C. C. (1987). Comparison of DSM-III seChapaution anxiety and overanxious disorders: Demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 527–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1070–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1990). School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 31–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavin, A. T., Shapiro, G. R., & Weill, K. S. (1992). Creating an agenda for school-based health promotion: A review of 25 selected reports. Journal of School Health, 62, 212–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Koby, E. V., Lenane, M. C., Cheslow, D. L., & Hamburger, S. D. (1989). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1088–1092.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. C., & Deykin, E. Y. (1989). Suicidality, depression, and substance abuse in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1462–1467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., & Andrews, J. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21, 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Munoz, R. F., Youngren, M. A., & Zeiss, A. M. (1978). Control your depression. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1986). Light therapy and psychiatry. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 183, 11–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ling, W., Oftedal, G., & Weinberg, W.(1970). Depressive illness in childhood presenting as severe headache. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 120, 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linter, C. M. (1987). Short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis in a mentally handicapped child without family history: A case report. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 554–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. R., Lockett, H. J., & Grimm, F. (1965). Amitriptyline in childhood depressions. Diseases of the Nervous System, 26, 105–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maag, J. W. (1988). Treatment of adolescent depression with stress inoculation training. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maag, J. W., & Behrens, J. T. (1989). Depression and cognitive self-statements of learning disabled and seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents. Journal of Special Education, 23, 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maag, J. W., & Forness, S. R. (1991). Depression in children and adolescents: Identification, assessment, and treatment. Focus on Exceptional Children, 24(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manscheim, P. (1983). ECT in the treatment of a depressed adolescent with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and seizures. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 385–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcotte, D., & Baron, P. (1990, September). Efficacite d une strategie emotivo-rationnelle appliquee a des adolescents presentant des symptomes depressifs [Efficacy of a rational-emotive intervention strategy for the treatment of depression in adolescents in a school setting]. Paper presented at the Annual Convention, European Association for Behaviour Therapy, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maser, J. D., & Cloninger, C. R. (1990). Comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders: Introduction and overview. In J. D. Maser & C. R. Cloninger (Eds.), Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (pp. 3–12). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, B., & Frosch, W. A.(1989). Secondary depressions. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1898–1924). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattsson, A., & Seltzer, R. L. (1981). MAOI-induced rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in an adolescent. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 677–679.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, B. E. (1992). Hostility, depression, and self-esteem among troubled and homeless adolescents in crisis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 139–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, J. T., & Diamond, R. P. (1988). Bipolar disorder in mentally retarded adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 494–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McManus, M., Alessi, N. E., Grapentine, W. L., & Brickman, A. (1984). Psychiatric disturbance in serious delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 602–615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meakin, C. J. (1992). Screening for depression in the medically ill: The future of paper and pencil tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 212–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress inoculation training. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., & Weissman, M. M. (1988). Parental concordance for affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 279–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mghir, R., & Vincent, J. (1991). Phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder in an adolescent female. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 440–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P., & Moss, S. J. (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 12–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molick, R., & Pinkston, E. M. (1982). Using behavioral analysis to develop adaptive social behavior in a depressed adolescent girl. In E. M. Pinkston, J. L. Levitt, G. R. Green, N. L. Linsk, & T. L. Rzepnicki (Eds.), Effective social work practice (pp. 364–375). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moretti, M. M., Fine, S., Haley, G., & Marriage, K. (1985). Childhood and adolescent depression: Child-report versus parent-report information. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 298–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, G. E., Simons, A. D., Wetzel, R. D., & Lustman, P. J. (1984). Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy singly and together in the treatment of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, K., McCauley, E., Calderon, R., Mitchell, J., Burke, P., & Schloredt, K. (1991). Risks for suicidality in major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 86–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, M. W., & Grossman, M. (1991). Trichotillomania and depression. [Letter to the Editor]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 155–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcorn, J. H., & Strain, J. (1992). Adjustment disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adloesccnt Psychiatry, 31, 318–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nurcombe, B. (in press). The validity of the diagnosis of major depression in childhood and adolescence. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurcombe, B., Seifer, R., Scioli, A., Tramontana, M. G., Grapentine, W. L., & Beauchesne, H. C. (1989). Is major depressive disorder in adolescence a distinct diagnostic entity? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 333–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Offer, D., Howard, K. I., Schonert, K. A., & Ostrov, E. (1991). To whom do adolescents turn for help? Differences between disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 623–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Offer, D., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (1992). Debunking the myths of adolescence: Findings from recent research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1003–1014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orvaschel, H., Walsh-Allis, G., & Ye, W. (1988). Psychopathology in children of parents with recurrent depression. Journal Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persons, J. B. (1986). The advantages of studying psychological phenomena rather than psychiatric diagnoses. American Psychologist, 41, 1252–1260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. A. (1981). Active treatment of childhood depression. In J. F. Clarkin & A. I. Glazer (Eds.), Depression: Behavioral and directive intervention strategies (pp. 311–343). New York: Garland STPM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. A. (1983). Imipramine in the treatment of depressed children. In D. P. Cantwell & G. A. Carlson (Eds.), Affective disorders in childhood and adolescents — An update (pp. 375–415). Jamaica, NY: Spectrum Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. A. (1985). Scales of potential use in the psychopharmacologic treatment of depressed children and adolescents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 951–977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, T. A., Bornstein, M., Delamater, A., & Conners, C. K. (1980). Evaluation and multi-modality treatment of a depressed prepubertal girl. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 690–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., Pack, R., & van Eys, J. (1989). Monoamine oxidase inhibitor toxicity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 954–955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R. (1987). Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 127–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post, R. M. (1989). The use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. In R. M. Post, M. R. Trimble, & C. E. Pippenger (Eds.), Clinical use of anticonvulsants in psychiatric disorders (pp. 113–152). New York: Demos Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J. (1982). Major depression and conduct disorder in prepuberty. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 118–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Perel, J. M., Lupatkin, W., Chambers, W. J., Tabrizi, M. A., King, J., Goetz, R., Davies, M., & Stiller, R. L. (1987). Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 81–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Ryan, N. D., & Rabinovich, H. (1985). Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence. In J. M. Wiener (Ed.), Diagnosis and psychopharmacology of childhood and adolescent disorders (pp. 151–178). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rancurello, M. (1986). Antidepressants in children: Indications, benefits, and limitations. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 40, 377–392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, U., Weissman, M. M., Martin, J. A., & Hammond, R. W. (1993). Childhood depression and risk of suicide: A preliminary report of a longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 21–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J. L. (1986). Antidepressants in childhood attention deficit disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics, 27, 30–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J. L., & Mikkelsen, E. J. (1978). Antidepressants. In J. S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology: The use of behavior modifying drugs in children (pp. 129–147). New York: Brunner-Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J., Quinn, P., Bradbard, G., Riddle, D., & Brooks, E. (1974). Imipramine and methylphenidate treatments of hyperactive boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 789–793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastam, M. (1992). Anorexia nervosa in 51 Swedish adolescents: Premorbid problems and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 819–829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinherz, H. Z., Frost, A. K., & Pakiz, B. (1991). Changing faces: Correlates of depressive symptoms in late adolescence. Family and Community Health, 14, 52–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinherz, H. Z., Frost, A. K., Stewart-Berghauer, G., Pakiz, B., Kennedy, K., & Schille, C. (1990). The many faces of correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 10, 455–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., Pakiz, B., & Frost, A. K. (1993). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 369–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1985). Depression in childhood and adolescence: Diagnosis, assessment, intervention strategies and research. In T. R. Kratochwill (Ed.), Advances in school psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 133–189). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1986a). Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1986b). A model for the screening and identification of depressed children and adolescents in school settings. Professional School Psychology, 1, 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1987). Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1989). Suicidal ideation and depression in adolescents: Assessment and research. In P. F. Lovibond & P. Wilson (Eds.), Clinical and abnormal psychology (pp. 125–135). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1990). Development of a semistructured clinical interview for suicidal behaviors in adolescents. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 382–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1991a). Psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents. In G. Stoner, M. Shinn, & H. Walker (Eds.), Interventions for achievement and behavior problems (pp. 649–683). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1991b). A school-based procedure for the identification of adolescents at-risk for suicidal behaviors. Family and Community Health, 14, 64–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1992a). Depression in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 149–253). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1992b). The study of internalizing disorders in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 1–18). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (in press a). Adolescent Psychopathology Scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (in press b). Depression in childhood and adolescence: A biopsychosocial perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (in press c). Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Coats, K. I. (1982, July). Depression in adolescents: Incidence, depth and correlates. Paper presented at the 10th International Congress of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dublin, Ireland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Coats, K. I. (1986). A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation training for the treatment of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 653–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Mazza, J. J. (1990, August). Suicidal behavior and depression in adolescents. Paper presented at the Annual Convention, American Psychological Association, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Mazza, J. J. (1992, June). Psychosocial characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. Paper presented at the International Conference on Suicidal Behavior. Pittsburgh, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., Kobak, K., & Greist, J. H. (1992). Diagnostic utility of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with psychiatric outpatients and nonpsychiatric controls. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Ransby, M. (1992). Depression in special populations: I. Persons with developmental disabilities. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Brown, N., Dzubinski, D., Jetmalani, A. J., Law, Y., & Woolston, J. L. (1989). Fluoxetine overdose in an adolescent. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 587–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Hardin, M. T., King, R., Scahill, L., & Woolston, J. L. (1990). Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorders: Preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 45–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Nelson, J. C., Kleinman, C. S., Rasmusson, A., Leckman, J. F., King, R. A., & Cohen, D. J. (1991). Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin: A review of three reported cases and commentary. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 104–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L., King, R. A., Hardin, M. T., Anderson, G. M., Ort, S. I., Smith, J. C., Leckman, J. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1992). Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1062–1069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, D. R., Alessi, N. E., & Colfer, M. V. (1989). Treatment of adolescents with major depression: Implications of the DST and the melancholic clinical subtype. Journal of Affective Disorders, 17, 99–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., & Andrews, J. A. (1992). The Oregon Adolescent Depression Project: Overview and preliminary results. In S. Suzuki & R. E. Roberts (Eds.), Methods and applications in mental health surveys: The Todai Health Index (pp. 249–278). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L. A., Berman, J. S., & Neimeyer, R. A. (1990). Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: A comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 30–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, N. E. (1989). Light therapy. In T. B. Karasu (Ed.), American Psychiatric Association: Treatments of psychiatric disorders: A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association (pp. 1890–1896). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, N. E., Carpenter, C. J., James, C. P., Parry, B. L., Rogers, S. L. B., & Wehr, T. A. (1986). Seasonal affective disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 356–358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P., Young, G. C., & Leenaars, A. A. (1989). A childhood learning disability that predisposes those afflicted to adolescent and adult depression and suicide risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 169–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J. (1990). Problems associated with the diagnosis of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51 (SuppL), 15–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1986). The developmental psychopathology of depression: Issues and perspectives. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 3–32). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1990). Commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 60–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children. Psychological Medicine, 14, 853–880.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D. (1992). Pharmacological treatment of major depression. In M. Shafii & S. L. Shafii (Eds.), Clinical guide to depression in children and adolescents (pp. 219–232). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Meyer, V., Dachille, S., Mazzie, D., & Puig-Antich, J. (1988). Lithium antidepressant augmentation in TCA-refractory depression in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 371–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., & Puig-Antich, J. (1987). Pharmacological treatment of adolescent psychiatric disorders. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 8, 137–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Cooper, T. B., Rabinovich, H., Ambrosini, P., Fried, J., Davies, M., Torres, D., & Suckow, R. F. (1987). Relative safety of single versus divided dose imipramine in adolescent major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 400–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Cooper, T. B., Rabinovich, H., Ambrosini, P., Davies, M., King, J., Torres, D., & Fried, J. (1986). Imipramine in adolescent major depression: Plasma level and clinical response. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 275–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Rabinovich, H., Fried, J., Ambrosini, P., Meyer, V., Torres, D., Dachille, S., & Mazzie, D. (1988). MAOIs in adolescent major depression unresponsive to tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 755–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Iyengar, S., Orvaschel, H., Reich, T., Dahl, R. E., & Puig-Antich, J. (1992). A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 600–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, C., & Kelley, M. L. (1993). Social problem-solving in suicidal adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 121–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg, A. F., Samsom, J. A., Bloomingdale, K. L., Orsulak, P. J., Gerson, B., Kizuka, P. P., Cole, J. O., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1989). Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders: X. Urinary catecholamines, their metabolites, and D-type scores in subgroups of depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 260–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schloss, P. J., Schloss, C. N., & Harris, L. (1984). A multiple baseline analysis of an interpersonal skills training program for depressed youth. Behavior Disorders, 9, 182–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Costello, A. J., & Hill, I. D. (1968). Control of enuresis with imipramine. Archives of Diseases in Children, 43, 665–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafii, M., & Shafii, S. L. (1992). Dynamic psychotherapy of depression. In M. Shafii & S. L. Shafii (Eds.), Clinical guide to depression in children and adolescents (pp. 157–175). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shain, B. N., Naylor, M., & Alessi, N. (1990). Comparison of self-rated and clinician-rated measures of depression in adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 793–795.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shain, B. N., King, C. A., Naylor, M., & Alessi, N. (1991). Chronic depression and hospital course in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 428–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. B. (1988). The scope of the problem in children and adolescents. In J. G. Looney (Ed.), Chronic mental illness in children and adolescents (pp. 39–51). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J., Dinicola, V. F., Ferguson, H. B., & Copping, W. (1990). Adolescent depression: A placebo-controlled fluoxetine treatment study and follow-up. Progess in Neuropsycho-pharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 14, 791–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinaikin, P. M. (1985). A clinically relevant guide to the differential diagnosis of depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 199–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Steiner, H. (1992). Psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 841–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snaith, R. P. (1987). The concepts of mild depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soblen, R. A., & Saunders, J. C. (1961). Monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy in adolescent psychiatry. Diseases of the Nervous System, 22, 96–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonis, W. A., Yellin, A. M., Garfinkel, B. D. et al. (1987). The antidepressant effect of light in seasonal affective disorder of childhood and adolescence. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 360–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1978). Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stack, J. J. (1971). Chemotherapy in childhood depression. In A. Annell (Ed.), Depressive states in childhood and adolescence (pp. 460–466). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., & Quitkin, F. M. (1992). Can mildly depressed outpatients with atypical depression benefit from antidepressants? American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 615–619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiffman, A. R., Earls, F., Robins, L. N., & Powell, J. (1988). The relationship between adolescent depression and suicide attempts. In A. R. Stiffman & R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health: A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide (vol. 3, pp. 61–75). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stowell, R. J., & Estroff, T. W. (1992). Psychiatric disorders in substance-abusing adolescent inpatients: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1036–1040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C. C., Last, C. G., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S., & Morrell, W. (1993). The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strober, M., Morrell, W., Lampert, C., & Burroughs, J. (1990). Lithium carbonate in prophylactic treatment of Bipolar I disorder in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 457–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudak, H. S., Ford, A. B., Rushforth, N. B., & Koonce, J. F. (1988). Depression and suicide in adolescents: An overview. In A. R. Stiffman & R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health: A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide, (Vol. 3, pp. 3–12). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suinn, R. M. (1986). Anxiety management training manual. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Behavioral Science Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sverd, J. (1988). Imipramine treatment of panic disorder in a boy with Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49, 31–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarnowski, K. J., Simonian, S. J., Bekeny, P., & Park, A. (1992). Acceptability of interventions for childhood depression. Behavior Modification, 16, 103–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, M. H., Glod, C., & Cole, J. O. (1990). Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 207–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasson, K., & Kuperman, S. (1990). Bipolar disorder in a prepubescent child. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 308–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toolan, J. M. (1978). Therapy of depressed and suicidal children. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 32, 243–251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troutman, B. R., & Cutrona, C. E. (1990). Nonpsychotic postpartum depression among adolescent mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 69–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, J. (1992). Agreement between parents’ reports and adolescents’ self-reports of problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1011–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wamboldt, F. S., Kaslow, N. J., Swift, W. J., & Ritholz, M. (1987). Short-term course of depressive symptoms in patients with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 362–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, V., Weissman, M. M., Fendrich, M., Wickramaratne, P., & Moreau, D. (1992). The course of major depression in the offspring of depressed parents: Incidence, recurrence, and recovery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 795–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, W. A., & Emslie, G. J. (1988). Adolescents and school problems: Depression, suicide, and learning disorders. In A. R. Stiffman & R. A. Feldman (Eds.), Advances in adolescent mental health, A research-practice annual: Depression and suicide (vol. 3, pp. 181 – 205). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, W. A., Rutman, J., Sullivan, L., Penick, E. C., & Dietz, S. G. (1973). Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 83, 1065–1072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, R. D., & Coffey, C. E. (1988). Indications for use of electroconvulsive therapy. In A. J. Frances & R. E. Hales (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (vol. 7, pp. 458–481). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Gammon, G. D., John, K., Merikangas, K. R., Warner, V., Prusoff, B. A., & Sholomskas, D. (1987). Children of depressed parents: Increased psycho-pathology and early onset of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 847–853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, R. A., & Weiler, E. B. (1984). Use of tricyclic antidepressants in prepubertal depressed children. In E. B. Weller & R. A. Weiler (Eds.), Current perspectives on major depressive disorders in children (pp. 50–63). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, R. A., & Weiler, E. B. (1986). Tricyclic anti-depressants in prepubertal depressed children: Review of the literature. Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 8, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, Z. & Rice, J. (1988). School-aged children of depressed parents: A blind and controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 291–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J. M. (1982). Psychotropic drug therapy in children and adolescents. Psychosomatic, 23, 488–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wierson, M., Forehand, R. L., & Frame, C. L. (1992). Epidemiology and treatment of mental health problems in juvenile delinquents. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy, 14, 93–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windle, M. (1992). A longitudinal study of stress buffering for adolescent problem behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 28, 522–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winsberg, B. G., Bialer, I., Kupietz, S., & Tobias, J. (1972). Effects of imipramine and dextroamphetamine on behavior of neuropsychiatrically impaired children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 1425–1431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngerman, J., & Canino, I. A. (1978). Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents: A survey of the literature. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 216–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. (1988). Why are we rushing to publish DSM-IV? Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1135–1138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychoeducational Research and Training Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    William M. Reynolds

Authors
  1. William M. Reynolds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

    Thomas H. Ollendick

  2. University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

    Ronald J. Prinz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reynolds, W.M. (1994). Depression in Adolescents. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 16. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9041-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9041-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9043-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9041-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation