Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute Respiratory Failure

  • Chapter
Surgical Intensive Care Medicine

  • 187 Accesses

Abstract

Ashbaugh et al. first described the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 1967 (1). At that time they characterized a group of patients with a constellation of symptoms and signs that included dyspnea, tachypnea, refractory hypoxemia, poor pulmonary compliance and diffuse, bilateral, alveolar infiltration on chest radiograph. Subsequent studies reported inconsistent criteria to define the disorder, making it difficult to study the epidemiology and assess the effectiveness of new therapeutic approaches. To this end, the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS recommended the following definitions: acute lung injury is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure with a partial pressure of oxygen/inspired oxygen concentration (PaO2/FiO2) ratio ≤300, bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, and no evidence of left atrial hypertension (pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ≤18); ARDS is a severe form of acute lung injury defined as a PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤200. Neither definition estimates the severity of the disease process based on the level of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) necessary to establish acceptable oxygenation. More recently, the term “acute” replaced “adult” to reflect both the acuity and the occurrence in children (2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967; 2: 319–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Cadet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A, Spragg R. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Valta P, Uusaro A, Nunes S, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: frequency, clinical course, and costs of care. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2367–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thomsen GE, Morris AH. Incidence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in the state of Utah. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 965–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, Aardal S, Thorsteinsson A, Frostell CG, Bonde J. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1849–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Iribarren C, Jacobs DR Jr, Sidney S, Gross MD, Eisner MD. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of ARDS: a 15-year cohort study in a managed care setting. Chest 2000; 117: 163–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ. Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Surg 1982; 144: 124–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fowler AA, Hamman RF, Good JT, Benson KN, Baird M, Eberle DJ, Petty TL, Hyers TM. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 593–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fujishima S, Aikawa N. Neutrophil-mediated tissue injury and its modulation. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 277–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Keane MP, Standiford TJ. Chemokines in lung injury. Thomas A. Neff Lecture. Chest 1999; 116: 103S - 110S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1334–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Demling RH. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: current concepts. New Horiz 1993; 1: 388–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Demling RH, Staub NC, Edmunds LH, Jr. Effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on accumulation of extravascular lung water. J Appl Physiol 1975; 38: 907–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kumar A, Falke KJ, Geffin B, Aldredge CF, Laver MB, Lowenstein E, Pontoppidan H. Continuous positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 1430–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gattinoni L, Mascheroni D, Torresin A, Marcolin R, Fumagalli R, Vesconi S, Rossi GP, Rossi F, Baglioni S, Bassi F. Morphological response to positive end expiratory pressure in acute respiratory failure. Computerized tomography study. Intensive Care Med 1986; 12: 137–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, Rossi F, Bombino M. Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 730–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1568–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hickling KG, Henderson SJ, Jackson R. Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 372–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Muscedere JG, Mullen JB, Gan K, Slutsky AS. Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1327–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dreyfuss D, Soler P, Basset G, Saumon G. High inflation pressure pulmonary edema Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 1159–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GP, Lorenzi-Filho G, Kairalle RA, Deheinzelin D, Munoz C, Oliveira R, Takagaki TY, Carvalho CR. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 347–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brochard L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Roupie E, Delclaux C, Chastre J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Clementi E, Mancebo J, Factor P, Matamis D, Ranieri M, Blanch L, Rodi G, Mentec H, Dreyfuss D, Ferrer M, Brun-Buisson C, Tobin M, Lemaire F. Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Multicenter Trial Group on Tidal Volume Reduction in ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1831–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Slutsky AS. Consensus Conference on Mechanical Ventilation January 28–30, 1993 at Northbrook, Illinois, USA. Part I. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the ACCP and the SCCM; Part 2. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20: 64–79, 150–62.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stewart TE, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Granton JT, Hodder RV, Lapinsky SE, Mazur CD, McLean RF, Rogovein TS, Schouten BD, Todd TR, Slutsky AS. Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 355–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessier HE, Shade DM, White P Jr, Wiener CM, Teeter JG, Dodd-o JM, Almog Y, Piantadosi S. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1492–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1301–8.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tremblay L, Valenza F, Ribeiro SP, Li J, Slotsky AS. Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 944–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dellinger RP, Zimmerman JL, Taylor RW, Straube RC, Hauser DL, Criner GJ, Davis K Jr, Hyers TM, Papadakos P. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized phase II trial. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 15–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rossaint R, Gerlach H, Schmidt-Ruhnke H, Pappert D, Lewandowski K, Steudel W, Falke K. Efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with severe ARDS. Chest 1995; 107: 1107–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gerlach H, Rossaint R, Pappert D, Falke KJ. Time-course and dose-response of nitric oxide inhalation for systemic oxygenation and pulmonary hypertension in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23: 499–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Treggiari-Venzi M, Ricou B, Romand JA, Suter PM. The response to repeated nitric oxide inhalation is inconsistent in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 634–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Meyer J, Theilmeir G, Van Aken H, Bone HG, Busse H, Waurick R, Hinder F, Booke M. Inhaled prostaglandin E1 for treatment of acute lung injury in severe multiple organ failure. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 753–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Pesenti A, Brazzi L, Vitale G, Moretto A, Crespi A, Tagliabue M. CT scan in ARDS: clinical and physiopathological insights. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1991; 95: 87–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Jolliet P, Bulpa P, Chevrolet J. Effects of the prone position on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1977–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pelosi P, Tubiolo D, Mascheroni D, Vicardi P, Crotti S, Valens F, Gattinoni L. Effects of the prone position on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 387–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kolla S, Awad SS, Rich PB, Schreiner RJ, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support for 100 adult patients with severe respiratory failure. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 544–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bartlett RH, Roloff DW, Custer JR, Younger JG, Hirschl RB. Extracorporeal life support: The University of Michigan experience. JAMA 2000; 283: 904–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bone RC, Fisher Jr. CJ, Clemmer TP, Slotman GJ, Metz CA. Early methylprednisolone treatment for septic syndrome and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1987; 92: 1032–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bernard GR, Luce JM, Sprung CL, Rinaldo JE, Tate RM, Sibbald WJ, Kariman K, Higgins S, Bradley R, Metz CA, Harris TR, Brighan KL. High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1565–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Meduri GU, Headley AS, Golden E, Carson Si, Umberger RA, Kelso T, Tolley EA. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 159–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Petty TL, Reiss OK, Paul GW, Silvers GW, Elkins ND. Characteristics of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with trauma and shock. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 531–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Corbet A, Bucciarelli R, Goldman S, Mammel M, Wold D, Long W. Decreased mortality rate among small premature infants treated at birth with a single dose of synthetic surfactant: a multicenter controlled trial. American Exosurf Pediatric Study Group 1. J Pediatr 1991; 118: 277–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalli KK, Weg JG, Wiedemann HP, Raventos AA, Lemaire F, Long W, Zaccardelli DS, Pattishall EN. Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1417–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gregory TJ, Steinberg KP, Spragg R, Gadek JE, Hyers TM, Longmore WJ, Moxley MA, Cai GZ, Hite RD, Smith RM, Hudson LD, Crim C, Newton P, Mitchell BR, Gold AJ. Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1309–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Weinert CR, Gross CR, Kangas JR, Bury CL, Marinelli WA. Health-related quality of life after acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1120–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Davidson TA, Caldwell ES, Curtis JR, Hudson LD, Steinberg KR Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with critically ill control patients. JAMA 1999; 281: 354–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0254, USA

    Lawrence J. Caruso M.D. & T. James Gallagher M.D.

Authors
  1. Lawrence J. Caruso M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. James Gallagher M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Critical Care, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

    John Merritt O’Donnell M.D. (Director, Chairman) (Director, Chairman)

  2. Department of Surgical Critical Care, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

    Flávio Eduardo Nácul M.D. (Senior Fellow) (Senior Fellow)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Caruso, L.J., Gallagher, T.J. (2001). Acute Respiratory Failure. In: O’Donnell, J.M., Nácul, F.E. (eds) Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6645-5_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6645-5_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6647-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6645-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation