Skip to main content

Psychotherapy Outcome Research with Children and Adolescents

The State of the Art

  • Chapter
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 20))

Abstract

After decades of sowing, weeding, harvesting, and winnowing, workers in the field of child and adolescent treatment research have produced a bumper crop. There are now scores of structured interventions for diverse forms of psychological dysfunction across a broad age spectrum. Research-based treatments exist for a substantial range of clinically significant problems and disorders. Although a majority of the more than 230 named therapies for youths have not been tested empirically (see Kazdin, 1988; Kazdin & Weisz, 1996), dozens of such therapies have been subjected to empirical scrutiny, with beneficial effects demonstrated in more than 300 studies. In this chapter, we describe the context of child and adolescent treatment and treatment research, summarize findings of that research, and offer a constructive critique. Finally, we suggest a number of issues that need to be addressed, and approaches that need to be taken, to advance the field. Throughout this chapter, we use the term children to encompass both children and adolescents, except where a distinction needs to be drawn between the two age groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcraft, C. W. (1971). The later school adjustment of treated and untreated emotionally handicapped children. Journal of School Psychology, 9, 338–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., & Nietzel, M. T. (1991). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of impulsivity in children: A meta-analytic review of the outcome literature. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 2, 400–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickman, L. (1996). A continuum of care: More is not always better. American Psychologist, 51, 689–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickman, L., Guthrie, P. R., Foster, E. M., Lambert, E. W., Summerfelt, W. T., Breda, C. S., & Heflinger, C. A. (1995). Evaluating managed mental health services: The Fort Bragg experiment. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. (1978). Effects of a rational-emotive mental health program on poorly achieving, disruptive high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(1), 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., Cone, L. T., Henggeler, S. W., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D., & Williams, R. A. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 569–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braswell, L., Kendall, P. C, Braith, J., Carey, M. P., & Vye, C. S. (1985). “Involvement” in cognitive-behavioral therapy with children: Process and its relationship to outcome. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 611–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, R. J., & Berman, J. S. (1985). The outcome of psychotherapy with children. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 388–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C, Shoham, V., Bennett-Johnson, S., Pope, K. S., Crits-Cristoph, P., Baker, M., Johnson, B., Woody, S. R., Sue, S., Beutler, L., Williams, D. A., & McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated treatments. Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, A., & Jacobson, N. S. (1993). Who or what can do psychotherapy: The status and challenge of nonprofessional therapies. Psychological Science, 5, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1997). Transactional ecological systems in developmental psychopathology. In S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 273–313). New York: Cambridge University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costantino, G., Malgady, R., & Rogler, L. (1986). Cuento therapy: A culturally sensitive modality for Puerto Rican children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 639–645.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J. (1989). Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 836–841.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFries, Z., Jenkins, S., & Williams, E. C. (1964). Treatment of disturbed children in foster care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 34, 615–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1987). Mitigating aggression and promoting prosocial behavior in aggressive elementary schoolboys. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 25(6), 527–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., Fuhrman, T., & Lampman, C. (1991). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy for maladapting children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 204–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dush, D. M., Hirt, M. L., & Schroeder, H. E. (1989). Self-statement modification in the treatment of child behavior disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 97–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. E., Armstrong, M. I., Dollard, N., Kuppinger, A. D., Huz, S., & Wood, V. M. (1994). Development and evaluation of treatment foster care and family-centered intensive case management in New York. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 228–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fling, S., & Black, P. (1984/1985). Relaxation convert rehearsal for adaptive functioning in fourth-grade children. Psychology and Human Development, 1(2), 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R., Lautenschlager, G. J., Faust, J., & Graziano, W. G. (1986). Parent perceptions and parent-child interactions in clinic-referred children: A preliminary investigation of the effects of maternal depressive moods. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 73–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, S. G. (1980). A comparison of cognitive training and response cost procedures in modifying aggressive behavior of elementary school children. Behavior Therapy, 11, 594–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J. D. (1973). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander, M. L., Wildman, J., Heatherington, L., & Skowron, E. A. (1994). What we do and don’t know about the process of family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 390–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (1989). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, G.V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorin, S. S. (1993). The prediction of child psychotherapy outcome: Factors specific to treatment. Psychotherapy, 30, 152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, N. G., & Slaby, R. G. (1990). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 2. Intervention. Developmental Psychology, 26(2), 269–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, E. J., Cunningham, G. K., & Robinson, J. B. (1977). Counseling focus: Are parents necessary? Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 12, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelrigg, M. D., Cooper, H. M., & Borduin, C. M. (1987). Evaluating the effectiveness of family therapies: An integrative review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 428–442.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., & Borduin, C. M. (1990). Family therapy and beyond: A multisystemic approach to treating the behavior problems of children and adolescents. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992). Family preservation using multi-systemic therapy: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 953–961.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Rodick, J. D., Borduin, C. M., Hanson, C. L., Watson, S. M., & Urey, J. R. (1986). Multisystemic treatment of juvenile offenders: Effects on adolescent behavior and family interaction. Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 132–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, M. K. (1992). Minority children and adolescents in therapy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., Petti, T., & Burns, B. J. (1996). Outcomes of mental health care for children and adolescents: I. A comprehensive conceptual model. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1055–1063.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., DeWitt, K. N., & Rosenbaum, R. L. (1984). Brief psychotherapy of bereavement reactions: The relationship of process to outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 438–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, P. A., & Silvern, L. E. (1981). Behavioral observation of children during play therapy: Preliminary development of a research instrument. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 168–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudley, C., & Graham, S. (1993). An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggression among African-American boys. Child Development, 64(1), 124–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, W C., & Rank, R. C. (1984). Effects of counselor and peer-led group assertive training on Black adolescent aggression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31,(1), 95–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (1989). Research on children and adolescents with mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T., Magnussen, M. G., & Kemler, W. M. (1972). A follow-up of treatment terminators and remainers with short-term and long-term symptom duration. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Child psychotherapy: Developing and identifying effective treatments. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Developmental psychopathology: Current research, issues, and directions. American Psychologist. 44, 180–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Bass, D., Ayers, W. A., & Rodgers, A. (1990a). Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 729–740.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C., & Bass, D. (1990b). Drawing on clinical practice to inform research on child and adolescent psychotherapy: Survey of practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (in press). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Morris, R. J. (1991). Child therapy: Issues and recommendations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 777–784.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaFromboise, T. D., & Rowe, W. (1983). Skills training for bicultural competence: Rationale and application. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 589–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, A. E., Postrado, L. T., Roth, D., McNary, S. W., & Goldman, H. H. (1994). Continuity of care and client outcomes in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation program on chronic mental illness. Milbank Quarterly, 72, 105–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrman, L. J., Sirluck, H., Black, B. J., & Glick, S. J. (1949). Success and failure of treatment of children in the child guidance clinics of the Jewish Board of Guardians, New York City. Jewish Board of Guardians Research Monographs, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, E. E., Beiser, H. R., & Robertson, R. E. (1959). A follow-up evaluation of cases treated at a community child guidance clinic. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29, 337–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., & Andrews, J. A. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21, 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., & Seeley, J. R. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents: Treatment outcome and the role of parental involvement. Unpublished manuscript, Oregon Research Institute, Eugene.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. (1974). A comparison of behavior therapy techniques in the reduction of fearful avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy, 5, 648–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., Burch, P. R., Curry, J. F., & Lampron, L. B. (1984). Treatment and generalization effects of cognitive-behavioral and goal-setting interventions with aggressive boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(5), 915–916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., Mintz, J., & Auerbach, A. (1988). Who will benefit from psychotherapy? New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malgady, R. G., Rogler, L. H., & Costantino, G. (1990). Hero/heroine modeling for Puerto Rican adolescents: A preventive mental health intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical psychology, 58, 469–474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C. (1990). Meta-analysis in the breech. Science, 249, 476–480.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mash, E. J., & Dozois, D. J. A. (1996). Child psychopathology: A developmental-systems perspective. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 3–60). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. L., Dorsett, P. G., Calhoun, M. E., & Drabman, R. S. (1988). “Beat-the-buzzer”: A method for decreasing parent-child morning conflicts. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 9, 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D., & Goodman, S. (1979). Clinical use of private speech and critical questions about its study in natural settings. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of self-regulation through private speech (pp. 325–360). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin, P. P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mook, B. (1982). Analyses of therapist variables in a series of psychotherapy sessions with two child clients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 63–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motta, R. W., & Lynch, C. (1990). Therapeutic techniques vs. therapeutic relationships in child behavior therapy. Psychological Reports, 67, 315–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motta, R. W., & Tobin, M. I. (1992). The relative importance of specific and nonspecific factors in child behavior therapy. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 11, 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustakas, C. E., & Schalock, H. D. (1955). An analysis of therapist-child interaction in play therapy. Child Development, 26, 143–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moustakas, C. E., Sigel, I. E., & Schalock, H. D. (1956). An objective method for the measurement and analysis of child-adult interaction. Child Development, 27, 109–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, R. A., & Berman, J. S. (1983). Is follow-up necessary in evaluating psychotherapy? Psychological Bulletin, 93, 261–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niles, W. J. (1986). Effects of a moral development discussion group on delinquent and predelinquent boys. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment. (1986). Children’s mental health: Problems and services—A background paper (Publication No. OTA-BP-H-33). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlinsky, D. E., Grawe, K., & Parks, B. K. (1994). Process and outcome in psychotherapy: Noch einmal. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 270–376). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, M. J., Peterson, P. D., Cox, G. B., & Kirkeby, J. (1989). Ethnic populations: Community mental health services ten years later. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 17–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Chamberlain, P. (1994). A functional analysis of resistance during parent training therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1, 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Forgatch, M. S. (1985). Therapist behavior as a determinant for client noncompliance: A paradox for the behavior modifier. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 846–851.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W E., Carlson, C., Sams, S., Vallano, G., Dixon, J., & Hoza, B. (1993). Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 76–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1929). The child’s conception of the world. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1955). The language and thought of the child. New York: Meridian. (Originally published, 1923.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and imitation. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.). Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 703–732). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinsoff, W. M., & Catherall, D. R. (1986). The integrative psychotherapy alliance: Family, couple, and individual therapy scales. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12, 137–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, B. A., & Hoedt, K. C. (1985). Differential effects of an Adlerian counseling approach with preadolescent children. Individual Psychology, 41, 372–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prout, H. T., & DeMartino, R. A. (1986). A meta-analysis of school-based studies of psychotherapy. Journal of School Psychology, 24, 285–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, M. C. (1994). Models for service delivery in children’s mental health: Common characteristics. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 212–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogler, L. H., Malgady, R. G., Costantino, G., & Blumenthal, R. (1987). What do culturally sensitive mental health services mean? The case of Hispanics. American Psychologist, 42(6), 565–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1994). Responses of depressed adolescents to cognitive-behavioral treatment: Do differences in initial severity clarify the comparison of treatments? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 851–854.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. L., Greenwald, S., & Shirk, S. R. (1991). Language change in child psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 916–919.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saile, H., Burgmeier, R., & Schmidt, L. R. (1988). A meta-analysis of studies on psychological preparation of children facing medical procedures. Psychology and Health, 2, 107–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, D. G., Brondino, M. J., Henggeler, S. W, Melton, G. B., & Hartley, J. H. (1994). Multisystemic family preservation therapy: Preliminary findings from a study of rural and minority serious adolescent offenders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2(4), 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schinke, S. P., Orlandi, M. A., Botvin, G. J., Gilchrist, L. D., Trimble, J. E., & Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald, S. K., Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G., & Cunningham, P. B. (1996). Treating seriously troubled youths and families in their contexts: Multisystemic Therapy. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Model programs in service delivery in child and family mental health (pp. 317–332), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W. R., Montgomery, L. M., Wilson, P., Wilson, M. R., Bright, I., & Okwumabua, T. (1993). Effects of family and marital psychotherapies: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 992–1002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 581–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, M., Oppenheim, A. N., & Mitchell, S. (1966). Childhood behavior disorders and the child-guidance clinic: An epidemiological study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirk, S. R., & Saiz, C. S. (1992). Clinical, empirical, and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 713–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirk, S., Saiz, C., Green, B., «Sc Hanze, D. (1990, June). Measuring patient participation in child psychotherapy. Poster presented at meetings of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Wintergreen, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, C. L. F. (1972). Changes in play therapy behaviors over time as a function of differing levels of therapist-offered conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 235–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752–760.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. L. (1980). Benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Acuna, S., Durlak, J. A., & Kaspar, C. J. (1991). Development of child psychotherapy process measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 126–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyrnios, K. X., & Kirkby, R. J. (1993). Long-term comparison of brief versus unlimited treatments with children and their parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1020–1027.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurlock, J. (1985). Assessment and therapeutic intervention of black children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 168–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W. B., & Shapiro, D. A. (1989). Abuse of the drug metaphor in psychotherapy process-outcome research. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 521–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoolmiller, M., Duncan, T., Bank, L., & Patterson, G. R.(1993). Some problems and solutions in the study of change: Significant patterns in client resistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 920–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, J. M., & Weidman, C. S. (1989). Reduction of attention deficit and internalizing symptoms in preschoolers through parent-child interaction training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(6), 888–896.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, J. M., & Weidman, C. S. (1991). Follow-up one year after parent-child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(1), 138–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stroul, B. A., & Friedman, R. (1986). A system of care for children and youth with severe emotional disturbances (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, CASSP Technical Assistance Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S. (1977). Community mental health services to minority groups: Some optimism, some pessimism. American Psychologist, 32, 616–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., & Zane, N. (1987). The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation. American Psychologist, 42(1), 37–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W., Santisteban, D. A., & Rio, A. T. (1990). Interplay of advances between theory, research, and application in treatment interventions aimed at behavior problem children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 696–703.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szapocznik, J., Rio, A., Murray, E., Cohen, R., Scopetta, M., Rivas-Vasquez, A., Hervis, O., Posada, V., & Kurtines, W. (1989). Structural family versus psychodynamic child therapy for problematic Hispanic boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 571–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarnowski, K. J., Rosen, L. A., McGrath, M. L., & Drabman, R. S. (1987). A modified habit reversal procedure in a recalcitrant case of trichotillomania. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 18, 157–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, Division of Clinical Psychology, American Psychological Association. (1995, Winter). Training in and dissemination of empirically validated psychological treatments: Report and Recommendations. Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tharp, R. G. (1991). Cultural diversity and treatment of children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(6), 799–812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Truax, C. B., Altmann, H., Wright, L., & Mitchell, K. M. (1973). Effects of therapeutic conditions in child therapy. Journal of Community Psychology, 1, 313–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truax, C. B., & Wittmer, J. (1973). The degree of therapist focus on defense mechanisms and the effect on therapeutic outcome with institutionalized juvenile delinquents. Journal of Community Psychology, 1, 201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Herbert, M. (1993). What really happens in parent training? Behavior Modification, 17, 407–456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., Kolpacoff, M., & Hollinsworth, T. (1988). Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children: Comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 558–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., & Weisz, J. R. (1990). The impact of methodological factors on child psychotherapy outcome research: A meta-analysis for researchers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 639–670.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Donenberg, G. R., Han, S. S., & Kauneckis, D. (1995a). Child and adolescent psychotherapy outcomes in experiments versus clinics: Why the disparity? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 83–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Donenberg, G. R., Han, S. S., & Weiss, B. (1995b). Bridging the gap between lab and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 688–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Han, S. S., & Valeri, S. M. (1997). More of what? Issues raised by the Fort Bragg Study. American Psychologist, 52, 541–545.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., McCarty, C. A., Eastman, K. L., Chaiyasit, W., & Suwanlert, S. (1997). Developmental psychopathology and culture: Ten lessons from Thailand. In S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 568–592). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W, Weiss, B., Walter, B. R., & Anderson, W (1988). Thai and American perspectives on over- and undercontrolled child behavior problems: Exploring the threshold model among parents, teachers, and psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 601–609.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1989). Assessing the effects of clinic-based psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinic Psychology, 57, 741–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1991). Studying the “referability” of child clinical problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 266–273.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1993). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Alicke, M. D., & Klotz, M. L. (1987). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents: A meta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 542–549.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., & Donenberg, G. R. (1992). The lab versus the clinic: Effects of child and adolescent psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 47, 1578–1585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Granger, D. A., & Morton, T. (1995c). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 450–468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T. (1985). Limitations of meta-analysis in the evaluation of the effects of psychological therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer, H. L., & Keller, J. (1942). Outgrowing childhood problems: A study in the value of child guidance treatment. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 13, 74–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L., Truax, C. B., & Mitchell, K. M. (1972). Reliability of process ratings of psychotherapy with children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 232–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtele, S. K., & Drabman, R. S. (1984). “Beat-the-buzzer” for classroom dawdling: A one-year trial. Behavior Therapy, 15, 403–409.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weisz, J.R., Huey, S.J., Weersing, V.R. (1998). Psychotherapy Outcome Research with Children and Adolescents. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9038-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9038-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9040-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9038-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics