Skip to main content

Continuities and Discontinuities in Antisocial Behavior from Childhood to Adult Life

  • Chapter
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 20))

Abstract

Much adult psychopathology has its roots in childhood difficulties; nowhere is that tendency more apparent than in the antisocial domain. From the time of the first long-term follow-ups (Robins, 1966, 1978) it has been clear that most severely antisocial adults have long histories of disruptive and deviant behavior reaching back to childhood. Yet these same studies also highlighted an apparent paradox: looking forward from childhood, the picture was a rather different one. Most conduct-disordered children did not grow up to be severely antisocial adults, and for many, discontinuity, rather than continuity, seemed the more usual course.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., McConaughy, S. H., & Stanger, C. (1995). Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 658–669.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.” Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Rutter, M. (1996). Precision, reliability and accuracy in the dating of symptom onsets in child and adolescent psychopathology Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 657–664.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Anthony, J. C, & Heizer, J. E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America (pp. 116–154). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  6. August, G. J., & Stewart, M. A. (1982). Is there a syndrome of pure hyperactivity? British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 305–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bardone, A. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 811–829.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 294, 546–557.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bell, Q., & Chapman, M. (1986). Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Developmental Psychology, 22, 595–603.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J. A., & Visher, C. A. (Eds.). (1986). Criminal careers and “career criminals.” Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bohman, M. (1996). Predisposition to criminality: Swedish adoption studies in retrospect. In G. R. Bock & J. A. Goode (Eds.), Genetics of criminal and antisocial behaviour. CIBA Foundation Symposium 194 (pp. 99–194). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bradbury, T. N., Beach, S. R. H., Fincham, F. D., & Nelson, G. M. (1996). Attributions and behavior in functional and dysfunctional marriages. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 569–576.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brown, G. W, & Harris, T. O. (1978). The social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 916–924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., & Neckerman, H. J. (1989). Early school dropout: Configurations and determinants. Child Development, 606, 1437–1452.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Gest, S., & Gariepy, J.-L. (1988). Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection? Developmental Psychology, 24, 815–823.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Bravo, M. (1995). Child psychiatric epidemiology: What we have learned and what we need to learn. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cantwell, D. P., & Rutter, M. (1994). Classification: Conceptual issues and substantive findings. In E. Taylor, L. Hersov, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (pp. 3–21). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Caron, C, & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1063–1080.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1991). Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: The sample case of girls at puberty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 157–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Caspi, A., Elder, J. G. H., & Herbener, E. S. (1990). Childhood personality and the prediction of life-course patterns. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 13–55). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Caspi, A., Wright, B. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. (in press). Early failure in the labor market: Childhood and adolescent predictors of unemployment in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Caspi, A., Lynam, D., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1993). Unravelling girls’ delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent misbehavior. Developmental Psychology, 29, 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1993). When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 247–271.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1995). The continuity of maladaptive behaviour: From description to understanding in the study of antisocial behaviour. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Volume 2, pp. 472–511). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Behavioral observations at age 3 predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033–1039.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chaiken, J. M., & Chaiken, M. R. (1990). Drugs and predatory crime. In M. Tonry & J. Q. Wilson (Eds.), Drugs and crime (pp. 203–240). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Champion, L. A., Goodall, G. M., & Rutter, M. (1995). Behaviour problems in childhood and stressors in early adult life: A twenty-year follow-up of London school children. Psychological Medicine, 25, 231–246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and classification of psychopathol-ogy: Challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 121–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Clausen, J. (1991). Adolescent competence and the shaping of the life course. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 805–842.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cohen, R, Cohen, J., & Brook, J. (1993a). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: II. Persistence of disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 869–877.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C, Johnson, J., Rojas, M., Brook, J., & Struning, E. L. (1993b). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 851–867.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Crowe, R. R. (1974). An adoption study of antisocial personality. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 785–791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Daly, K. (1993). Gender crime and punishment. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  35. DiLalla, L. R, & Gottesman, I.I. (1989). Heterogeneity of causes for delinquency and criminality: Lifespan perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 339–349.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dishion, T.J., French, D. C, & Patterson, G. R. (1995). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 421–471). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990a). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995). Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effects of early physical abuse on later conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632–643.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dodge, K. A., Price, J. N., Bachorowski, J. A., & Newman, J. P. (1990b). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385–392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dunn, G., Everitt, B., & Pickles, A. (1993). Modelling covariances and latent variables using EQS. London: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Earls, F. (1994). Oppositional-defiant and conduct disorders. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor, & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (3rd ed., pp. 308–329). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Elder, G. H. J. (1986). Military times and turning points in men’s lives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 233–245.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Elder, G. H. J., & Caspi, A. (1990). Studying lives in a changing society: Sociological and personalogical explorations. In A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker, S. Frank, & R. A. Emmons (Eds.), Studying persons and lives (pp. 201–247). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Elliott, D. S., Ageton, S. S., Huizinga, D., Knowles, B. A., & Canter, R. J. (1983). The prevalence and incidence of delinquent behavior: 1976–1980. (National Youth Survey Report No. 26). Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., & Woerner, W. (1990). Epidemiology and course of psychiatric disorders in school-age children: Results of a longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 243–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fagan, J. (1990). Intoxication and aggression. In M. Tonry & J. Q. Wilson (Eds.), Drugs and crime (pp. 241–320). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Farrington, D. P. (1986a). Age and crime. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 7, 189–250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Farrington, D. P. (1986b). Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. R. Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behaviour (pp. 359–384). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Farrington, D. P. (1989). Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims, 4, 79–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Farrington, D. P. (1990). Age, period, cohort and offending. In D. M. Gottfredson & R. V. Clarke (Eds.), Policy and theory in criminal justice (pp. 51–75). Aldershot, UK: Avebury.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Farrington, D. P. (1991). Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood. The Psychologist, 4, 389–394.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Farrington, D. P. (1992). Criminal career research in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Criminology, 32, 521–536.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Farrington, D. P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St. Ledger, R. J., & West, D. J. (1986). Unemployment, school leaving and crime. British Journal of Criminology, 26, 335–356.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Elliott, D. S., Hawkins, J. D., Kandel, D. B., Klein, M. W., McCord, J., Rowe, D. C, & Tremblay, R. E. (1990b). Advancing knowledge about the onset of delinquency and crime. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 283–342). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1990a). Long-term criminal outcomes of hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention deficit and conduct problems in childhood. In L. N. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 62–81). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Farrington, D. P., Sampson, R. J., & Wikström, P.-O. H. (Eds.). (1993). Integrating individual and ecological aspects of crime. Stockholm: National Council for Crime Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Farrington, D. P., & West, D. J. (1993). Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: Risk and protective factors and early identification. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 3, 492–523.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Farrington, D. P., & West, D. J. (1995). Effects of marriage, separation, and children on offending by adult males. In Z. Smith Blau (Series Ed.) & J. Hagan (Vol. Ed.), Current perspectives on aging and the life cycle: Delinquency and disrepute in the life course (pp. 249–281). Greenwich: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Farrington, D. P., & Wikström, P.-O. H. (1994). Criminal careers in London and Stockholm: A cross-national comparative study. In E. G. M. Weitekamp & H.-J. Kerner (Eds.), Cross-national longitudinal research on human development and criminal behavior (pp. 65–89). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Feehan, M., McGee, R., & Williams, S. M. (1993). Mental health disorders from age 15 to age 18. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1118–1126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ferdinand, R. F., & Verhulst, F. C. (1995). Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood: An 8-year follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1586–1594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ferdinand, R. F., Verhulst, F. C, & Wiznitzer, M. (1995). Continuity and change of self-reported problem behaviors from adolescence into young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 680–690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1995). Predictive validity of categorically and dimen-sionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviours. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 477–485.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). The role of adolescent peer affiliations in the continuity between childhood behavioral adjustment and juvenile offending. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 205–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1995). The stability of disruptive childhood behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 379–396.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). Origins of comorbidity between conduct and affective disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 451–460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Fleming, J. P., Kellam, S. G., & Brown, C. H. (1982). Early predictors of age at first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 9, 295–303.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Tannenbaum, L., Van Horn, Y, Christ, M. A. G., Hart, E. A., & Hanson, K. (1993). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 319–340.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Furstenberg, F. E, Brooks-Gunn, J., & Chase-Lansdale, L. (1989). Teenage pregnancy and childbearing. American Psychologist, 44, 313–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gould, M. S., Bird, H., & Jaramillo, B. S. (1993). Correspondence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 287–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Graham, J., & Bowling, B. (1995). Young people and crime. London: Home Office.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Graham, P., & Rutter, M. (1973). Psychiatric disorder in the young adolescent: A follow-up study. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 66, 1226–1269.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Guiffra, L. A., & Risen, N. (1994). Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: A simulation study. Psychological Medicine, 24, 375–383.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hämäläinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (1996). Problem behavior as a precursor of male criminality. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 443–455.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Harada, Y. (1995). Adjustment to school, life course transitions and changes in delinquent behavior in Japan. In Z. Smith Blau (Series Ed.) & J. Hagan (Volume Ed.), Current perspectives on aging and the life cycle: Delinquency and disrepute in the life course (pp. 35–59). Greenwich: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Harrington, R. C, Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hawkins, J. D., & Lishner, D. M. (1987). Schooling and delinquency. In E. H. Johnson (Ed.), Handbook on crime and delinquency prevention (pp. 179–221). New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Heidensohn, F. (1994). Gender and crime. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan, & R. Reiner. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Heizer, J. E., Burnham, A., & McEvoy, L. T. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America (pp. 81–115). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and non-violent criminal convictions: From age 3 to 18. Developmental Psychology, 32, 614–623.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Externalizing behaviour problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hinshaw, S. P., Lahey, B. B., & Hart, E. L. (1993). Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Hirschi, T., & Hindelang, M. J. (1977). Intelligence and delinquency: A revisionist review. American Sociological Review, 42, 571–587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hodgins, S. (Ed.). (1993). Mental disorder and crime. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hogan, D. P., & Astone, N. M. (1986). The transition to adulthood. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 109–130.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Holmshaw, J., & Simonoff, E. (1996). The validity of a retrospective interview on childhood psychopathology. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 6, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Holtzworth-Munrow, A., & Anglin, K. (1993). Attributing negative intent to wife behavior: The attributions of maritally violent versus nonviolent men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 206–211.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Home Office. (1995). Criminal careers of those born between 1953 and 1973. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120–1134.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Jeglum Bartusch, D. R., Lynam, D. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Is age important? Testing a general versus a developmental theory of antisocial behavior. Criminology, 35, 13–47.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Jensen, P. S., Watanabe, H. K., Richters, J. E., Roper, M., Hibbs, E. D., Salzberg, A. D., & Liu, S. (1996) Scales, diagnoses, and child psychopathology: II. Comparing the CBCL and the DISC against external validators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 151–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kagan, J. (1969). The three faces of continuity in human development. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 983–1002). Chicago: Rand McNally

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kagan, J. (1980). Perspectives on continuity. In O. Brim & J. Kagan (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development (pp. 26–74). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kandel, D. (1985). On processes of peer influences in adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Adolescence, 4, 139–163.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kandel, D., Mednick, S. A., Kirkegaard-Sorensen, L., Hutchings, B., Knop, J., Rosenberg, R., & Schulsinger, F. (1988). IQ as a protective factor for subjects at high risk for antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 224–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kaplan, H. B. (Ed.). (1995). Drugs, crime, and other deviant adaptations. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Keenan, K., Loeber, R., Zhang, Q., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. (1995). The influence of deviant peers on the development of boys’ disruptive and delinquent behavior: A temporal analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 715–726.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Kendler, K. S. (1995). Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry: Taking both genes and environment seriously. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 895–899.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kendler, K., & Eaves, L. (1986). Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 279–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kerner, H.-J., Weitekamp, E. G. M., & Stelly, W. (1995). From child delinquency to adult criminality: First results of the follow-up of the Tuebingen Criminal Behavior Development Study. Eurocriminology, 89, 127–162.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kerner, H.-J., Weitekamp, E. G. M., Stelly, W, & Thomas, J. (1996). Patterns of criminality and alcohol abuse: Results of the Tuebingen Criminal Behavior Study. Paper presented at a meeting of the Life History Research Society, London. October.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kerr, M., Tremblay, R. E., Pagani, L., & Vitaro, F. (1997). Boys’ behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 809–816.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kessler, R. C, Foster, C. L., Saunders, W. B., & Stang, P. E. (1995). Social consequences of psychiatric disorder: I. Educational attainment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 1026–1032.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kessler, R. C, McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.-U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kovacs, M., Krol, R. S. M., & Voti, L. (1994). Early onset psychopathology and the risk for teenage pregnancy among clinically referred girls, journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Krazter, L., & Hodgins, S. (1996). Childhood factors and adult criminality among women. Paper presented at the 14th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development (ISSBD), Quebec City, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (in press). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal/epidemiological study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lahey, B. B., & Loeber, R. (1991). A preliminary developmental-psychobiological model of conduct disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lahey, B. B., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., & Hart, E. L. (1995). Psychobiology. In G. P. Sholevar (Ed.), Conduct disorders in children and adolescents: Assessments and interventions (pp. 27–44). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 510–519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behaviour: A review. Child Development, 53, 1431–1446.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Loeber, R., DeLamatre, M., Keenan, K., & Zhang, Q. (1997). Boys’ experimentation and persistence in developmental pathways toward serious delinquency. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6, 321–357.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1994). Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct problems. In M. Rutter & D. Hay (Eds.), Development through life: A handbook for clinicians (pp. 488–517). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 497–523.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Loeber, R., & Schmaling, K. (1985). Empirical evidence for overt and covert patterns of antisocial conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 337–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W., & Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behaviours. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 101–132.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lyons, M. J., True, W. R., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., Meyer, J. M., Faraone, S. V., Eaves, L. J., & Tsuang, M. T. (1995). Differential heritability of adult and juvenile antisocial traits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 906–915.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Lytton, H. (1990). Child and parent effects in boys’ conduct disorder: A reinterpretation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 683–697.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective: A longitudinal study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Magnusson, D., & Bergman, L. R. (1990). A pattern approach to the study of pathways from childhood to adulthood. In L. N. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 101–115). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Magnusson, D., & Cairns, R. B. (1996). Developmental science: Toward a unified framework. In R. B. Cairns, G.H. Elder, & E. J. Costello (Eds.), Developmental science (pp. 7–30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Maguin, E., & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. Crime and Justice, 20, 145–264.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Markus, H., & Cross, S. (1990). The interpersonal self. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 576–608). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Maughan, B., Gray, G., Smith, A., & Rutter, M. (1985). Reading retardation and antisocial behaviour: A follow-up into employment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 741–758.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Maughan, B., & Hagell, A. (1996). Poor readers in adulthood: Psychosocial functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 457–476.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Maughan, B., Hagell, A., Rutter, M., & Yule, M. (1994). Poor readers in secondary school. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 6, 125–150.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Maughan, B., & Lindelow, M. (1997). Secular change in psychosocial risks: The case of teenage motherhood. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1129–1144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Maughan, B., Pickles, A., Hagell, A., Rutter, M., & Yule, W. (1996). Reading problems and antisocial behavior: Developmental trends in comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 405–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Maughan, B., Pickles, A., & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility, childhood behavior and adult social functioning. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 34–58). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. (1997). Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity: Issues in assessing long-term recall. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11, 19–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. McCord, W., & McCord, J. (1960). Origins of alcoholism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  135. McCord, J. (1979). Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behaviour in adult men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1477–1486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. McCord, J. (1988). Identifying developmental paradigms leading to alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 357–362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., & Anderson, J. (1992). DSM-III disorders from 11 to 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 50–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Menard, S., & Elliott, S. (1990). Longitudinal and cross-sectional data collection and analysis in the study of crime and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 7, 11–55.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Moffitt, T. E. (1993a). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Moffitt, T. E. (1993b). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 135–153.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Moffitt, T. E. (1994). Natural histories of delinquency. In E. G. M. Weitekamp & H.-J. Kerner (Eds.), Cross-national longitudinal research on human development and criminal behavior (pp. 3–61). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Silva, P., & Stanton, W. (1996). Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3–18 years. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 399–424.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Fawcett, P., Brammer, G. L., Raleigh, M., Yuwiler, A., & Silva, P. (in press). Whole blood serotonin and family background relate to male violence. In A. Raine, D. Farrington, P. Brennan, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Unlocking crime: The biosocial key. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A. R., & Silva, P. A. (1993). The natural history of change in intellectual performance: Who changes? How much? Is it meaningful? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 455–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Nagin, D. S., & Farrington, D. P. (1992). The stability of criminal potential from childhood to adulthood. Criminology, 30, 235–260.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Nagin, D. S., Farrington, D. P., & Moffitt, T. E. (1995). Life-course trajectories of different types of offenders. Criminology, 33, 111–139.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Nagin, D. S., & Paternoster, R. (1991). On the relationship of past and future participation in delinquency. Criminology, 29, 163–190.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Magdol, L., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Nottelman, E. D., & Jensen, P. S. (1995). Comorbidity of disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental perspectives. In T. H. Ollendick & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 109–155). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Offord, D. R., & Bennett, K. J. (1994). Conduct disorder: Long-term outcomes and intervention effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1069–1078.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Racine, Y. A., Fleming, J. E., Cadman, D. T., Blum, H. M., Byrne, C, Links, P. S., Lipman, E. L., & MacMillan, H. L. (1992). Outcome, prognosis and risk in a longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 916–923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Szatmari, P., Rae-Grant, N. I., Links, P. S., Cadman, D. T., Byles, J. A., Crawford, J. W., Blum, M. H., & Byrne, C. (1987). Ontario Child Health Study II: Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 832–836.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852–875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Oyserman, D., & Markus, H. R. (1990). Possible selves and delinquency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 112–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family interactions. Eugene, OR: Castalia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (1993). Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 140–172). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (in press). A developmental model for late-onset delinquency. In R. Dienstbier (Series Ed.) & D. W. Osgood (Vol. Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 44. Motivation and delinquency. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psycho-pathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(1), 51–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Peters, P. L., Serbin, L. A., & Schwartzman, A. E. (1996). Assortative mating among women with histories of aggressive childhood behavior. Paper presented at the 14th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development (ISSBD), Quebec City, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (1991). Statistical and conceptual models of turning points in developmental processes. In D. Magnusson, L. R. Bergman, G. Rudinger, & B. Torestad (Eds.), Problems and methods in longitudinal research: Stability and change (pp. 131–165). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Pulkkinen, L. (1992). Life-styles in personality development Special issue: Longitudinal research and personality. European Journal of Personality, 6, 139–155.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Pulkkinen, L., & Pitkanen, T. (1993). Continuities in aggressive behavior from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 19, 249–263.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Quinton, D., Pickles, A., Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. (1993). Partners, peers and pathways: Assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 763–783.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Quinton, D., & Rutter, M. (1988). Parenting breakdown: The making and breaking of intergenera-tional links. Avebury, UK: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Quinton, D., Rutter, M., & Gulliver, L. (1990). Continuities in psychiatric disorders from childhood to adulthood in the children of psychiatric patients. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 259–277).

    Google Scholar 

  166. Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Williams, M. A. (1995). High autonomic arousal and electro-dermal orienting at age 15 years as protective factors against criminal behavior at age 29 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1595–1600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up: A sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of antisocial behaviour: Replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611–622.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Robins, L. N. (1986). The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories and issues (pp. 385–414). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Robins, L. N. (1991). Conduct disorder. Annual Research Review, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 193–213.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Robins, L. N. (1993). Childhood conduct problems, adult psychopathology and crime. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 173–193). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Robins, L. N., & McEvoy, L. (1990). Conduct problems as predictors of substance abuse. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 182–204). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Robins, L. N., & Price, R. K. (1991). Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: Results from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. Psychiatry, 542, 116–132.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Robins, L. N., Tipp, J., & Przybeck, T. (1991). Antisocial personality. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America (pp. 258–290). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Rodgers, B. (1986). Change in the reading attainment of adults: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Rodgers, B. (1990). Influences of early-life and recent factors on affective disorder in women: An exploration of vulnerability models. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 314–328). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Rowe, D. C, Woulbroun, E. J., & Gulley, B. L. (1994). Peers and friends as nonshared environmental influences. In E. M. Hetherington, D. Reiss, & R. Plomin (Eds.), Separate social worlds of siblings: Impact of nonshared environment on development (pp. 159–173). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Rutter, M. (1987). Continuities and discontinuities from infancy In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 1256–1296). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Rutter, M. (1991). Childhood experiences and adult psychosocial functioning. In G. R. Bock & J. A. Whelan (Eds.), The childhood environment and adult disease. CIBA Foundation Symposium No. 156 (pp. 189–200). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Rutter, M. (1994). Continuities, transitions and turning points in development. In M. Rutter & D. F. Hay (Eds.), Development through life: A handbook for clinicians (pp. 1–26). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Rutter, M. (1995). Causal concepts and their testing. In M. Rutter & D. J. Smith (Eds.), Psychosocial disorders in young people: Time trends and their causes (pp. 7–34). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Rutter, M. (1996). Transitions and turning points in developmental psychopathology: As applied to the age span between childhood and mid-adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19(3), 603–626.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Rutter, M. (1997a). Antisocial behavior: Developmental psychopathology perspectives. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 115–124). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Rutter, M. (1997b). Nature-nurture integration: The example of antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 52, 390–398.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Rutter, M. (in press). Individual differences and levels of antisocial behavior. In A. Raine, D. Farrington, P. Brennan, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Unlocking crime: The biosocial key. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Rutter, M., Champion, L., Quinton, D., Maughan, B., & Pickles, A. (1995). Understanding individual differences in environmental risk exposure. In P. Moen, G. H. J. Elder, & K. Luscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 61–93). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (in press-a). Antisocial behavior in young people. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Rutter, M., Harrington, R., Quinton, D., & Pickles, A. (1994). Adult outcome of conduct disorder in childhood: Implications for concepts and definitions of patterns of psycho-pathology. In R. D. Ketterlinus & M. Lamb (Eds.), Adolescent problem behaviors: Issues and Research (pp. 57–80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Rutter, M., Maughan, B., Meyer, J., Pickles, A., Silberg, J., Simonoff, S., & Taylor, E. (in press-b). Heterogeneity of antisocial behavior: Causes, continuities, and consequences. In R. Dienstbier (Series Ed.) & D. W. Osgood (Vol. Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 44. Motivation and delinquency. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Rutter, M., & Pickles, A. R. (1991). Person-environment interactions: Concepts, mechanisms and implications for data analysis. In T. D. Wachs & R. Plomin (Eds.), Conceptualization and measurement of organism-environment interaction (pp. 105–141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children. Psychological Medicine, 14, 853–880.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Rutter, M., Quinton, D., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcome of institution-reared children: Males and females compared. In L. N. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways to adulthood (pp. 135–157). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Rutter, M., & Rutter, M. (1993). Developing minds: Challenge and continuity across the lifespan. Harmondsworth, UK & New York: Penguin & Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Rutter, M., Tizard, J., Yule, W, Graham, P., & Whitmore, K. (1976). Research report: Isle of Wight Studies 1964–1974. Psychological Medicine, 6, 313–332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Rutter, M., Yule, B., Quinton, D., Rowlands, O., Yule, W., & Berger, M. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: III. Some factors accounting for area differences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 520–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Rydelius, P. A. (1988). The development of antisocial behaviour and sudden violent death. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 398–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Sampson, R. J. (1992). Family management and child development: Insights from social disorganization theory. In J. McCord (Ed.), Facts, frameworks and forecasts: Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 3, pp. 63–93). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Sanford, M., Offord, D., McLeod, K., Boyle, M., Byrne, C, & Hall, B. (1994). Pathways into the work force: Antecedents of school and work force status. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1036–1046.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s; Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype —» environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424–435.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Schachar, R., Rutter, M., & Smith, A. (1981). The characteristics of situationally and pervasively hyperactive children: Implications for syndrome definition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 375–392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Shanahan, M. J., Elder, G. H., & Miech, R. A. (1996). History and agency in men’s lives: Pathways to achievement in cohort perspective. Sociology of Education, 70, 54–67.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Serbin, L. A., Moskowitz, D. S., Schwartzman, A. E., & Ledingham, J. E. (1991). Aggressive, withdrawn and aggressive/withdrawn children in adolescence: Into the next generation. In D.J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 55–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Silberg, J., Meyer, J., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Eaves, L., Hewitt, J., Maes, H., & Rutter, M. (1996). Heterogeneity among juvenile antisocial behaviours: Findings from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development. In G. R. Bock & J. A. Goode (Eds.), Genetics of criminal and antisocial behaviour: CIBA Foundation Symposium, 194 (pp. 76–92). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Slaby, R. G., & Guerra, N. G. (1988). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1. Assessment. Developmental Psychology, 24, 580–588.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Smith, D. J. (1995). Youth crime and conduct disorders: Trends, patterns and causal explanations. In M. Rutter & D. J. Smith (Eds.), Psychosocial disturbances in young people: Time trends and their causes (pp. 389–489). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Stattin, H., & Klackenberg-Larssen, I. (1993). Early language and intelligence development and their relationship to future criminal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 369–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1989). The role of early aggressive behaviour in the frequency, seriousness, and types of later crime. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 576, 210–218.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1990). Pubertal maturation in female development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1995). Onset of official delinquency. British Journal of Criminology, 35, 417–449.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Steinhausen, H.-C, & Reitzle, M. (1996). The validity of mixed disorders of conduct and emotions in children and adolescents: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 339–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Stoff, D., Breiling, J., & Maser, J. D. (Eds.). (1997). Handbook of antisocial behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1973). Effects of time and memory factors on response in surveys. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 805–815.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Taylor, E., Heptinstall, H., Chadwick, O., & Danckaerts, M. (1996). Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1213–1226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (1997). Peers, drug use and delinquency. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 218–233). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Tolan, P. H., & Thomas, P. (1995). The implications of age of onset for delinquency risk: II. Longitudinal data. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 157–181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Tonry, M., & Wilson, J. Q. (Eds.). (1990). Drugs and crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Tracey, P. E., Wolfgang, M. E., & Figlio, R. M. (1990). Delinquency careers in two birth cohorts. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Tremblay, R. E., Pihl, R. O., Vitaro, F., & Dobkin, P. L. (1994). Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 732–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Vaillant, G. E. (1983). The natural history of alcoholism: Causes, patterns and paths to recovery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Waldman, I. D., Lilienfield, S. O., & Lahey, B. B. (1995). Toward construct validity in the childhood disruptive behavior disorders: Classification and diagnosis in DSM-IV and beyond. In T. H. Ollendick & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 323–363). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Warr, M. (1993). Age, peers and delinquency. Criminology, 31, 17–40.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Weitekamp, E. G. M., Kerner, H.-J., Schubert, A., & Schindler, V. (1995). On the “dangerousness” of chronic/habitual offenders: A re-analysis of the 1945 Philadelphia Birth Cohort data. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 4, 159–175.

    Google Scholar 

  226. West, D. J. (1982). Delinquency: Its roots, careers, and prospects. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  227. West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1977). The delinquent way of life. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  228. White, J., Moffitt, T. E., Earls, E, Robins, L. N., & Silva, P. A. (1990). How early can we tell? Preschool predictors of boys’ conduct disorder and delinquency. Criminology, 28, 507–533.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Wikström, P.-O. H. (1990). Age and crime in a Stockholm cohort. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 6, 61–84.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R. M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Wolfgang, M. E., Thornberry, T. P., & Figlio, R. M. (1987). From boy to man, from delinquency to crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  233. World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Zoccolillo, M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct disorder and its adult outcomes with depressive and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 547–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Zoccolillo, M. (1993). Gender and the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Zoccolillo, M., Pickles, A., Quinton, D., & Rutter, M. (1992). The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: Implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder. Psychological Medicine, 22, 971–986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maughan, B., Rutter, M. (1998). Continuities and Discontinuities in Antisocial Behavior from Childhood to Adult Life. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9038-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9038-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9040-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9038-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics