Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systemic Vasculitis Syndromes

  • Chapter
Pediatric Rheumatology for the Practitioner

Abstract

Vasculitis, inflammation in and around the blood vessels, which is sometimes associated with fibrinoid necrosis, may be seen in many of the conditions discussed in this book. In most rheumatic diseases, vasculitis is only one feature of a well-defined, complex, pathologic process (Fig. 7.1), and the disease (e.g., SLE or dermatomyositis) is best characterized by other distinctive diagnostic clinical and laboratory features. However, in the diverse and perhaps totally unrelated syndromes discussed in this chapter, vasculitis itself is the predominant pathologic process, and the clinical manifestations are primarily a direct result of the damage to the blood vessels (Table 7.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fâuci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P: The spectrum of vasculitis: Clinical, pathologic immunologic and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 89 (part 1 ): 660676, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  2. LeRoy EC (Ed): Systemic Vasculitis: The Biologic Basis. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Churg A, Churg J (Eds): Systemic Vasculitides. Igaku-Shoin. New York, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hearth-Holmes M, Zahradka SL, Baethge BA, Wolf RE: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with hepatitis C. Am J Med 90: 765–766, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Levy M: Severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin associated with cutaneous vasculitis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and colitis. Am J Med 81: 363, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Liang MH, Stern S, Fortin PR, et al.: Fatal pulmonary venoocclusive disease secondary to a generalized venulopathy: a new syndrome presenting with facial swelling and pericardial tamponade. Arthritis Rheum 34: 228–233, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yanagawa H, Kawasaki T, Shigematsu I: Nationwide survey on Kawasaki disease in Japan. Pediatrics 80: 58–62, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Taubert KA, Rowley AH, Shulman ST: A seven year (1984–1990) U.S. Nationwide hospital survey of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Research 31 #4 Pt 2: 102A, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  9. a.Kim JJ, Donalds JS, Corydon KE, Shulman ST: Lymphadenitis as dominant presenting manifestation of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Research 31 #4 Pt 2: 123A, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Friter BS, Lucky AW: The perineal eruption of Kawasaki syndrome. Arch Dermatol 124: 1805–1810, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kawasaki T: Infectious disease (Japan) 7:19–32, 1977; an abstract of the diagnostic guidelines in English and color photographs are available from the Kawasaki Disease Research Information Center; Hosaka Bldg., 1–10 KandaOgawamachi; Chiyoda-ku; Tokyo 101 Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Melish ME, Hicks RM, Larson EJ: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the United States. Am J Dis Child 130: 599–607, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, et al.: A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome prevailing in Japan. Pediatrics 54: 271–281, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kawasaki disease-it’s official and it’s here. Med World News 18 (December 12): 57–69, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  15. A look at mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Consultant 18 (March): 6061, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fetterman GH, Hashida Y: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: a disease widespread in Japan which demands our attention. Pediatrics 54: 268–270, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bures FA: Beau’s lines in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Am J Dis Child 135: 383, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sato K, Ouchi K, Taki M: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children, resembling lzumi fever and Kawasaki syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis 2:123–126, 1983 (see also correspondence on p. 494).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hurvitz H, Branski D, Gross-Kieselstein E, et al.: Acetaminophen hypersensitivity resembling Kawasaki disease. Israel J Med Sci 20: 145–147, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Burns JC, Wiggin JW Jr, Toews WH, et al.: Clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than 6 months of age. J Pediatr 109: 759–763, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Rowley AH, Gonzalez-Crussi F, Gidding SS, et al.: Incomplete Kawasaki disease with coronary artery involvement. J Pediatr 110: 409–413, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McCowen C, Henderson DC: Sudden death in incomplete Kawasaki’s disease. Arch Dis Child 63: 1254–1271, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kohr RM: Progressive asymptomatic coronary artery disease as a late fatal sequela of Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 108: 256–259, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chan KW, Kaikov Y, Wadsworth LD: Thrombocytosis in childhood: A survey of 94 patients. Pediatrics 84: 1064–1067, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Byard RW, Edmonds JF, Silverman E, Silver MM: Respiratory distress and fever in a 2-month old infant. J Pediatr 118: 306–313, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kitamura S, Kawashima Y, Kawachi K, et al.: Left ventricular function in patients with coronary arteritis due to acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome or related diseases. Am J Cardiol 40: 156–164, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tanaka N, Semimoto K, Fukushima T, et al.: Pathological study of fatal MCLS: relationship with infantile periarteritis nodosa. In Shiokawa Y (ed.) Vascular Lesions of Collagen Diseases and Related Conditions. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1977, pp. 296–307.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Landing BH, Larson EJ: Are infantile periarteritis nodosa with coronary artery involvement and fatal, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome the same? Comparison of 20 patients from North America with patients from Hawaii and Japan. Pediatrics 59: 651–662, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fujiwara H, Hamashima Y: Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 61: 100–107, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fukushige J, Nihill MR, McNamara DG: Spectrum of cardiovascular lesions in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; analysis of eight cases. Am J Cardiol 45: 98–107, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Onouchi Z, Tomizawa N, Goto M, et al.: Cardiac involvement and prognosis in acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Chest 68: 297–301, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yutani C, Go S, Kamiya T, et al.: Cardiac biopsy in Kawasaki disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105: 470–473, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Westphalen MA, McGrath MA, Kelly W, et al.: Kawasaki disease with severe peripheral ischemia: treatment with prostaglandin E1 infusion. J Pediatr 112: 431–433, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Masuda H, Shozawa T, Naoe S, Tanaka N: The intercostal artery in Kawasaki disease: a pathologic study of 17 autopsy cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 1136–1142, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H, Nakano H: Pathological features of coronary arteries in children with Kawasaki disease in which coronary arterial aneurysm was absent at autopsy. Quantitative Analysis. Circulation 78: 345–350, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tanaka N, Naoe S, Masuda H, Ueno T: Pathological study of sequelae of Kawasaki disease (MCLS) with special reference to the heart and coronary arterial lesions. Acta Pathol Jpn 36: 1513–1527, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sasaguri Y, Kato H: Regression of aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: a pathological study. J Pediatr 100: 225–231, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kegel SM, Dorsey TJ, Rowen M, et al.: Cardiac death in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Am J Cardiol 40: 282–286, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Larson EJ: Comparative pathology of vasculitis: natural occurrence in lower animals. In Shiokawa Y (ed.) Vascular Lesions of Collagen Diseases and Related Conditions. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1977, pp. 347–355.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lehman TJA, Warren R, Gietl D, et al.: Variable expression of lactobacillus casei cell wall-induced coronary arteritis: an animal model of Kawasaki’s disease in selected inbred mouse strains. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 48: 109–118, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Leung DY-M: New developments in Kawasaki disease. Curr Opin Rheum 3: 46–55, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kato S, Kimura M, Tsuji K, et al.: HLA anigens in Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 61: 252–255, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Krensky AM, Berenberg W, Shanley K, et al.: HLA antigens in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in New England. Pediatrics 67: 741–743, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Fujita Y, Nakamura Y, Sakata K, et al.: Kawasaki disease in families. Pediatrics 84: 666–669, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Daniels SR, Specker B: Association of rug shampooing and Kawasaki disease. J Ped 118: 485–488, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jacobs JC: Salicylate treatment of epidemic Kawasaki disease in New York City. Ther Drug Monitor 1: 123–130, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rauch AM, Kaplan SL, Nihill MR, et al.: Kawasaki syndrome clusters in Harris County, Texas, and Eastern North Carolina. A high endemic rate and a new environmental risk factor. Am J Dis Child 142: 441–444, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fatica NS, Ichida F, Engle MA, Lesser ML: Rug shampoo and Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 84: 231–234, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rauch AM, Glode MP, Wiggins JW Jr., et al.: Outbreak of Kawasaki syndrome in Denver, Colorado: association with rug and carpet cleaning. Pediatrics 87: 664–669, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Burns JC, Mason WH, Glode MP, et al.: Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients referred for evaluation of possible Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 118: 680–686, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bell DM, Brink EW, Nitzkin JL, et al.: Kawasaki syndrome: description of two outbreaks in the United States. N Engl J Med 304: 1568–1575, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jacobs JC: Asai score system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87: 149, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ichida F, Fatica NS, O’Loughlin JE, et al.: Correlation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes in Kawasaki syndrome. Am Heart J 116: 812, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nakano H, Ueda K, Saito A, et al.: Scoring method for identifying patients with Kawasaki disease at high risk of coronary artery aneurysms. Am J Cardiol 58: 739–742, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chung KJ, Rinaldi RE, Fulton DR, et al.: Cardiac involvement with Kawasaki disease in children from New England, abstracted. Am J Cardiol 47: 457, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chusid MJ, Tang TT: Fever, diarrhea, anemia, rash, and acrocyanosis in a 2-month-old girl. J Pediatr 93: 1052–1057, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Diller L, Newburger JW, Burns JC: Characterization of the anemia in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients (Pts). Pediatr Res 25S: 177A, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ishiguro N, Takahashi Y: Kawasaki disease associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Pediatr 148: 379, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hara T, Mizuno Y, Akeda H, et al.: Thrombocytopenia: a complication of Kawasaki disease. Eur J Pediatr 147: 51–53, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Magilavy DB, Speert DP, Silver TM, et al.: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: report of two cases complicated by gallbladder hydrops and diagnosed by ultrasound. Pediatrics 61: 699–702, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. a.Bader-Meunier B, Hadchouel M, Fabre M, et al.: Intrahepatic bile duct damage in children with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 120: 750–752, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Franken EA Jr, Kleiman MB, Norins AL, et al.: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome. Radiology 130: 649–651, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mercer S, Carpenter B: Surgical complications of Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr Surg 16: 444–448, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Murphy DJ Jr, Morrow R, Harberg FJ, Hawkins EP: Small bowel obstruction as a complication of Kawasaki disease. Clin Pediatr 26: 193–195, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Stoler J, Biller JA, Grand RJ: Pancreatitis in Kawasaki disease. Am J Dis Child 141: 306–308, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Yanagitani Y, Fujita M: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head associated with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. J Ped Orthop 6: 107–109, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sundel RP, Newburger JW, McGill T, et al.: Sensorineural hearing loss associated with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 117: 371–377, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Haslam RHA, Cochrane D, Amundson GM, et al.: Neurotoxic complications of contrast computed tomography in children. J Pediatr 111: 837–840, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. a.Kazi A, Gauthier M, Lebel MH, et al.: Uvulitis and supraglottitis: Early manifestations of Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 120: 564–567, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Waring N-P, Ortenberg J, Galen WK, et al.: Priapism in Kawasaki disease. JAMA 261: 1730–1731, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Germain BF, Moroney JD, Guggino GS, et al.: Anterior uveitis in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 97: 780–781, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rennebohm, MJ, Burke, MJ, Crowe, W, et al.: Anterior uveitis in Kawasaki disease, abstracted. Arthritis Rheum. 24 (Suppl).: 88, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Courtecuisse V, Decary F: Kawasaki disease: association with uveitis in seven patients. Pediatrics 69: 376–378, 1982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Furusho K, Kamiya T, Nakano H, et al.: High-dose intravenous gamma-globulin for Kawasaki disease. Lancet 2: 1055–1058, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Burns JC, et al.: The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 315: 341–347, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Glode MP, Joffe LS, Wiggins J Jr., et al.: Effect of intravenous immune globulin on the coagulopathy of Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr 115: 469–473, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Barron KS, Murphy DJ Jr.: Kawasaki syndrome: still a fascinating enigma. Hosp Pract pp. 51–60, October 15, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Current therapy for acute Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr 118: 987–991, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Schackleford PG, Strauss AW: Kawasaki syndrome. N Engl J Med 324: 1664–1666, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Beiser AS, et al.: A single intravenous infusion of gamma globulin as compared with four infusions in the treatment of acute Kawasaki syndrome. N Engl J Med 324: 1633–1639, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rowley AH, Duffy CE, Shulman ST: Prevention of giant coronary artery aneurysms in Kawasaki disease by intravenous gamma globulin therapy. J Pediatr 113: 290–294, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Infectious Diseases. Intravenous globulin use in children with Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 82: 122, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Nakamura Y, Fujita Y, Nagai M, et al.: Cardiac sequelae of Kawasaki Disease in Japan: Statsitical Analysis. Pediatrics 88: 1144–1147, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Burks AW, Sampson HA, Buckley RH: Anaphylactic reactions after gamma globulin administration in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Detection of IgE antibodies to IgA. N EnglJ Med 314: 560–564, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kato E, Shindo S, Eto Y, et al.: Administration of immune globulin associated with aseptic meningitis. JAMA 259: 3269–3272, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. a.Comentzo RL, Malachowski ME, Meissner HC, et al.: Immune hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and serum sickness after large doses of immune globulin given intravenously for Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 120: 926928, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  87. White WB, Ryan RW, Staley DD, Ballow M: Passive transfer of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in patients receiving high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. JAMA 255: 2602–2603, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. a.Nakamura Y, Yanagawa H, Kawasaki T: Mortality among children with Kawasaki disease in Japan. N Eng J Med 326: 1246–1249, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bierman FZ, Gersony WM: Kawasaki disease: clinical perspective. J Pediatr 111:789–792, 1987 (see also correspondence pp. 1116–1117).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kato H, Koike S, Yokoyama T: Kawasaki disease: effect of treatment on coronary artery involvement Pediatrics 63: 175–179, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Koren G, Rose V, Lavi S, Rowe R: Probable efficacy of high dose salicylate in reducing coronary involvement in Kawasaki disease. JAMA 254: 767–769, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Koren G, Schaffer F, Silverman E, et al.: Determinants of low serum concentrations of salicylates in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 112: 663–667, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Koren G, Macloed SM: Difficulty in achieving therapeutic serum concentrations of salicylate in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 105:991–995, 1984 (see also correspondence 106: 858–860, 1985 ).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Koren G, Lavi S, Rose V, Rowe R: Kawasaki disease: review of risk factors for coronary aneurysms. J Pediatr 108: 388–392, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Daniels SR, Specker B, Capannari TE, et al.: Correlates of coronary artery aneurysm formation in patients with Kawasaki disease. Am J Dis Child 141: 2057, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Nagashima M, Matsushima M, Matsuoka H, et al.: High-dose gammaglobulin therapy for Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 110: 710–712, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Koren G, Silverman E, Sundel R, et al.: Decreased protein binding of salicylates in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 118: 456–459, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Melish ME: Kawasaki syndrome (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). Pediatr Rev 2: 107–114, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Burtt DM, Pollack P, Bianco JA: Intravenous streptokinase in an infant with Kawasaki’s disease complicated by acute myocardial infarcation. Pediatr Cardiol 6: 307–311, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Terai M, Ogaata M, Sugimoto K, et al.: Coronary arterial thrombi in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 106: 76–78, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kato H, Koike S, Yamamoto M, et al.: Coronary aneurysms in infants and young children with acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. J Pediatr 86: 892–898, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Glanz S, Bittner SJ, Berman MA, et al.: Regression of coronary artery aneurysms in infantile polyarteritis nodosa. N Engl J Med 294: 939–941, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kato H: Natural history of Kawasaki disease. In Shiokawa Y (ed.) Vascular Lesions of Collagen Diseases and Related Conditions. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1977, pp. 282–295.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Nakano H, Ueda K, Saito A, Nojima K: Repeated quantitative angiograms in coronary arterial aneursym in Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol 56: 846–851, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kato H, Inoue O, Akagi T: Kawasaki disease: cardiac problems and management. Pediatr Rev 9: 209–217, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Yoshikawa J, Yanagihara K, Owaki T, et al.: Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms in patients with the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Circulation 59: 133–139, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hiraishi S, Yashiro K, Kusano S: Noninvasive visualization of coronary arterial aneurysm in infants and young children with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 43: 1225–1233, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Yoshida H, Funabashi T, Nakaya S, et al.: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: a cross sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary aneurysms. Am J Dis Child 133: 1244–1247, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Neches WH: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: coronary artery disease and cross-sectional echocardiography. Am J Dis Child 133: 1233–1235, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Capannari TE, Daniels SR, Meyer RA, et al.: Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of two-dimensional echocardiography in detecting coronary artery aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 355–360, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Tatara K, Kusakawa S: Long-term prognosis of giant coronary aneurysm in Kawasaki disease: an angiographic study. J Pediatr 111: 705–710, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Akiba T, Sato T, Yoshikawa M, et al.: Prognostic significance of the size of coronary artery aneurysms in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatr Jpn 31: 7–11, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Nakanishi T, Takao A, Nakazawa M, et al.: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic features of coronary obstructive disease. Am J Cardiol 55: 662–668, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Nakano H, Ueda K, Saito A, Nojima K: Repeated quantitative angiograms in coronary arterial aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol 56: 846–851, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Suzuki A, Kamiya T, Ono Y, et al.: Follow-up study of coronary artery lesions due to Kawasaki disease by serial selective coronary arteriography in 200 patients. Heart Vessels 3: 159–165, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Bisset GS III, Strife JL, McCloskey J: MR Imaging of coronary artery aneurysms in a child with Kawasaki disease. AJR 805–807, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Demer LL, et al.: Assessment of coronary artery disease severity by positron emission tomography: comparison with quantitative arteriography in 193 patients. Circulation 79: 825–835, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kato H, Ichinose E, Kawasaki T: Myocardial infarcation in Kawasaki disease: clinical analyses in 195 cases. J Pediatr 108: 923–927, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Lipson MH, Ament ME, Fonkalsrud EW: Ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm and coronary artery aneurysms with myocardial infarction in a 14-year-old boy: new manifestations of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. J Pediatr 98: 933–936, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Hicks RV, Melish ME, Paik Y, et al.: Kawasaki syndrome (KS) 2 to 10 years later, abstracted. Arthritis Rheum 25 (Suppl): 125, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Spielmann RP, Nienaber CA, Hausdorf G, Montz R: Tomographie myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in children with Kawasaki disease. J Nucl Med 28: 1839–1843, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nienaber CA, Spielmann RP, Hausdorf G: Dipyridamole-thallium-201 tomography documenting improved myocardial perfusion with therapy in Kawasaki disease. Am Heart J 116: 1575, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Paridon SM, Ross RD, Kuhns LR, Pinsky WW: Myocardial performance and perfusion during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease caused by Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 116: 52–56, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Sandiford FM, Vargo TA, Shih JY, et al.: Successful triple coronary artery bypass in a child with multiple coronary aneurysms due to Kawasaki’s disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 79: 283–287, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Suzuki A, Kamiya T, Ono Y, et al.: Myocardial ischemia in Kawasaki disease: follow-up study by cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. Pediatr Cardiol 9: 1–5, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Suzuki A, Kamiya T, Ono Y, et al.: Aortocoronary bypass surgery for coronary arterial lesions resulting from Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 116: 567–573, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. FitzGerald GA: Dipyridamole. N Engl J Med 316:1247–1256, 1987 (see also correspondence pp. 1734–1736).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Nakano H, Ueda K, Saito A, Tsuchitani Y: Doppler detection of tricuspid regurgitation following Kawasaki’s disease. Pediatr Radiol 16: 123–125, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Nakano H, Nojima K, Saito A, Ueda K: High incidence of aortic regurgitation following Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 59–63, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Kurisu Y, Azumi T, Sugahara T, et al.: Variation in coronary arterial dimension (distensible abnormality) after disappearing aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. Am Heart J 114: 532–538, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lightfoot RW Jr., Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria For The Classification of Polyarteritis Nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1088–1093, 1990.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Blau EB, Morris RF, Yunis EJ: Polyarteritis nodosa in older children. Pediatrics 60: 227–234, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Reimold EW, Weinberg AG, Fink CW, et al.: Polyarteritis in children. Am J Dis Child 130: 534–541, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Magilavy DB, Petty RE, Cassidy JT, et al.: A syndrome of childhood polyarteritis. J Pediatr 91: 25–30, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ettlinger RE, Nelson AM, Burke EC, et al.: Polyarteritis nodosa in childhood, a clinical pathologic study. Arthritis Rheum 22: 820–825, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. a.Ozen S, Besbas N, Saatci U, Bakkaloglu A: Diagnostic criteria for polyarteritis nodosa in children. J Pediatr 120: 206–209, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Woodward AH, Andreini PH: Periosteal new bone formation in polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 17: 1017–1025, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. SergentJS, Lochshin MD, Christian CL, et al.: Vasculitis with hepatitis B antigenemia. Medicine 55: 1–18, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Duffy J, Lidsky MD, Sharp JT, et al.: Polyarthritis, polyarteritis and hepatitis B. Medicine 55: 19–37, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Reznik VM, Mendoza SA, Self TW, et al.: Hepatitis B-associated vasculitis in an infant. J Pediatr 98: 252–254, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. McMahon BJ, Bender TR, Templin DW, et al.: Vasculitis in Eskimos living in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B. JAMA 244: 2180–2182, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Ingelfinger, JR, McCluskey RT, Schneeberger EE: Necrotizing arteritis in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J Pediatr 91: 228–232, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Bamji A, Salisbury, R: Cytomegalovirus and vasculitis. Br Med J 1: 623–624, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Hoffman GS, Franck WA: Infectious mononucleosis, autoimmunity and vasculitis. A case report. JAMA 241: 2735–2736, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Finkel TH, Gelfand EW, Harbeck R, et al.: Chronic parvovirus infection presenting as juvenile polyarteritis nodosum. Arthritis Rheum 33: 5132, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  146. SergentJS, Christian CL: Necrotizing vasculitis after acute serous otitis media. Ann Intern Med 81: 195–199, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Soter NA, Mihm MC, Colten HR: Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 95: 197–201, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Berdischewsky M, Pollack M, Young LS, et al.: Circulating immune complexes in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Res 14: 830–833, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 18–1992. N Engl J Med 326: 1204–1212, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Disease associations and pathogenic role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in vasculitis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 4: 9–15, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Wees SJ, Oh SJ: Sural nerve biopsies in systemic vasculitis, abstracted. Arthritis Rheum 24 (Suppl.): 88, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Albert DA, Rimon D, Silverstein MD, et al.: The diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1117–1134, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bron KM, Strott CA, Shapiro AP: The diagnostic value of angiographic observations in polyarteritis nodosa. Arch Intern Med 116: 450–454, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Hilal SK, Solomon GE, Gold A, et al.: Primary cerebral arterial occlusive disease in children. Radiology 99: 71–86, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Mason RA, Arbeit LA, Giron F: Renal dysfunction after arteriography. JAMA 253:1001–1004, 1985 (see also correspondence 254: 233–234, 1985 ).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Dahlberg PJ, Lockhart JM, Overholt EL: Diagnostic studies for systemic necrotizing vasculitis: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in patients with multisystem disease. Arch Intern Med 149: 161–165, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Fauci AS, Katz P, Haynes BF, et al.: Cyclophosphamide therapy of severe systemic necrotizing vasculitis. N Engl J Med 301: 235–238, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Guillevin L, Fain O, Lhote F, et al: Lack of superiority of steroids plus plasma exchange to steroids alone in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and ChurgStrauss syndrome. A prospective, randomized trial in 78 patients. Arthritis Rheum 35: 208–215, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Cunningham RJ III, Gilfoil M, Cavallo T, et al.: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in children: a report of thirteen cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Res 14: 128–132, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. McCune WJ, Friedman AW. Immunosuppressive drug therapy for rheumatic disease. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 4: 314–321, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Scott DGI, Bacon PA: Intravenous cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone in treatment of systemic rheumatoid vasculitis. Am J Med 76: 377–384, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Fort JG, Abruzzo JL: Reversal of progressive necrotizing vasculitis with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1194–1198, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Fauci AS, Doppman JL, Wolff SM: Cyclophosphamide-induced remissions in advanced polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 64: 890–894, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Chumbley LC, Harrison EG, Jr, DeRemee RA: Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 52: 477–484, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Farooki ZQ, Brough AJ, Green EW: Necrotizing arteritis. Am J Dis Child 128: 837–840, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR: Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 63: 65–81, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria For The Classification of Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Allergic Granulomatosis and Angiitis). Arthritis Rheum 33: 1094–1100, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. McCombs RP: Diseases due to immunologic reactions in the lung. N Engl J Med 286: 1186–1194, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Chauhan A, Scott DGI, Neuberger J, et al.: Churg-Strauss vasculitis and ascaris infection. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 320–322, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Frayha RA: Churg-Strauss syndrome in a child. J Rheumatol 9:807–809, 1982 (Letters).

    Google Scholar 

  171. Fischer TJ, Daughtery C, Gushurst C, et al.: Systemic vasculitis associated with eosinophilia and marked degranulation of tissue eosinophils. Pediatrics 82: 6975, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Finan MC, Winkelmann RK: The cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Churg-Strauss granuloma) and systemic disease: a review of 27 cases. Medicine 62: 142–158, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 46–1980. N Engl J Med 303: 1218–1225, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 18–1987. N Engl J Med 316: 1139–1147, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Vincent FM: Granulomatous angiitis. N Engl J Med 296: 452. 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Sandhu R, Alexander WS, Hornabrook RW, et al.: Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 36: 433–435, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Allen GL, Nelson AM, Gomez MR: Isolated central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis in childhood-a report of five cases with long term followup, Mayo Clinic. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Calabrese LH, Furlan AJ, Gragg LA, Ropos TJ. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Diagnostic criteria and clinical approach. Cleve Clin J Med 59: 293–306, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Lie JT: Angiitis of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Rheumatol 3: 36–45, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Crane R, Kerr LD, Spiera H: Clinical analysis of isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. A report of 11 cases. Arch Intern Med 151: 2290–2294, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 16–1986. N Engl J Med 315: 1143–1154, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Leavitt RY, Fauci AS: Polyangiitis overlap syndrome: classification and prospective clinical experience. Am J Med 81: 79–85, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 8–1989. N Engl J Med 320: 514–524, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Sigal LH: The neurologic presentation of vasculitic and rheumatologic syndromes: a review. Medicine 66: 157–180, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Loeffel S, Chang CH, Heyn R, et al.: Necrotizing lymphoid vasculitis in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109: 546–550, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Stein RL, Martino CR, Weinert DM, et al.: Cerebral angiography as a guide for therapy in isolated central nervous system vasculitis. JAMA 257: 2193–2196, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Rush PJ, Inman R, Bernstein M, et al.: Isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system in a patient with celiac disease. Am J Med 81: 1092–1094, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Pasternak JF, DeVivo DC, Prensky AL: Steroid-responsive encephalomyelitis in childhood. Neurology 30: 481–486, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Nakao K, Ikeda M, Shinichi K, et al.: Takayasu’s arteritis: clinical report of eighty-four cases and immunological studies of seven cases. Circulation 35: 1141–1155, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Bonventre MV: Takayasu’s disease revisited. NY State J Med 74: 1960–1967, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Lupi-Herrera E, Sanchez-Torres G, Marcushamer J, et al.: Takayasu’s arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases. Am Heart J 93: 94–103, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Haas A, Stiehm ER: Takayasu’s arteritis presenting as pulmonary hypertension. Am J Dis Child 140: 372–374, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Lande A, Berkmen YM, McAllister HA Jr (eds.): Aortitis: Clinical, Pathologic and Radiographic Aspects. Raven Press, New York, 278 pp., 1986, illustrated.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria For The Classification of Takayasu Arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1129–1134, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Hall S, Barr W, Lie JT, et al.: Takayasu arteritis: a study of 32 North American patients. Medicine 64: 89–99, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Shelhamer JH, Volkman DJ, Parrillo JE, et al.: Takayasu’s Arteritis and its therapy. Ann Intern Med 103: 121–126, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Wu YJ J, Martin B, Ong K, et al.: Takayasu’s arteritis as a cause of fever of unknown origin. Am J Med 87: 476, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Tanaka N, Tanaka H, Toyama Y, et al.: Paroxysmal hypertension in aortitis syndrome. Am Heart J 90: 369–375, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lande A, Rossi P: The value of total aortography in the diagnosis of Takayasu’s arteritis. Radiology 114: 287–297, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Lande A, Bard R, Rossi P, et al.: Takayasu’s arteritis. NY State J Med 76: 1474–1482, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Lacombe P, Frija G, Boucher D, et al.: Maladie de Takayasu: Interet de l’angiographie numerique intraveineuse: 44 observations. Presse Med 15:11791182, 1986. (Takayasu’s Arteritis: Usefulness of Digital Intravenous Angiography: 44 Cases.)

    Google Scholar 

  202. a.Tanigawa K, Eguchi K, Kitamura Y, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging detection of aortic and pulmonary artery wall thickening in the acute stage of Takayasu arteritis. Improvement of clinical and radiologie findings after steroid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 35: 476–480, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Hellmann DB, Hardy K, Lindenfeld S, Ring E: Takayasu’s arteritis associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 451–454, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Cajigas JC, Amigo MC, Pineda C, et al.: Association between Takayasu’s arteritis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 82: 382–384, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Perniciaro C, Winkelmann RK: Cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma in a patient with Takayasu’s aortitis. Arch Dermatol 122: 201, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Wiggelinkhuizen J, Cremin BJ: Takayusu arteritis and renovascular hypertension in childhood. Pediatrics 62: 209–217, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Pantell RH, Goodman BW Jr: Takayasu’s arteritis: The relationship with tuberculosis. Pediatrics 67: 84–88, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Abe K, Miyazaki S, Kusaka T, et al.: Elevated plasma renin activity in aortitis syndrome. Jap Heart J 17: 1–11, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Rotenstein D, Gibbas DL, Majmudar B, et al.: Familial granulomatous arteritis associated with polyarthritis of juvenile onset. N Engl J Med 306: 86–90, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al.: Wegener granulomatosis: An analysis of 158 patients. Ann Int Med 116: 488–498, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Hall SL, Miller LC, Duggan E, et al.: Wegener’s granulomatosis in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 106: 739–744, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Bloch DA, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Wegener’s Granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1101–1107, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 12–1986. N Engl J Med 31: 834–844, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Myers JL, Katzenstein A-L A: Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting with massive pulmonary hemorrhage and capillaritis. Am J Surg Pathol 11: 895–898, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Appel GB, Gee B, Kashgarian M, et al.: Wegener’s granulomatosis-clinical-pathologic correlations and long-term course. Am J Kidney Dis 1: 27–37, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. a.Charles SJ, Meyer PAR, Watson PG: Diagnosis and management of systemic Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting with anterior ocular inflammatory dis-

    Google Scholar 

  217. ease. Br J Opthalmol 75: 201–207, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Sacks RD, Stock EL, Crawford SE, et al.: Scleritis and Wegener’s granulomatosis in children. Am J Opthalmol 111: 430–433, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe T: Pulmonary lesions in Wegener’s granulomatosis: A clinicopathologic study of 22 autopsy cases. Hum Pathol 17: 401–410, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Leavitt RY, Fauci AS: Pulmonary vasculitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 134: 149–166, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Mark EJ, Matsubara O, Tan-Liu NS, Fienberg R: The pulmonary biopsy in the early diagnosis of Wegener’s (pathergic) granulomatosis: a study based on 35 open lung biopsies. Human Pathol 19: 1065–1071, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. a.Lowance DC, Vosatka K, Whelchel J, et al.: Recurrent Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 92: 573–575, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Norris MJ, Tomecki KJ, Bergfeld WF, Wilke WS: Cutaneous Wegener’s granulomatosis: report of a case and review of the literature. Clev Clin J Med 55: 18 1184, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 17–1986. N Engl J Med 314: 1170–1184, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Cohen Tervaert JW, van der Woude FJ, Fauci AS, et al.: Association between active Wegener’s granulomatosis and anticytoplasmic antibodies. Arch Intern Med 149:2461–2465, 1989 (see also pp. 2401–2402).

    Google Scholar 

  226. Maclsaac AI, Davies DJ, Moran JE, et al.: Correspondence: antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies in systemic vasculitis. Mayo Clin Proc 65: 124–125, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Jennette JC, Wilkman AS, Falk RJ: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodyassociated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis. A J Pathol 135: 921–930, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Falk FJ, Hogan S, Caey TS, et al.: Clinical course of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis. Ann Intern Med 113: 656–663, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Moorthy AV, Chesney RW, Segar WE, et al.: Wegener’s granulomatosis in childhood: prolonged survival following cytotoxic therapy. J Pediatr 91: 616618, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Orlowski JP, Clough JD, and Dyment PG: Wegener’s granulomatosis in the pediatric age group. Pediatrics 61: 83–90, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Baliga R, Chang CH, Bidani AK, et al.: A case of generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis in childhood: successful therapy with cyclophosphamide. Pediatrics 61: 286–290, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Fleisher TA, et al.: Treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with intermittent high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Am J Med 89:403–410, 1990 (see also Editorial pp. 399–402).

    Google Scholar 

  233. Harrison HL, Linshaw MA, Lindsley CB, et al.: Bolus corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide for initial treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. JAMA 244: 1599–1600, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Kroneman OC, Pevzner M: Failure of cyclophosphamide to prevent cerebritis in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 80: 526–527, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Pinching AJ, Lockwood CM, Pussell BA, et al.: Wegener’s granulomatosis: observations on 18 patients with severe renal disease. Q J Med 208: 435–460, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Rottem M, Fauci AS, Hallahan CW, et al.: A long term study of Wegener granulomatosis in 23 children and adolescents: Clinical presentation and outcome. J Pediatr In Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  237. DeRemee RA: The treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole: illusion or vision? Arthritis Rheum 31:1068–1072, 1988 (see also 32: 1051–1052, 1989 ).

    Google Scholar 

  238. Israel HL: Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Intern Med 148:2293–2295, 1988 (see also correspondence 149: 1469, 1471 ).

    Google Scholar 

  239. Valeriano-Marcet J, Spiera H: Treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Arch Intern Med 151: 1649–1652, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Ambrus JL Jr, Fauci AS: Diffuse histiocyctic lymphoma in a patient treated with cyclophosphamide for Wagener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 76: 745–747, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Case no. 43–1981. N Engl J Med 305: 999–1008, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Lugmani RA, Adu D, Michael J: Limited Wegener’s granulomatosis: mild disease or distinct entity? Arthritis Rheum 33: S132, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 26–1985. N Engl J Med 312: 1695–1703, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Liebow AA, Carrington CRB, Friedman PJ: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum Pathol 3: 457–558, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Gracey DR, DeRemee RA, Colby TV, et al.: Benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis: experience with three cases. Mayo Clin Proc 63: 323–331, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Pisani RJ, DeRemee RA: Clinical implications of the histopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Mayo Clin Proc 65: 151–163, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Katzenstein AL, Carrington CB, Liebow AA: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis; A clinicopathologic study of 152 cases. Cancer 43: 360–373, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Lipford EH Jr, Margolick JB, Longo DL, et al.: Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions: a clinicopathologic spectrum of post-thymic T-cell proliferations. Blood 72: 1674–1681, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 40–1987. N Engl J Med 317: 879–890, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Foley JF, Linder J, Koh J, et al.: Cutaneous necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis with evolution to T cell lymphoma. Am J Med 82: 839–844, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Myers JL: Editorial: lymphomatoid granulomatosis: past, present,chrw(133) future? Mayo Clin Proc 65: 274–278, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Fillipovich AH, Krivit W, Kersey JH, Burke BA: Fatal arteritis as a complication of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Pediatr 95: 742–744, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Ilowite NT, Fligner CL, Ochs HD, et al.: Pulmonary angiitis with atypical lymphoreticular infiltrates in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: possible relationship of lymphomatoid granulomatosis and EBV infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 41: 479–484, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Letendre L: Treatment of lymphomatoid granulomatosis: old and new perspectives. Semin Respir Med 10: 178–181, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Fauci AS, Johnson RE, Wolff SM: Radiation therapy of midline granuloma. Ann Intern Med 84: 140–147, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Jones SK, Lane AT, Golitz LE, Weston WL: Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa in a child. Am J Dis Child 139: 920–922, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Moreland LW, Ball GV: Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 88: 426–430, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Calabrese LH, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria For The Classification of Hypersensitivity Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1108–1113, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Meredith GS, Mitnick HJ, Burstin HE, Zimmerman SS: Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with migratory soft tissue swelling. NYS J Med 87: 402–403, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Ferreiro JE, Saldana MJ, Azevedo SJ: Polyarteritis manifesting as calf myositis and fever. Am J Med 80: 312–315, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Mathieson PW, Cobbold SP, Hale G, et al.: Monoclonal-antibody therapy in systemic vasculitis. N Engl J Med 323: 250–254, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Levo Y: Nature of cryoglobulinemia. Lancet 1: 285–287, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Meltzer M, Franklin EC: Cryoglobulinemia-a study of 29 patients. Am J Med 40: 828–836, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Gorevic PD, Kassab HJ, Levo Y, et al.: Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med 69: 287–308, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Reza MJ, Roth BE, Pops MA, et al.: Intestinal vasculitis in essential, mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 81: 632–634, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Gamble CN, Ruggles SW: The immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 299: 81–84, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Waterman JR, Winkelstein JA, Berzofsky RN, et al.: Early complement component depletion and mixed cryoglobulinemia in a “healthy” family. Arthritis Rheum 22: 1006–1012, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Farivar M, Wands JR, Benson GD, et al.: Cryoprotein complexes and peripheral neuropathy in a patient with chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 71: 490–492, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Cosgriff TM, Arnold WJ: Digital vasospasm and infarction associated with hepatitis B antigenemia. JAMA 235: 1362–1363, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. a. Knox TA, Hillyer CD, Kaplan MM, Berkman EM. Mixed cryoglobulinemia responsive to interferon-a. Am J Med 91:554–555, 1991. (See also 93:115–116, 1992.)

    Google Scholar 

  271. McDuffie FC, Sams WM Jr, Maldonado JE, et al.: Hypocomplementemia with cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 48: 340–347, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Feig PU, Soter NA, Yager HM, et al.: Vasculitis with urticaria, hypocomplementemia, and multiple system involvement. JAMA 236: 2065–2068, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Ludivico CL, Myers AR, Maurer K: Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with glomerulonephritis and pseudotumor cerebri. Arthritis Rheum 22: 1024–1028, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Lieberman J, Gephardt G, Calabrese LH: Urticaria, nephritis, and pseudotumor cerebri. Cleve Clin J Med 57: 197–201, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Miller JJ, Fries JF: Simultaneous vasculitis in a mother and newborn infant. J Pediatr 87: 443–445, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Elkon KB, Hughes GRV, Catovsky D, et al.: Hairy-cell leukemia with polyarteritis nodosa. Lancet 2: 280–282, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Longley S, Caldwell JR, Panush RS: Paraneoplastic vasculitis: unique syndrome of cutaneous angiitis and arthritis associated with myeloproliferative disorders. Am J Med 8Q: 1027–1030, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Vasily DB, Tyler WB: Propylthiouracil-induced cutaneous vasculitis. JAMA 243: 458–461, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Lanzkowsky P, Jayabose SJ, Shende R, et al.: Vasculitis as a complication of high-dose methotrexate in the treatment of acute leukemia. Am J Dis Child 130: 675, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Dewar HA, Peaston MJT. Three cases resembling polyarteritis nodosa arising during treatment with guanethidine. Br Med J 12: 609, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Cassorla FO, Finegold DN, Parks JS, et al.: Vasculitis, pulmonary cavitation, and anemia during antithyroid drug therapy. Am J Dis Child 137: 118–122, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Gaffey CM, Chun B, Harvey JC, Manz HJ: Phenytoin-induced systemic granulomatous vasculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 131–135, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. a.Reid TJ III, Lombardo FA, Redmond J III, et al.: Digital vasculitis associated with interferon therapy. AmJ Med 92: 702–703, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Golbranson FL, Lurie L, Vance RM, et al.: Multiple extremity amputations in hypotensive patients treated with dopamine. JAMA 243: 1145–1146, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Forman HP, Levin S, Stewart B: Cerebral vasculitis and hemorrhage in an adolescent taking diet pills containing phenylpropanolamine: case report and review of literature. Pediatrics 83: 737–741, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Citron BP, Halpern M, McCarron M, et al.: Necrotizing angiitis associated with drug abuse. N Engl J Med 283: 1003–1011, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Halper M, Citron BP: Necrotizing angiitis associated with drug abuse. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 3: 663–671, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Wacker FJ, Tytojat GN, Vreeken J: Necrotizing vasculitis and ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 4: 83–84, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Forrest JA, Shearman DJ: Pulmonary vasculitis and ulcerative colitis. Am J Dig Dis 20: 482–486, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Edwards KR: Hemorrhagic complications of cerebral arteritis. Arch Neurol 34: 549–552, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Ho EC, Moss AJ: The syndrome of “mesenteric arteritis” following surgical repair of aortic coarctation. Pediatrics 49: 40–45, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Diaz-Perez JL, Winkelmann RK: Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa. Arch Dermatol 110: 407–414, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Cherubin CE: So-called cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. NY State J Med 66: 1673–1678, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Milstone LM, Braverman IM, Lucky P, Fleckman P: Classification and therapy of atrophie blanche. Arch Dermatol 119: 963–969, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Baethge BA, Sanusi ID, Landreneau MD, et al.: Livedo reticularis and peripheral gangrene associated with primary hyperoxaluria. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1199–1203, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Heine KG: Idiopathic atrophie blanche: treatment with low-dose heparin. Arch Dermatol 122: 855–856, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Purcell SM, Hayes TJ: Nifedipine treatment of idiopathic atrophie blanche. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 851–854, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Katz SI, Gallin JI, Hertz KC, et al.: Erythema elevatum diutinum: Skin and systemic manifestations, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone. Medicine 56: 443–455, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. McNeely MC, Jorizzo JL, Solomon AR, Peltier FA: Erythema elevatum diutinum. Clin Rheumatol Pract, pp. 17–20, January/February 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Rakover Y, Adar H, Tal I, et al.: Behcet disease: long-term follow-up of three children and review of the literature. Pediatrics 83: 986–992, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Plotkin GR, Calabro JJ, O’Duffy JD (eds.) Behcet’s Disease: A Contemporary Synopsis. Futura Publishing Company, Mount Kisco, NY, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Bartlett ST, McCarthy WJ, Palmer AS: Multiple aneurysms in Behcet’s disease. Arch Surg 123: 1004–1008, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Fukuda Y, Sakuma Y, Sumita M: Pathologic studies of vascular changes in Behcet’s disease. In Shiokawa, Y (ed.) Vascular Lesions of Collagen Diseases and Related Conditions. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1977, pp. 212–225.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Murakami T: Pathologic changes in the large blood vessels caused by Behcet’s disease, especially by neuro-Behcet’s disease. Bull Rheum Dis: S29: 229–235, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Lang BA, Laxer RM, Thorner P, et al.: Pediatric onset of Behcet’s syndrome with myositis: case report and literature review illustrating unusual features. Arthritis Rheum 33:418–425, 1990. (see also correspondence 34: 791, 1991 ).

    Google Scholar 

  306. Ammann AJ, Johnson A, Fyfe GA, et al.: Behcet’s syndrome. J Pediatr 107: 41–43, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Ozbakir F: Monozygotic twins concordant for Behcet’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1071–1072, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Lebwohl O, Forde KA, Berdon WE, et al.: Ulcerative esophagitis and colitis in a pediatric patient with Behcet’s syndrome: Response to steroid therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 68: 550–555, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Vlymen WJ, Moskowitz PS: Roentgenographic manifestations of esophageal and intestinal involvement in Behcet’s disease in children. Pediatr Radiol 10: 193–196, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Mori S, Yoshihira A, Kawamura H, et al.: Esophageal involvement in Behcet’s Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 78: 548–553, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Kataora S, Hirose G, Tsukada K: Brain stem type neuro-Behcet’s syndrome: Correlation of enhanced CT scans and MRI during the acute and chronic stage of the illness. Neuroradiology 31: 258–262, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Al-Kawi MS, Bohlega S, Banna M: MRI findings in neuro-Behcet’s disease. Neurology 41: 405–408, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Yurdakul S, Yazici H, Tuzun Y, et al.: The arthritis of Behcet’s disease: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 42: 505–515, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Zelenski JD, Capraro JA, Holden D, Calabrese LH: Central nervous system vasculitis in Behcet’s syndrome: angiographic improvement after therapy cytotoxic agents. Arthritis Rheum 32: 217–220, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Harper CM, O’Neill BP, O’Duffy JD, Forbes GS: Intracranial hypertension in Behcet’s disease: demonstration of sinus occlusion with use of digital subtraction angiography. Mayo Clin Proc 60: 419–422, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Weschsler B, Bousser MG, Huong Du LT, et al.: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in Behcet’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 60: 891–892, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Bowles CA, Nelson AM, Hammill SC, O’Duffy JD: Cardiac involvement in Behcet’s disease. Arthritis Rheum 28: 345–348, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Stricker H, Malinverni R: Multiple, large aneurysms of pulmonary arteries in Behcet’s disease: clinical remission and radiologic resolution after corticosteriod therapy. Arch Intern Med 149: 925–927, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Mizushima Y, Matsumura N: Chemotaxis of leukocytes and colchicine treatment in Behcet’s disease. J Rheumatol 6: 108–110, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Jorlzzo JL, Solomon AR, Zanolli MD, Leshin B: Neutrophilic vascular reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 19: 983–1005, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Tafi L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Falcini F, et al.: Colchicine treatment of Behcet’s disease in children. Arthritis Rheum 30: 1435, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. O’Duffy JD: Behcet’s Syndrome. N Engl J Med 322: 326–328, 1990.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Fam AG, Siminovitch KA, Carette S, From L: Case report: neonatal Behcet’s syndrome in an infant of a mother with the disease. Ann Rheum Dis 40: 509–512, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Cheson BD, Bluming AZ, Alroy J: Cogan’s syndrome: A systemic vasculitis. Am J Med 60: 549–555, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Kundell SP, Ochs HD: Cogan’s syndrome in childhood. J Pediatr 97: 96–98, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Haynes BF, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Mason P, et al.: Cogan’s syndrome: studies in thirteen patients, long-term follow-up, and a review of the literature. Medicine 59: 426–441, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Haynes BF, Pikus A, Kaiser-Kupfer M, et al.: Successful treatment of sudden hearing loss in Cogan’s syndrome with corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 24: 501–503, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Allen NB, Cox C, Cobo M, et al.: Use of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of severe ocular and vascular manifestations of Cogan’s syndrome. Am J Med 88: 296–301, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Jacobs JC: Arthritis as a manifestation of connective tissue disease. In Moore TD (ed.) Arthritis in Childhood: Report of the Eightieth Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Ross Laboratories Columbus, Ohio, 1981, pp. 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Case Reports of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case no. 44–1980. N Engl J Med 303: 1103–1111, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Su WP, Schroeter AL, Lee DA, et al.: Clinical and histologic findings in Degos syndrome (malignant atrophic papulosis). Cutis 35: 131–138, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Lie JT, Gordon LP, Titus JL: Juvenile temporal arteritis. JAMA 234: 496–499, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Golden GT, Fox JW, Williams GS, et al.: Traumatic aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. JAMA 234: 517–518, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Huston KA, Combs JJ, Lie JT, Giuliani ER: Left atrial myxoma simulating peripheral vasculitis. Mayo Clin Proc 53: 752–756, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Byrd WE, Matthews OP, Hunt RE: Left atrial myxoma presenting as a systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 23: 240–243, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Fitzpatrick AP, Lanham JG, Doyle DV: Cardiac tumours simulating collagen vascular disease. Br Heart J 55: 592–595, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Boers GHJ, Smals AGH, Trijbels FJM, et al.: Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive areterial disease. N Engl J Med 313: 709–715, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Shih VE, Abroms IF, Johnson JL, et al.: Sulfite oxidase deficiency. N Engl J Med 297: 1022–1028, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Radtke WE, Kazmier FJ, Rutherford BD: Cardiovascular complications of pheochromocytoma crisis. Am J Cardiol 35: 701–705, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Sisson JC, Frager MS, Valk TW, et al.: Scintigraphic localization of pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 305: 12–17, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Ambruso DR, Jacobson LJ, Hathaway WE: Inherited antithrombin-III deficiency and cerebral thrombosis in a child. Pediatrics 65: 125–131, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Lechat PH, Mas JL, Lascault G, et al.: Prevalence of patient foramen ovale in patients with stroke. New Engl J Med 318: 1148–1152, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Olsen ML, O’Connor S, Arnett FC, et al.: Autoantibodies and rheumatic disorders in a neurology inpatient population: a prospective study. Am J Med 90: 479–488, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Roddy SM, Giang DW: Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in an infant. Pediatrics 87: 933–935, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 37–1988. N Engl J Med 319: 699–712, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  346. Driscoll PF, Larsen PD, Gruber AB: MELAS syndrome involving a mother and two children. Arch Neurol 44: 971–973, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Ohtoh T, Iwasaki Y, Namiki T, et al.: Hemodynamic characteristics of the vertebrobasilar system in moyamoya disease. Hum Pathol 19: 465–470, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Carlson CB, Harvey FH, Loop J: Progressive alternating hemiplegia in early childhood with basal artery stenosis and telangiectasra (Moyamoya syndrome). Neurology 23: 734–744, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Goldberg HJ: Moyamoya associated with peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Arch Dis Child 49: 964–966, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Provost TT, Moses H, Morris EL, et al.: Cerebral vasculopathy associated with collateralization resembling Moya Moya phenomenon and with anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1052–1055, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Goldie W: Headache, hemiparesis, and hemianopsia in a five-year-old. Hosp Pract 17: 200–201, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Loughlin GM, Taussig LM, Murphy SA, et al.: Immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage simulating Goodpasture’s syndrome. J Pediatr 93: 181–184, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Mark EJ, Ramirez JF: Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage in patients with systemic vasulitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109: 413–418, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Myers JL, Katzenstein A-LA: Microangiitis in lupus-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Am J Clin Pathol 85: 552, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Urizar RE, McGoldrick MD, Cerda J: Pulmonary-renal syndrome. Its Clinicopathologic approach in 1991. NYS J Med 91: 212–221, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Davis JP, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, et al.: Toxic-shock syndrome. Epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention. N Engl J Med 303: 1429–1435, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Shands KN, Schmid MD, Dan BB, et al.: Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women. Association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases. N Engl J Med 303: 1436–1442, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Purdy WK, et al.: Clinical manifestations of toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 246: 741–748, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Reingold AL, Shands KN, Dan BB, et al.: Toxic-shock syndrome not associated with menstruation. A review of 54 cases. Lancet 1: 1–4, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Buchdahl R, Levin M, Wilkins B, et al.: Toxic shock syndrome. Arch Dis Child 60: 563–567, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, Hedberg CW, et al.: Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness. JAMA 257: 1053–1058, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Resnick SD: Toxic shock syndrome: recent developments in pathogenesis. J Pediatr 116: 321–328, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, Pesanti EL: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 267: 3315–3316, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al.: Severe group a streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 321: 1–7, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Pediatric Rheumatology and the Regional Arthritis Program (RAP-4-Kids), Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, 10032, New York, NY, USA

    Jerry C. Jacobs M.D. (Professor of Clinical Pediatrics. Director)

Authors
  1. Jerry C. Jacobs M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jacobs, J.C. (1993). Systemic Vasculitis Syndromes. In: Pediatric Rheumatology for the Practitioner. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6150-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6150-4_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6152-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6150-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation