Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dietary Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Chapter
Principles of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

When a new diagnosis of diabetes is established, among the first stressful thoughts experienced by patients are concerns that they will not be able to eat foods they prefer and that their way of living will be compromised. Lifestyle, exercise habits and food preferences must be changed and individual choices will be limited. A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes fears that if certain changes do not occur, he or she will not be able to control blood sugar and he/she will be at risk for the host of complications associated with poorly controlled diabetes. However, the seldom publicized fact is that a person with diabetes should be eating basically similar to all other persons, according to the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for all Americans, 2000.1 These guidelines do not impose a foreboding protocol, but advise how everyone should be eating to consume the nutrients required by the human body and to avoid the weight related illnesses.2,3 “Healthy eating” and working toward an optimal life style is being encouraged. No longer should a “diabetic diet” or an American Diabetes Association diet (ADA diet) be prescribed by a physician. Rather, it is recommended that a diet prescription be based on careful assessment of food preferences, eating habits and other life style factors. This may require certain expertise that is often beyond the nutrition training of the medical practitioner and can also consume costly medical practice time. In consultation with the patient, a registered dietitian can develop recommendations that are attainable and consistent with reasonable treatment goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 5th edition, 2000. Home and Garden Bull. no. 232, Washington, DC. pp. 1–39, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the evidence report. Obes Res 6 (suppl 2): 71S–80S, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva, pp 41–72, June 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA. Primary care: guidelines for a healthy weight. NEJM 341: 427–434, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Major CA, Henry MJ, Veciana M, Morgan MA. The effects of carbohydrate restriction in patients with diet controlled gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 91: 600–604, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 341: 1749–1756, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1960–1991. JAMA 272: 205–11, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Katzel LI, Bleeker ER, Coleman EG, Rogus EM, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP. Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 274: 1915–1921, 1995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gordon NF, Scott CB, Levine BD. Comparison of single versus multiple lifestyle interventions: are the antihypertensive effects of exercise training and diet-induced weight loss additive? Am J Cardiol 79: 763–767, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, NIH. Very low calorie diets. JAMA 967–974, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lavienja AJ, Braam LA, Ocke MC, Bueon-de-Mesquita HB, Seidell JC. Determinants of obesity-related underreporting of energy intake. Am J Epidemiol 147: 1081–1086, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Prestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E, Weisal H, Heska S, Matthews DE, Heymsfield SB. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise on obese subjects. New Engl J Med 327: 1893–1896, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nelson JK, Moxness KE, Jensen MD, Gastineau CF. Mayo Clinic Diet Manual, 7th ed Mosby-Year Book Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, 1994; p. 656.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Schofield WN, Schofield C, James WPT. Basal metabolic rate. Human Nutr:Clin Nutr 39c (Suppl 1): 1–96, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Anderson TE, et.al. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in Man. J Clin Invest 78: 1568–1586, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Strain GW. An approach to the diet perscription. Kunstner A, Futterweit W editors. Obesity and Weight Control. Columbia Univ. Press, NYC, New York (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bell EA, Rolls BJ. Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 1010–18, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Brewer G. What is a reasonable weight loss? Patients’ expectations and evaluation of obesity treatment outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 65: 79–85, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  19. National Institutes of Health: Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Based Report. Obes Res 6 (suppl 2): 1105, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  20. National Institutes of Health, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Based Report. Obes Res 6 (suppl 2): 1005, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  21. MacLean LD, Rhode BM, Nohr CW. Late outcome of isolated gastric bypass. Ann of Surgery 231: 524–528, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Marceau P, Hould FS, Simard S et al. Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. World J Surgery 22: 947–954, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brolin RE, Kenler HA, Gorman JH, Cody RP. Long-limb gastric bypass in the superobese, a prospective randomized study. Ann Surgery 215: 387–395, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hall JC Watts JM, O’Brein PE et al. Gastric surgery for morbid obesity. The Adelaide Study. Ann Surg 211: 419–427, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Flechtner-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four year results. Obes Res 8: 399–402, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352: 837–853, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 329: 977–86, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. American Diabetes Assn. Nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. Diab Care 23 (Suppl 1): 543–552, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hollenbeck CB, Coulston A, Donner C et.al. The effects of variation in percent of naturally occurring complex and simple carbohydrates on plasma glucose and insulin response in individuals with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 34: 151–155, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jenkins DAJ, Wolever TMS, Jenkins AL et.al. The glycaemic response to carbohydrate foods. Lancet 2: 388–391, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nuttall FQ, Mooradian AD, DeMarais R, Parker S. The glycemic effect of different meals approximately isocaloric and similar in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content as calculated using the ADA exchange lists. Diabetes Care 6: 432–435, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Franz MJ, Horton ES, Bantle JP et. al. Nutrition principles for the management of diabetes and related complications (technical review). Diabetes Care 17: 490–518., 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giaco A, D’Espiscopo L, Riccardi G. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diab Care 23: 1461–74, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D et al. Benefical effects of high fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 342: 1392–98, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ihle BU, Becker G J, Whitworth JA, et. al. The effect of protein restriction on the progression of renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 321: 1773–7, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Levey AS, Adler A, Caggiula AW, England BK et al. Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis 27: 652–663, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. American Diabetes Assn. Diabetic nephropathy (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 23 (Suppl): S69–S72, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high risk patients. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342: 154–160, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. GISSI-Prevenione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GSSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 354: 447–455, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Rendell MS, Kirchain WR. Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 34: 878–95, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Ernst N. Choose and prepare foods with less salt: dietary advice for all Americans. J Nutr 131: 536S–551S, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dixon LB, Cronin FJ, Krebs-Smith SM. Let the pyramid guide your food choices: capturing the total diet concept. J Nutr 313: 461S–472S, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Beck JS. Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond. New York, NY, Guilford Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Gladys Witt Strain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

    Leonid Poretsky M.D. (Chief, Professor of Medicine) (Chief, Professor of Medicine)

  2. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Leonid Poretsky M.D. (Chief, Professor of Medicine) (Chief, Professor of Medicine)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Strain, G.W. (2004). Dietary Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Poretsky, L. (eds) Principles of Diabetes Mellitus. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6260-0_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6260-0_29

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6262-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6260-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation