Abstract
The first serious suggestion that channeling in bent crystals could be used to deflect charged particles was made by E. Tsyganov in 1976.1 At that time he identified the possibility of using crystals for bending and focusing high energy beams. In 1979, a joint USSR-US team working at Dubna2 observed the deflection of channeled particles for the first time. The observations were made at an energy of 8.4 GeV and reached angles of up to 26 milliradians. These results have since been confirmed by measurements at CERN3 and at Fermilab.4–6 Much of the emphasis of the CERN work, done at a momentum of 12 GeV/c, has been on axial bending and on Monte Carlo studies of the process. A particular feature of the Fermilab program is a wide range of momenta (12 GeV/c to 800 GeV/c) so that something can be said about the functional momentum dependence of dechanneling and so that longer crystals can be used without a major impact from dechanneling. Some work has also been done at Gatchina7 near Leningrad at a relatively “low” energy of 1.0 GeV. This work particularly emphasizes feeding-in and feeding-out effects. All of these bending studies have been summarized in a recent review by Carrigan and Gibson.8
Much of the work reported here has been done in cooperation with groups from Albany, Chalk River, Dubna, and New Mexico. The author would particularly like to acknowledge many discussions with S. Baker (Fermilab), J. Ellison (New Mexico), J. Forster (Chalk River), W. Gibson (Albany), I. Kim (Albany), S. Salman (An Najah), C. Sun (Albany), E. Tsyganov (Dubna), and R. Wijayawardana (Peradeniya).
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References
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Carrigan, R.A. (1987). The Application of Channeling in Bent Crystals to Charged Particle Beams. In: Carrigan, R.A., Ellison, J.A. (eds) Relativistic Channeling. NATO ASI Series, vol 165. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6394-2_25
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