Abstract
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (JA) has been the diagnostic label applied to any child whose arthritis is of unknown origin, begins under age 16, and persists for a minimum of 6 weeks.1,2 Arthritis is defined as swelling or both pain and limitation of motion in at least one joint. “Unknown origin” means that the physician has considered and excluded all other diseases, both common and unusual, that may cause or be associated with arthritis (Table 3.1). These “classification” criteria, adopted by a panel of experts (the JRA Criteria Subcommittee of the American Rheumatism Association—ARA, now the American College of Rheumatology—ACR), were extraordinarily successful in helping physicians distinguish arthritic disorders from other disorders in childhood. After 5 years, only 3% of children diagnosed as JRA by these criteria turned out to have some other disease. Interest in childhood arthritis was stimulated by publication of these criteria, and they helped to bring about the end of an era in which children with arthritis were frequently misdiagnosed and subjected to long hospitalizations, unnecessary surgery, harmful immobilization, and inadequate or inappropriate drug therapy.
Chapter PDF
Keywords
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Ankylose Spondylitis
- Disseminate Intravascular Coagulation
- Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
JRA Criteria Subcommittee. Criteria for classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis 25: 712–719, 1973.
Cassidy JT, Levinson JE, Brewer EJ Jr: The development of classification criteria for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis 38, 6: 1–7, 1989.
Calabro JJ, Marchesano JM: The early natural history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Med Clin North Am 52: 567–591, 1968.
Schaller JG, Wedgwood RJ: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A review. Pediatrics 50: 940–953, 1972.
Schaller JG: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 165–170, 1977.
Stillman JS, Barry PE: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 171–175, 1977.
Fink CW: Patients with JRA: A clinical study. Arthritis Rheum 20: 183–184, 1977.
Hanson V, Kornreich HK, Bernstein B, et al.: Three subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 184–186, 1977.
Levinson JE, Balz GP, Hess EV: Report of studies on juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 189–190, 1977.
Suciu-Foca N, Jacobs JC, Khan R, et al.: Predisposition to juvenile arthritis: genetic aspects. In Moore T(ed.) Report of the Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Xanadu, Bahamas, December 3, 1979, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH, 1981 pp. 72–75.
Baum J, Baum ER: Classics from medical literature: George Frederick Still and his account of childhood arthritis—a reappraisal (with replication of the original monograph On a Form of Chronic Joint Disease in Children). Am J Dis Child 132: 192–200, 1978.
Green WT: Monarticular and pauciarticular arthritis in children. JAMA 115: 2023–2024, 1940.
Brewer EJ, Bass J, Baum J, et al.: Current proposed revision of JRA criteria. Arthritis Rheum 20: 195–199, 1977.
Cassidy JT, Levinson JE, Bass JC, et al.: A study of Classification Criteria for a Diagnosis of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 29: 274–281, 1986.
Bywaters EGL: Still’s disease in the adult. Ann Rheum Dis 30: 121–133, 1971.
Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al.: The American Rheumatism Association 1987 Revised Criteria for the Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 315–324, 1988.
Stastny P, Fink C: Different HLA-D associations in adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 63: 124–130, 1979.
Glass D, Litvin D, Wallace K, et al.: Early onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis associated with HLA DRw5, iritis, and antinuclear antibody. J Clin Invest 66: 426–429, 1980.
van Zeben D, Hazes JMW, Zwinderman AH, et al.: Association of HLA-DR4 with a more progressive disease course in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a followup study. Arthritis Rheum 34: 822–830, 1991.
Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P, Hovi T: Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagonsis of arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child 141: 34–40, 1987.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ: Poor correlation between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and clinical activity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 6: 197–201, 1987.
Schwarz-Eywill M, Heilig B, Bauer H, et al.: Evaluation of serum ferritin as a marker for adult Still’s disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 51: 683–685, 1992.
Eichenfield AH, Athreya BH, Doughty RA, Cebul RD: Utility of rheumatoid factor in the diagonsis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 78: 480–484, 1986.
Moore TL, Osborn TG, Weiss TD, et al.: Autoantibodies in juvenile arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 13: 329–336, 1984.
Schaller JG, Johnson GD, Holborow EJ, et al.: The association of antinuclear antibodies with the chronic iridocyclitis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease). Arthritis Rheum 17: 409–416, 1974.
Monestier M, Losman JA, Fasy TM, et al.: Antihistone antibodies in antinuclear antibody-positive juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1836–1841, 1990.
Leak AM: Autoantibody profile in juvenile chronic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 178–182, 1988.
Bergroth V, Konttinen YT, Pelkonen P, et al.: Synovial fluid lymphocytes in different subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 780–783, 1988.
Burdette S, Schwartz RS: Current concepts: immunology idiotypes and idiotypic networks. N. Eng J Med 317: 219–224, 1987.
Key LL Jr, Hoch S, Cairns L, et al.: Monocyte bone degradation: in vitro analysis of monocyte activity in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 108: 405–409, 1986.
Pauls JD, Silverman E, Laxer RM, Fritzler MJ: Antibodies to histones Hl and H5 in sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32: 877–83, 1989.
Moore TL, Osborn TG, Dorner RW: Cross-reactive antiidiotypic antibodies against human rheumatoid factors from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32: 699–705, 1989.
Tsokos GC, Inghirami G, Pillemer SR, et al.: Immunoregulatory aberrations in patients with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 47: 62–74, 1988.
Miller JJ III, Olds LC, Silverman ED, et al.: Different patterns of C3 and C4 activation in the varied types of juvenile arthritis. Pediatr Res 20: 1332–1337, 1986.
Silverman ED, Somma Catherine, Khan MM, et al.: Abnormal T suppressor cell function in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 205–211, 1990.
Moore TL, Osborn TG, Dorner RW: 19S IgM Rheumatoid factor-7S IgG rheumatoid factor immune complexes isolated in sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Res 20: 977–981, 1986.
Goldenberg DL: Infectious arthritis complicating rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic rheumatic disorders. Arthritis Rheum 32: 496–502, 1989.
Baldassare AR, Chano F, Zuckner J: Markedly raised synovial fluid leucocyte counts not associated with infectious arthritis in children. Ann Rheum Dis 37: 404–409, 1978.
Jacobs JC, Philips PE, Johnston AD: Needle biopsy of the synovium of children. Pediatrics 57: 696–701, 1976.
Sherman MS: The non-specificity of synovial reactions. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 12: 110–125, 1951.
Wynne-Roberts CR: Anderson CH, Turano AM, Baron M. Light and electronmircoscopic findings of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis synovium: comparison with normal juvenile synovium. Semin Arthritis Rheum 7: 287–302, 1978.
Konttinen YT, Bergroth V, Kunnamo I, Haapasaari J: The value of biopsy in patients with monarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset. Arthritis Rheum 29: 47–53, 1986.
Grokoest AW, Snyder AI, Schlaeger R: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Little, Brown, Boston, 1962.
Martel W, Holt JF, Cassidy JT: Roentgenologic manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 88: 400–423, 1962.
Poznanski AK, Glass RBJ, Feinstein KA, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Int Pediatr 3: 304–310, 1988.
Senac MO, Deutsch D, Bernstein BH, et al.: MR Imaging in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AJR 150: 873–878, 1988.
Stoller DW, Genant HK: Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee and hip. Arthritis Rheum 33: 441–449, 1990.
Sartoris DJ: Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system. J Musculoskel Med 7: 29–45, 1990.
Towner SR, Michael CJ Jr, O’Fallon WM, Nelson AM: The epidemiology of juvenile arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota 1960–1979. Arthritis Rheum 26: 1208–1213, 1983.
Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P: Incidence of arthritis in urban Finnish children: A prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 29: 1232–1238, 1986.
Petty RE: Epidemiology of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In Miller JJ III (ed.) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. PSG, Littleton, MA 1979, pp. 11–18.
Gewanter HL, Roghmann KJ, Baum J: The prevalence of juvenile arthritis Arthritis Rheum 26: 599–603, 1983.
Laaksonen A: A prognostic study of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl.] 166, 1966.
Kredich DW: Polyarticularjuvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In Miller JJ III (ed.) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. PSG, Littleton, MA, 1977, pp. 121–134.
Clemens LE, Albert E, Ansell BM: Sibling pairs affected by chronic arthritis of children: Evidence for a genetic predisposition. J Rheumatol 12: 108–113, 1985.
Nepom BS, Malhortra U, Schwarz DA, et al.: HLA and T Cell receptor polymorphisms in pauciarticular-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1260–1267, 1991.
Aaron S, Fraser PA, Jackson JM, et al.: Sex ratio and sibship size in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis kindreds. Arthritis Rheum 28: 753–758, 1985.
van Kerckhove C, Glass DN: The immunoglobulin supergene family and the polygenic nature of inherited predisposition to rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 30: 951–953, 1987.
Albert ED, Ansell BM: Immunogenetics of juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 66: 85–91, 1987.
Calabro JJ, Marchesano JM: Fever associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 276: 11–18, 1967.
Pizzo PA, Lovejoy FH Jr, Smith DH: Prolonged fever in children: Review of 100 cases. Pediatrics 55: 468–473, 1975.
Lohr JA, Hendley JO: Prolonged fever of unknown origin. Clin Pediatr 16: 768–773, 1977.
McClung HJ: Prolonged fever of unknown origin in children. Am J Dis Child 124: 544–550, 1972.
Schaller J: Arthritis as a presenting manifestation of malignancy in children. J Pediatr 81: 793–797, 1972.
Estrada R, Schaeffer H, Rosenfeld W, et al.: Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Fever in a neonate. NYS J Med 81: 1791–1793, 1981.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. CASE No. 22:1991. N Eng J Med 324: 1575–1584, 1991.
Lake AM, Oski FA: Peripheral lymphadenopathy in childhood. Am J Dis Child 132: 357–359, 1978.
Sullivan DB, Cassidy JT, Petty RE: Pathogenic implications of age of onset in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 18: 251–254, 1975.
Ansell BM, Bywaters EGL: Rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease). Ped Clin North Am 10: 921–939, 1963.
Bujak JS, Aptekar RG, Decker JL, et al.: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis presenting in the adult as fever of unknown origin. Medicine 52: 431–444, 1973.
Ohta A, Yamaguchi M, Kaneoka H, et al.: Adult Still’s Disease: review of 228 cases from the literature. J Rheumatol 14: 1139–1146, 1987.
Cush-JJ, Medsger TA Jr, Christy, WC: Adult-onset Still’s disease. Clinical course and outcome. Arthritis Rheum 30: 186–194, 1987.
Reginato AJ, Schumacher HR Jr, Baker DG, et al.: Adult onset Still’s disease: experience in 23 patients and literature review with emphasis on organ failure. Semin Arthritis Rheum 17: 39–57, 1987.
Lindsley CB: Seasonal variation in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30: 838–839, 1987.
Ansell BM, Bywaters EGL: Diagnosis of “probable” Still’s disease and its outcome. Ann Rheum Dis 21: 253–262, 1962.
Isdale IC, Bywaters, EGL: The rash of rheumatiod arthritis and Still’s disease. Q J Med 25: 377–387, 1956.
Calabro JJ, Marchesano JM: Rash associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 72: 611–619, 1968.
de Benedetti F, Massa M, Robbioni P, et al.: Correlation of serum interleukin-6 levels with joint involvement and thrombocytosis in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1158–1163, 1991.
Schlesinger BE, Forsyth CC, White RHR, et al.: Observations on the clinical course and treatment of one hundred cases of Still’s disease. Arch Dis Child 36: 65–76, 1961.
Calabro JJ, Burnstein SL, Staley HL: JRA posing as fever of unknown origin. Arthritis Rheum 20: 178–180, 1977.
Schneider R, Lang BA, Reilly BJ, et al.: Prognostic indicators of joint destruction in systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 120: 200–5, 1992
Barber FA, Roach JW: Torticollis: A presentation of eosinophilic granuloma: A case report. Orthopedics 9: 1237–1239, 1986.
Steinberg GG: Osteomyelitis of the rib presenting as painful torticollis: Case report. J Bone Joint Surg 61-A: 614–616, 1979.
Schaller JG: The diversity ofJRA. Arthritis Rheum 20 (Suppl): 52–63, 1977.
Rachelefsky GS, Kar NC, Coulson A, et al.: Serum enzyme abnormalities in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 58: 730–736, 1976.
Halla JT, Koopman WJ, Fallahi S, et al.: Rheumatoid myositis. Clinical and histologic features and possible pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 27: 737–743, 1984.
Schaller JG, Beckwith B, Wedgwood RJ: Hepatic involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 77: 203–209, 1970.
Brewer EJ, Giannini E, Person D: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 2nd edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1982.
Ohta A, Matsumoto Y, Ohta T, et al.: Still’s disease associated with necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi’s disease): Report of 3 cases. J Rheumatol 15:981–983, 1988 (see also: Correspondence: 17: 568–569, 1990 ).
Wang FM, Wertenbaker C, Behrens MM, Jacobs JC: Acquired Brown’s syndrome in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology 91: 23–26, 1984.
Yousefzadeh DK, Fishman PA: The triad of pneumonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 8: 147–150, 1979.
Brewer E: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-cardiac involvement. Arthritis Rheum 20: 231–236, 1977.
Miller JJ III: Carditis in JRA. In Miller JJ III (ed.) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. PSG, Littleton, MA, 1979, pp. 165–173.
Yancey CL, Doughty RA, Cohlan BA, Athreya BH: Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 68: 369–373, 1981.
Lietman PS, Bywaters EGL: Pericarditis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 32: 855–860, 1963.
Svantesson H, Bjorkhem G, Elborgh R: Cardiac involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a follow-up study. Acta Paediatr Scand 72: 345–350, 1983.
Smith WG: Coxsackie B myopericarditis in adults. Am Heart J 80: 34–46, 1970.
Tilzey AJ, Signy M, Banatvala JE: Persistent coxsackie B virus specific IgM response in patients with recurrent pericarditis. Lancet 1: 1491–1492, 1986.
Soutar CA: Unusual case of viral pericarditis. Lancet 1: 498, 1971.
Rahal JJ, Millian SJ, Noriega ER: Coxsackie virus and adenovirus infection: Association with acute febrile and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 235: 2496–2501, 1976.
Adler R, Takahashi M, Wright HT: Acute pericarditis associated with hepatitis B infection. Pediatrics 61: 716–719, 1978.
Wong KF, Chan JKC, Chan CH: Psittacosis-Associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Med 91: 204–205, 1991.
Morris JA, Adamson AR, Holt PJL, Dayson J: Still’s disease and the virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 44: 349–353, 1985.
Heaton DC, Moller PW: Case report: Still’s disease associated with Coxsackie infection and haemophagocytic syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 44: 341–344, 1985.
Hurst NP, Martkynoga AG, Nuki G, et al.: Coxsackie B infection and arthritis. Br Med J 286: 580, 1983.
Roberts-Thomson PJ, Ahern MJ, Southwood TR, et al.: Adult onset Still’s Disease or Coxsackie Polyarthritis? Aust NZ J Med 16: 509–511, 1986.
Fraser KJ, Clarris BJ, Muirden KD, et al.: A persistent adenovirs type 1 infection in synovial tissue from an immunodeficient patient with chronic, rheumatoid-like polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 28: 455–458, 1985.
Denman AM: A viral aetiology for juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheum 27: 169–175, 1988.
Delgado EA, Petty RE, Malleson PN, et al.: Aortic valve insufficiency and coronary artery narrowing in a child with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 15: 144–147, 1988.
Singleton EB, Wagner ML: Radiographic Atlas of Pulmonary Abnormalities in Children. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1971, p. 240.
Athreya BH, Doughty RA, Bookspan M, et al.: Pulmonary manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A report of eight cases and review. Clin Chest Med 1: 361–374, 1980.
Lovell D, Lindsley C, Langston C: Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 105: 947–950, 1984.
O’Brodovich HM, Way RC, Andrew M, Dent PB: Nonivasive diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 72: 720–723, 1983.
WagenerJS, Taussig LM, DeBenedetti G, et al.: Pulmonary function in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 99: 108–110, 1981.
Padeh S, Laxer RM, Silver MM, Silverman ED: Primary pulmonary hypertension in a patient with systemic-onset juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1575–1679, 1991.
Jacobs JC, Hui RM: Cricoarytenoid arthritis and airway obstruction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 59: 292–294, 1977.
Jan JE, Hill RH, Low MD: Cerebral complications in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Can Med Assoc J 107: 623–625, 1972.
Sievers K, Nisshla M, Sievers UM: Cerebral vasculitis visualized by angiography in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis simulating brain tumor. Acta Rheum Scand 14: 222–232, 1968.
O’Connor D, Bernstein B, Hanson V, et al.: Disease of central nervous system in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), abstracted. Arthritis Rheum 23: 727, 1980.
Anttila R: Renal involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A clinical and histopathological study. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl.] 227, 1972.
Stapleton FB, Hanissian AS, Miller LA: Hypercalciuria in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: association with hematuria. J Pediatr 107: 235–239, 1985.
Reed A, Haugen M, Pachman LM, Langman CB: Abnormalities in serum osteocalcin values in children with chronic rheumatic diseases. J Pediatr 116: 574–580, 1990.
Levy M, Prieur A-M, Gubler M-C, et al.: Renal involvement in juvenile chronic arthritis: clinical and pathologic features. Am J Kidney Dis 9: 138–146, 1987.
Malleson PN, Lockitch G, MacKinnon M, et al.: Renal disease in chronic arthritis of childhood. A study of urinary N-acetyl-8-glucosaminidase and B2microglobulin excretion. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1560–1566, 1990.
Schnitzer TJ, Ansell BM: Amyloidosis in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 245–252, 1977.
Youyfouka O, David J, Ansell BA, et al.: Mortality and morbidity of a cohort of juvenile arthritis patients with amyloidosis. Arthritis Rheum 335: 144, 1990.
Baum J. Gutowska G: Death in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 253–255, 1977.
Duston MA, Skinner M, Shirahama T, Cohen AS: Diagnosis of amyloidosis by abdominal fat aspiration: analysis of four years’ experience. Am J Med 82: 412–414, 1987.
Cohen AS, Skinner M: New frontiers in the study of amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 323: 542–543, 1990.
Hawkins PN, Richardson S, David J, et al.: Monitoring amyloidosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with serum amyloid P component scintography. Arthritis Rheum 34: 5124, 1991.
Rostropowicz-Denisiewicz K, Romicka AM, Berkan E, Luft S: The course of amyloidosis in juvenile chronic arthritis with immunoglobulin deficiency. Scand J Rheumatol. Suppl 67: 27–29, 1988.
Escalante A, Ehresmann GR, Quismorio FP Jr.: Regression of reactive systemic amyloidosis due to ankylosing spondylitis following the administration of colchicine. Arthritis Rheum 34: 920–922, 1991.
Gall EP, Goldberg M. Editorial. The safety of treating rheumatoid arthritis with aspirin and analgesic nephropathy in 1981: Which drug is responsible? JAMA 247: 63–65, 1982.
Wortmann DW, Kelsch RC, Kuhns L, et al.: Renal papillary necrosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 97: 37–40, 1980.
Allen RC, Petty RE, Lirenman DS, et al.: Renal papillary necrosis in children with chronic arthritis. Am J Dis Child 140:20–22, 1986 (see also editorial pp. 16–17).
Koerper MA, Stempel DA, Dallman PR: Anemia in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 92: 930–933, 1980.
Gross SJ, Stuart MJ, Swender PT, et al.: Malabsorption of iron in children with iron deficeincy. J Pediatr 88: 795–799, 1976.
Vichinsky E: Anemia associated with rhenumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 94: 678, 1979.
Hochbery MC, Arnold CM, Hogans BB, Spivak JL: Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in rheumatoid arthritis: impaired response to anemia. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1318–1321, 1988.
Maury CPJ, Andersson LC, Teppo A-M, et al.: Mechanism of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: demonstration of raised interleukin 1 concentrations in anaemic patients and of interleukin 1 mediated suppression in normal erythropoiesis and proliferation of human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 972–978, 1988.
Dessypris EN, Baer MR, SergentJS, Krantz SB: Rheumatoid arthritis and pure red cell aplasia. Ann Intern Med 100: 202–206, 1984.
Rubin RN, Walker BK, Ballas SK, et al.: Erythroid aplasia in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 132: 760–762, 1978.
Glader BE: Evaluation of the hemolytic role of aspirin in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Pediatr 89: 1027–1028, 1976.
Craft AW, Eastham EJ, Bell JI, et al.: Serum ferritin in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 36: 271–273, 1977.
Vreugdenhil G, Baltus CAM, Van Eijk HG, Swaak AJG: Anaemia of chronic disease: Diagnostic significance of erythrocyte and serological parameters in iron deficient rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br J Rheumatol 29: 105–110, 1990.
Johansson U, Portinsson S, Akesson A, et al.: Nutritional status in girls with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 40C: 57–67, 1985.
Herbert V: The nutritional anemias. Hosp Pract 15 (3): 65–89, 1980.
Winyard PG, Blake DR, Chirico S, et al.: Mechanism of exacerbation of rheumatoid synovitis by total-dose iron-dextran infusion: in-vivo demonstration of iron-promoted oxidant stress. Lancet 1:69–72, 1987 (see also correpondence p. 391).
Pincus T, Olsen NJ, Russell IJ, et al.: Multicenter study of recombinant human erythropoietin in correction of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 89: 161–168, 1990.
Fantini F, Gattinara M, Gerloni V, et al.: Severe anemia associated with systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis successfully treated with recombinant human erythropoeitin: a pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 35: 724–726, 1992.
Kuhns JG, Swain LT: Distrubances of growth in chronic arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child 43: 1118–1133, 1932.
Coss JA Jr, Boots RH: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-a study of fifty-six cases with a note on skeletal changes. J Pediatr 29: 143–156, 1946.
Ansell BM, Bywaters EGL: Growth in Still’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis 15: 295–319, 1956.
Bernstein BH, Stobie D, Singsen BH, et al.: Growth retardation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Arthritis Rheum 20: 212–216, 1977.
Bennett AE, Silverman ED, Miller JJ III, Hintz RL: Insulin-like growth factors I and II in children with systemic onset juvenile arthritis. J Rheumatol 15: 655–658, 1988.
Aitman TJ, Palmer RG, Loftus J, et al.: Serum IGF-I levels and growth failure in juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 7: 557–561, 1989.
Sadeghi-Nejad A, Seniro B: Adrenal function, growth and insulin in patients treated with corticoids on alternate days. Pediatrics 43: 277–283, 1969.
Davies UM, Ansell BM, Woo P: Growth retardation in juvenile chronic arthritis: effect of treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone. Arthritis Rheum 33: S14, 1990.
Rappaport EB, Snoy P, Habig WH, Bright RW: Effects of exogenous growth hormone on growth plate cartilage in rats. Am J Dis Child 141: 497–501, 1987.
Loeb JN: Corticosteroids and growth. N Engl J Med 295: 547–552, 1976.
Ansell BM, Bywaters EGL: Alternate-day corticosteriod therapy in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. J Rheum 1: 176–186, 1974.
Wales JKH, Milner RDG: Variation in lower leg growth with alternate day steroid treatment. Arch Dis Child 63: 981–983, 1988.
Richards GE, Pachman LM, Green CC: Symptomatic hypothyroidism in children with collagen disease. J Pediatr 87: 82–84, 1975.
Collen RJ, Lippe BM, Kaplan SA: Primary ovarian failure, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and vitiligo. Am J Dis Child 133: 598–600, 1979.
Fisher M, Nussbaum M, Abrams CAL, et al.: Diabetes mellitus. Hashimoto’s, thyroiditis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 134: 93–94, 1980.
Pirani CL, Bennett GA: Rheumatoid arthritis: A report of three cases progressing from childhood and emphasizing certain systemic manifestations. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 12: 335–367, 1951.
Cabane J, Michon A, Ziza J-M, et al.: Comparison of long term evolution of adult onset and juvenile onset Still’s disease, both followed up for more than 10 years. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 283–285, 1990.
Bywaters EGL: Deaths in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 256, 1977.
Bernstein B: Death in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 256–257, 1977.
Scott JP, Pachman LM, Gerber PS, et al.: Activation of coagulation in systemic JRA (S JRA). Arthritis Rheum 26: S57, 1983.
Mukamel M, Bernstein BH, Brik R, Lehman TJA: The prevalence of coagulation abormalities in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 14: 1147–1149, 1987.
Sbarbaro JA, Bennett RM: Aspirin hepatotoxicity and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Ann Intern Med 86: 183–185, 1977.
Jacobs JC, Gorin LJ, Hanissian AS, Simon JL: Consumption coagulopathy after gold therapy for JRA. J Pediatr 105: 674–675, 1984.
Silverman ED, Miller JJ III, Bernstein B, Shafai T: Comsumption coagulopathy associated with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 103: 872–876, 1983.
Pinedo HM, Van de Putte BA, Loeliger EA: Salicylate-induced consumption coagulopathy. Ann Rheum Dis 32: 66–68, 1973.
De Vere-Tyndall A, MacAuley D, Ansell BM: Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating systemic juvenile chronic arthritis (“Still’s disease”). Clin Rheumatol 2: 415–418, 1983.
Kornreich H, Malouf NN, Hanson V: Acute hepatic dysfunction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 79: 27–35, 1971.
Lipinski J, Meyer R, Kornetsky C, Cohen BM: Adult respiratory-distress syndrome in salicylate intoxication. Lancet 1: 1294–1295, 1979.
Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 23–1977. N Eng J Med 296: 1337–1346, 1977.
Merskey C: DIC: Identification and management. Hosp Pract pp. 83–94, December 1982.
Sherry DD, Kredich DW: Transient thrombocytopenia in systemic onsetjuvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 76: 600–603, 1985.
Hadchouel M, Prieur A-M, Griscelli C: Acute hemorrhagic, hepatic, and neurologic manifestations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: possible relationship to drugs or infection. J Pediatr 106: 561–566, 1985.
Levy J, Pettei MJ, Weitz JI: Dysfibrinogenemia in obstructive liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 6: 967–970, 1987.
Ohaska A, Saito K, Mori S, et al.: Clinicopathologic and therapeutic aspects of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-related lesions. Cancer 69: 1259–1267, 1992.
Steinberg AD, Seldin MF, Jaffe ES, et al.: Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. Ann Intern Med 108: 575–584, 1988.
Buchanan WW, Rooney RJ, Rennie JAN: Aspirin and the salicylates. Clin Rheum Dis 5: 499–539, 1979.
Levy G, Leonards JR: Urine pH and salicylate therapy. JAMA 217: 81, 1971.
Lanza FL, Royer GL Jr, Nelson RS: Endoscopic evaluation of the effects of aspirin, buffered aspirin, and enteric coated aspirin on gastric and duodenal mucosa. N Engl J Med 303: 136–138, 1980.
Vane JR: Inhibitors of prostaglandin, prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis. In Coceani F, Olley PJ (eds.) Advances in Prostaglandin Research, Vol. 4 Raven Press, New York, 1978, pp. 27–44.
Morley J, Bray MA, Gordon D: The action of anti-inflammatory drugs on the lymphocyte-macrophage axis. In Glynn LE, Schlumberger HD (eds.) Experimental Models of Chronic Inflammatory Disease. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977, pp. 376–390.
Boardman PL, Hart FD: Clinical measurement of the anti-inflammatory effects of salicylates in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 4: 264–268, 1967.
Ansell BM: Juvenile chronic arthritis. In Hart FD (ed.) Drug Treatment of the Rheumatic Diseases. Williams and Wilkins. Sydney, 1987, pp. 196–208.
Doughty RA, Giesecke L, Athreya B: Salicylate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: dose, serum level, and toxicity. Am J Dis Child 134: 461–463, 1980.
Jacobs JC, Pesce M: Micro-measurement of plasma salicylate in arthritic children. Arthritis Rheum 21: 129–132, 1978.
Bardare M, Cislaghi GU, Mandelli M, et al.: Value of monitoring plasma salicylate levels in treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dis Child 53: 381–385, 1978.
Levy G: Clinical pharmacokinetics of aspirin. Pediatrics 62: 867–872, 1978.
Graham GG, Champion GD, Day RD, et al.: Patterns of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of salicylate in rheumatiod arthritis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 410–420, 1977.
Wolfe F, Hawley DJ: Remission in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 12: 245–252, 1985.
Halla JT, Hardin JG: Salicylate ototoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis: A controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 134–137, 1988.
Day RO, Furst DE, Dromogoole SH, et al.: Relationship of serum naproxen concentration to efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31: 733–740, 1982.
Wilson JT, Brown RD, Kearns GL, et al.: Single-dose, placebo-controlled comparative study of ibuprofen and acetaminophen antipyresis in children. J Pediatr 119: 803–811, 1991.
Jacobs JC: New Frontiers in Pediatric Rheumatology. World Health Communications, New York, 1986.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Barkley E: Gold therapy in the management of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23: 404–411, 1980.
Roine R, Gentry T, Hernandez-Munoz R, et al.: Aspirin increases blood alcohol concentrations in humans after ingestion of ethanol. JAMA 264: 2406–2408, 1990.
Jusko WJ, Rose JQ: Monitoring prednisone and prednisolone, In Tognoni G, Latini R, Jusko WJ (eds.) Frontiers in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Raven Press, New York, 1980, pp. 153–161.
Nelson AM, Conn DL: Glucocorticoids in rheumatic disease. Mayo Clin Proc 55: 758–769, 1980.
Byron MA, Jackson J, Ansell BM: Effect of different corticosteroid regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth in juvenile chronic arthritis. JR Soc Med 76: 452–457, 1983.
Schurmeyer TH, Tsokos GC, Avgerinos PC, et al.: Pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing hormone in patients receiving chronic, alternate day glucocorticoid therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61: 22, 1985.
Moell C, Aronson AS, Selvik G: Growth in rabbits during alternate-day cortisone injections: near normal growth on days without cortisone. Acta Paediatr Scand 77: 693–698, 1988.
Fauci AS: Corticosteroids in autoimmune disease. Hosp Pract pp. 99–114; October 1983.
Kaplan PW, Rocha W, Sanders DB, et al.: Acute steroid-induced tetraplegia following status asthmaticus. Pediatrics 78: 121–123, 1986.
Nashel DJ: Is atherosclerosis a complication of long-term corticosteroid treatment? Am J Med 80: 925–929, 1986.
Baer PA, Shore A, Ikeman RL: Transient fall in serum salicylate levels following intraarticular injection of steroid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30: 345–347, 1987.
Klinenberg JR, Miller R: Effect of corticosteroids on blood salicylate concentrations. JAMA 194: 601–604, 1965.
Tanchyk AP. Prevention of tooth erosion from salicylate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Gen Dent 34: 479–480, 1986.
Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D, et al.: New epidemologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye’s Syndrome association. JAMA 261: 2517–2524, 1989.
Remington PL, Shabino CL, McGee H, et al.: Reye syndrome and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Michigan. Am J Dis Child 139: 870–872, 1985.
Rennebohm RM, Heubi JE, Daughtery CC, et al.: Reye syndrome in children receiving salicylate therapy for connective tissue disease. J Pediatr 107: 877–880, 1985.
Hollister JR: Aspirin in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 139: 866–867, 1985.
Kaneshiro MM, Mielke CH Jr, Kasper CK, et al.: Bleeding time after aspirin in disorders of intrinsic clothing. N Engl J Med 281: 1039–1042, 1969.
Quick AJ: Salicylates and bleeding: the aspirin tolerance test. Am J Med Sci 252: 265–269, 1966.
Rajah SM, Penny A, Kester R: Aspirin and bleeding time. Lancet 2: 1104, 1978.
Estes D, Kaplan K: Lack of platelet effect with aspirin analog salsalate. Arthritis Rheum 23: 1303–1307, 1980.
Goldsweig HG, Kapusta M, Schwartz J: Bleeding, salicylates and prolonged prothrombin time: three case reports and a review of the literature. J Rheum 3: 37–42, 1976.
Mills DG, Borda IT, Philp RB, et al.: Effects of in viro aspirin on blood platelets of gastrointestinal bleeders. Clin Pharmacol Ther 15: 187–192, 1974.
Rees WD, Turnberg LA: Reappraisal of the effects of aspirin on the stomach. Lancet 2: 410–413, 1980.
Manso C, Taranta A, Nydick I. Effects of aspirin administration on serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases in children. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93: 83–88, 1956.
Schaller JG: Chronic salicylate administration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: aspirin “hepatitis” and its clinical significance. Pediatrics 62: 916–925, 1978.
Iancu T, Elian E. Ultrastructural changes in aspirin hepatotoxicity. Am J Clin Pathol 66: 570–575, 1976.
Levinson JE, Brewer E Jr, Hanson V, et al.: Comparison of tolmetin sodium and aspirin in the treatment ofjuvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 91: 799–804, 1977.
Leonards JR, Levy G: Aspirin-induced occult gastrointestinal blood loss: Local versus systemic effects. J Pharm Sci 59: 1511–1513, 1970.
Cryer B, Feldman M: Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on endogenous gastrointestinal prostaglandins and therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced damage. Arch Intern Med 152: 1145–1155, 1992.
Hopkinson N, Doherty M: NSAID-associated gastropathy-a role for misoprostol? Br J Rheumatol 29: 133–136, 1990.
Gonwa TA, Hamilton RW, Buckalew VM Jr: Chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease in northwest North Carolina. Arch Intern Med 141: 462–465, 1981
Dixon A, Martin BK, Smith MJ, et al. (eds.): Salicylates, An International Symposium. Churchill Livingstone, London, 1963.
Hoftiezer JW, Burks M, Silvoso GR, et al.: Comparison of the effects of regular and enteric-coated aspirin on the gastroduodenal mucosa of man. Lancet 2: 609–612, 1980.
Orozco-Alcala JJ, Baum J: Regular and enteric-coated aspirin: A re-evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 22: 1034–1037, 1979.
Baum J: Aspirin in the treatment ofjuvenile arthritis. Am J Med 74 (6A): 10–15, 1983.
Clark RL, Lasagno L: How reliable are enteric-coated aspirin preparations? Clin Pharmacol Ther 6: 568–574, 1965.
McCarty DJ, Csuka M-E: Aspirin in the treatment of chronic inflammatory arthritis. JAMA 257: 13–31, 1987.
Wiseman EH: Plasma salicylate concentrations following chronic administration of aspirin as conventional and sustained release tablets. Curr Ther Res 11: 681–688, 1969.
American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on School Health: Administration of medication in school. Pediatrics 74: 433, 1984.
Wasner C, Britton MC, Kraines RG, et al.: Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA 246: 2168–2172, 1981.
McConnell RJ: Abnormal thyroid function test results in patients taking salsa-late. JAMA 267: 1242–1243, 1992.
Guindo J, Rodriguez de la Sema A, Ramio J, et al.: Recurrent Pericarditis-Relief with colchicine. Cirulation 82:1117–1120, 1990 (See also: Correspondence pp. 1458–1459 and 1830–1831).
Goldenbery J, Pessoa AP, Roizenblatt S, et al.: Cardiac tamponade in juvenile chronic arthritis: report of two cases and review of publications. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 549–553, 1990.
Scharf J, Levy J, Benderly A, et al.: Pericardial tamponade in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 19: 760–762, 1976.
Oakes DD, Light JA, Weidig JC, et al.: Methyl prednisone in uremic pericarditis. Lancet 1: 1312–1313, 1977.
Buselmeier TJ, Davin TD, Simmons RL, et al.: Treatment of intractable uremic pericardial effusion: avoidance of pericardiectomy with local steroid instillation. JAMA 240: 1358–1359, 1978.
Feigenbaum SL, Masi AT, Kaplan SB: Prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis. A longitudinal study of newly diagnosed younger adult patients. Am J Med 66: 377–384, 1979.
Maldonado-Cocco JA, Garica-Morteo O, Spindler AJ, et al.: Carpal ankylosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23: 1251–1255, 1980.
Scott PJ, Ansell BM, Huskisson EG: Measurement of pain in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 36: 186–187, 1977.
Hochberg MC, Chang RW, Dwosh I, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of global functional status in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 35: 498–502, 1992.
Wolfe F, Hawley DJ: Remission in rhuematoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 12: 245–252, 1985.
Nepom BS, Nepom GT, Mickleson E, et al.: Specific HLA-DR4 associated histo-compatibility molecules characterize patients with seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 76: 287–291, 1984.
Walker SM, McCurdy DK, Shaham B, et al.: High prevalence of IgA rheumatoid factor in severe polyarticular-onsetjuvenile rheumatoid arthritis, but not in systemic-onset or pauciarticular-onset disease. Arthritis Rheum 33: 199–204, 1990.
Harris ED Jr.: Rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med 322: 1277–1289, 1990.
Sherry DD, Bohnsack J, Salmonson K, et al.: Painless juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 116: 921–923, 1990.
Bywaters EGL, Glynn LE, Zeldis A: Subcutaneous nodules of Still’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis 17: 278–285, 1958.
Hough, AJ Jr, Sokoloff L: The pathology of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. In McCarthy DJ (ed.) Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 674–697.
Gardiner DL: Structure and function of connective tissue and joints. In Scott JT (ed.) Copeman’s Textbook of the Rheumatic Diseases, 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1978, pp. 78–124.
Scientific basis for the study of the rheumatic diseases. In McCarty DJ (ed.) Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed., Section II. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 189–504.
Stabrun AE, Larheim TA, Hoyeraal HM, Rosier M: Reduced mandibular dimensions and asymmetry in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 602–611, 1988.
Engel MB, Richmond J, Brodie AG: Mandibular growth disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis in childhood. Am J Dis Child 78: 728–743, 1949.
Myall RWT, West RA, Horwitz H, Schaller JG: Jaw deformity caused by juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and its correction. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1305–1310, 1988.
Espada G, Babini JC, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Garcia-Morteo O: Radiologic review: the cervical spine in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rhuem 17: 185–195, 1988.
Fried JA, Athreya B, Gregg JR, et al.: The cervical spine in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 179: 102–106, 1983.
Espada G, Babini JC, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Garcia-Morteo O: Radiologic review: The cervical spine in Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 17: 185–195, 1988.
Arroyo IL, Barron KS, Brewer EJ Jr.: Spinal cord compression by epidural lipomatosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 447–451, 1988.
D’Arch EJ, Fell RH: Anesthesia in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. In Arden GP, Ansell BM (eds.) Surgical Management of Juvenile Chronic Polyarthritis. Academic Press. London, 1978, pp. 63–74.
Scott RD, Sarokhan AJ, Dalziel R: Total hip and total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 182: 90–97, 1984.
Goldberg J, Kovarsky J: Beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation treatment for chronic hoarseness in rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 26: 1412, 1983.
Pearson ME, Kosco M, Huffer W, et al.: Rheumatoid nodules of the spine: case report and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum 30: 709–713, 1987.
Arden GP, Ansell BM (eds.). Surgical Management ofJuvenile Chronic Polyarthritis. Academic Press, London, 1978.
Ansell BM: Juvenile arthritis. Clin Rheum Dis 10: 657–672, 1984.
Vostrejs M, Hollister R: Muscle atrophy and leg length discrepancies in pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 142: 343–345, 1988.
Stiehm ER: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pediatric patients. Am J Dis Child 142: 1281–1282, 1988.
Rosenberg AM: Advanced drug therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 114: 171–178, 1989.
Huskisson EC: Routine drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheum Dis 5: 697–706, 1979.
Herman JH, Appel AM, Hess EV: Modulation of cartilage destruction by select nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In vitro effect on the synthesis and activity of catabolism-inducing cytokines produced by osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 30:257–265, 1987.
Jacobs JC, Berdon WE, Johnston AD: HLA-B27 assoicated spondyloarthritis in childhood: Clinical, pathologic and radiographic observations in 58 patients. J Pediatr 100: 521–528, 1982.
Hart FD: Ankylosing spondylitis and related disorders. In Hart FD (ed.) Drug Treatment of the Rheumatic Diseases. Williams and Wilkins, Sydney, 1989, pp. 156–161.
Luggen ME, Gartside PS, Hess EV: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: duration of use as a measure of relative value. J Rheumatol 16: 1565–1569, 1989.
Pippenger CE: Therapeutic drug monitoring: An overview. Therap Drug Monit 1: 3–9, 1979.
Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Brewer EJ Jr: Time course of response to non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 27: 1433–1437, 1984.
Ehrlich GE: Tolmetin sodium: meeting the clinical challenge. Clin Rheum Dis 5: 481–497, 1979.
Makela AL: Naproxen in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 6: 193–205, 1977.
Ansell BM, Hanna B, Moran H, et al.: Naproxen in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Eur J Rheum Inflam 2: 79–83, 1979.
Nicholls A, Hazleman B, Todd RM, et al.: Long-term evaluation of naproxen suspension in juvenile chronic arthritis. Curr Med Res Opin 8: 204–207, 1982.
Williams PL, Ansell BM, Bell A, et al.: Multicentre study of piroxicam versus naproxen in juvenile chronic arthritis, with special reference to problem areas in clinical trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in childhood. Br J Rheumatol 25: 67–71, 1986.
Leak AM, Richter MR, Clemens LE, et al.: A crossover study of naproxen, diclofenac and tolmetin in seronegative juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 6: 157–160, 1988.
Suarez SM, Cohen PR, DeLeo VA: Bullous photosensitivity to naproxen: “pseudoporhyria”. Arthritis Rheum 33: 903–908, 1990.
Levy ML, Barron KS, Eichenfield A, Honig PJ: Naproxen-induced pseudoporphyria: a distinctive photodermatitis. J Pediatr 117: 660–664, 1990.
Goodwin SD, Glenny RW: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated infiltrates with eosinophilia. Arch Intern Med 152: 1521–1524, 1992.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Miller ML, et al.: Ibuprofen suspension in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 117: 645–652, 1990.
Rhymer AR, Gengos DC: Indomethacin. Clin Rheum Dis 5: 541–552, 1979.
Jacobs JC: Sudden death in arthritic children receiving large doses of indomethacin. JAMA 199: 932–934, 1967.
Editorial. Analgesics, agranulocytosis, and aplastic anaemia: A major case-controlled study. Lancet 2: 899–900, 1986.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Baum J, et al.: Aspirin and fenoprofen (NalfonR) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of the double blind-trial. A Segment II Study. J Rheumatol 9: 123–128, 1982.
Bass J, Athreya B, Brandstrup N, et al.: Flurbiprofen in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 13: 1081–1083, 1986.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Baum J, et al.: Ketoprofen (OrudisR) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A Segment I Study. J Rheumatol 9: 144–148, 1982.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Baum J, et al.: Proquazone (BiarsanR) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A segment I study. J Rheumatol 5: 135–139, 1982.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Baum J, et al.: Sodium meclofenamate (MeclomenR) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A segment I Study. J Rheumatol 9: 129–134, 1982.
Bass JC, Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, et al.: Pirprofen (Rengasi1R) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A segment I study. J Rheumatol 9: 140–143, 1982.
Bhettay E: Double-blind study of sulindac and aspirin in juvenile chronic arthritis. SAMJ 70: 724–726, 1986.
Haapasaari J, Wuolijoki E, Ylijoki H: Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with diclofenac sodium. Scand J Rheumatol 12: 325–330, 1983.
Helfgott SM, Sandberg-Cook J, Zakim D, Nestler J: Diclofenac-associated hepatotoxicity. JAMA 264:2660–2662 (see also editiorial pp. 2677–2678).
Paulus HE: FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee Meeting: risks of agranulocytosis/aplastic anemia, flank pain, and adverse gastrointestinal effects with use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum 30: 593–595, 1987.
Cush JJ, Jasin HE, Johnson R, Lipsky PE: Relationship between clinical efficacy and laboratory correlates of inflammatory and immunologic activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum 33: 623–633, 1990.
Caille G, du Souich R, Gervais P, et al.: Effects of concurrent sucralfate administration on pharmacokinetics of naproxen. Am J Med 83 (Suppl 38) 67–73, 1987.
Howes CA, Pullar T, Sourindhrin I, et al.: Reduced steady-state plasma concentrations of chlorpromazine and indomethacin in patients receiving cimetidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24: 99–102, 1983.
Graham DY: Prevention of gastroduodenal injury induced by chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy. Gastroenterology 96: 675–681, 1989.
Roth S, Agrawal N, Mahowald M, et al.: Misoprostol heals gastroduodenal injury in patients with rheumatoid arthitis receiving aspirin. Arch intern Med 149: 775–779, 1989.
Furst DE, Sarkissian E, Blocka K, et al.: Serum concentrations of salicylate and naproxen during concurrent therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30: 1157–1161, 1987.
O’Brien WM, Bagby GF: Rare adverse reactions to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 12:13–20, 347–353, 562–567, 785–789, 1985.
b.Hyson CP, Kazakoff MA: A servere multisystem reaction to sulindac. Arch Intern Med 151: 387–388, 1991.
Barrier CH, Hirschowitz BI: Controversies in the detection and management of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced side effects of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Arthritis Rheum 32: 926–932, 1989.
Langman MJS: Epidemiologic evidence on the association between peptic ulceration and antiinflammatory drug use. Gastroenterology 96: 640–646, 1989.
Fries JF, Miller SR, Spitz PW, et al.: Toward an epidemiology of gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use. Gastroenterology 96: 647–655, 1989.
Gabriel SE, Bombardier C: NSAID induced ulcers. An emerging epidemic? J Rheumatol 17: 1–4, 1990.
b.Gibson GR, Whitacre EB, Ricotti CA: Colitis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 152: 625–632, 1992.
Hoppmann RA, Peden JG, Ober SK: Central nervous system side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aseptic meningitis, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 151: 1309–1013, 1991.
Lindsley CB, Warady BA: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: renal toxicity: review of pediatric issues. Clin Pediatr 29: 10–113, 1990.
Robinson J, Malleson P, Lirenman D, Carter J: Nephrotic syndrome associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in two children. Pediatrics 85: 844–847, 1990.
Tietjan DP: Recurrence and specificity of nephrotic syndrome due to tolmetin. Am J Med 87: 354–355, 1989.
Allen RC, Petty RE, Lirenman DS, et al.: Renal papillary necrosis in children with chronic arthritis. Am J Dis Child 140:20–22, 1986 (see also editorial pp. 16–17).
Laxer RM, Silverman ED, Balfe J-W, et al.: Naproxen-associated renal failure in a child with arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Pediatrics 80: 904–908, 1987.
Dunn MJ, Patrono C (eds.): Renal effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AJM 81(2B):1–132, 1986.
Warren GV, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ: Minimal change glomerulopathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory Drugs. Am J Kidney Dis 13: 127–130, 1989.
Schwarz A, Krause PH, Keller F, et al.: Granulomatous interstitial nephritis after nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs. Am J Nephrol 8: 410–416, 1988.
Stillman MT, Schlesinger PA: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nephrotoxicity. Should we be concerned? Arch Intern Med 150: 268–270, 1990.
Ten RM, Torres VE, Milliner DS, et al.: Acute interstitial nephritis: Immunologic and clinical aspects. Mayo Clin Proc 63: 921–930, 1988.
Garella S, Matarese RA: Renal effects of prostaglandins and clinical adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Medicine 63: 165–181, 1984.
Bender WL, WHelton A, Beschorner WE, et al.: Interstitial nephritis, proteinuria, and renal failure caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Immunologic characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate. Am J Med 76: 1006–1012, 1984.
Clive DM, Stoff JS: Renal syndromes associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Eng J Med 310: 563–572, 1984.
Cronberg S, Wallmark E, Soderberg I: Effect on platelet aggregation of oral administration of 10 non-steroidal analgesics to humans. Scand J Haematol 33: 155–159, 1984.
b.Connelly CS, Panush RS: Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs be stopped before elective surgery? Arch Intern Med 151: 1963–1966, 1991.
Szer IS, Goldenstein-Schainberg C, Kurtin PS: Paucity of renal complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in children with chronic arthritis. J Pediatr 119: 815–817, 1991.
lannuzzi L, Dawson N, Zein N, Kushner I: Does drug therapy slow radiologic deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis? N Eng J Med 309: 1023–1028, 1983.
Scott DL, Symmons DPM, Coulton BL, Popert AJ: Long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years. Lancet 1: 1108–1111, 1987.
Pincus T (ed.) Rheumatoid arthritis: disappointing long-term outcomes despite successful short-term clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol 41:1037–1041, 1988.
Dawes PT, Powler S, Clarke J, et al.: Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment which controls the C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate reduces radiological progression. Br J Rheumatol 25: 44–49, 1986.
Grondin C, Malleson P, Petty RE: Slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in chronic arthritis of childhood. Semin Arthritis Rheum 18: 38–47, 1988.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N, et al.: Characteristics of responders and nonresponders to slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 15–20, 1988.
Manners PJ, Ansell BM: Slow-acting antirheumatic drug use in systemic onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Pediatrics 77: 99–103, 1986.
Rosenberg AM: Advanced drug therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 114: 171–178, 1989.
van der Heijde DM, van Riel PL, Nuver-Zwart IH, et al.: Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1: 1036–1038, 1989.
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Dahl SL, et al.: A controlled trial comparing sulfasalazine, gold sodium thiomalate, and placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 702–713, 1988.
Ozdogan H, Turunc M, Deringol B, et al.: Sulphasalazine in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary open trial. J Rheumatol 13: 124–125, 1986.
Jacobs JC: Sulphasalazine in the treatment of childhood arthritis: a preliminary report. Arthritis Rheum 33: S145, 1990.
Pinals RS: Sulfasalazine in the rheumatic disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 17: 246–259, 1988.
Farr M, Kitas G, Waterhouse L, et al.: Sulfasalazine in psoriatic arthritis-A double blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 29: 46–49, 1990.
Job-Deslandre C, Menkes C-J. Sulphasalazine in the treatment of juvenile spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 34: S153, 1991.
Ansell BM, Hall MA, Woo LP, et al.: A multicentre pilot study of sulphasalazine in juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 9: 201–203, 1991.
Ansell BM: Juvenile chronic arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy. Current Opin Rheumatol 3: 838–843, 1991.
Hertzberger-Ten Cate R, Cats A: Toxicity of sulfasalazine in systemic juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 9: 85–88, 1991.
Sherry DD, Wallace CA. Sulfasalazine toxicity in children with systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: S153, 1991.
Felson DT, Andserson JJ, Meenan RF: The comparative efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Results of two metaanalyses. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1449–1461, 1990.
Taffet SL, Das KM: Sulfasalazine: Adverse effects and desensitization. Dig Dis Sci 28: 833–842, 1983.
Amos RS, Pullar T, Bax DE, et al.: Sulphasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis: toxicity in 774 patients monitored for one to 11 years. Br Med J 293: 420–423, 1986.
Marabani M, Madhok R, Capell HA, Hunter JA: Leuocopenia during sulphasalazine treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 48: 505–507, 1989.
Farr M, Tunn EJ, Symmons DPM, et al.: Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: haematological problems and changes in haematological indices associated with therapy. Br J Rheumatol 28: 134–138, 1989.
Valcke Y, Pauwels R, van der Straeten M: Bronchoalveolar lavage in acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by sulfasalazine. Chest 92: 572–573, 1987.
Deboever G, Devogelaere R, Holvoet G: Sulphasalazine-induced lupus-like syndrome with cardiac tamponada in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 84: 85–86, January 1989.
Epstein WV: Parental gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: A treatment whose time has gone. J Rheumatol 16: 1291–1294, 1989.
Jessop, JD: Gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-why, when, how? J Rheum 6 (Suppl. 5): 12–17, 1979.
Empire Rheumatism Council: Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Final report of a multicenter controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 20: 315–354, 1961.
Epstein WV, Henke CJ, Yelin EH, Katz PP: Effect of parenterally administered gold therapy on the course of adult rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 114: 437–444, 1991.
Levinson JE, Balz GP, Bondi S: Gold therapy. Arthritis Rheum 20: 531–535, 1977.
Hall MA, Ansell BM, Spencer PE: A comparative study of gold and penicillamine in juvenile chronic arthritis. Presented at the 15th International Congress of Rheumatology, Paris, 1981. Rev Rhum 48(Suppl):, abstract 1290, 1981.
Davis P: Undersirable effects of gold salts. J Rheum 6 (Suppl. 5): 18–24, 1979.
Hansen RM, Varma RR, Hanson, GA: Gold induced hepatitis and pure red cell aplasia. Complete recovery after corticosteroid and N-Acetylcysteinc therapy. J Rheumatol 18: 1251–1253, 1991.
Wooley PH, Griffin J, Panayi GS, et al.: HLA-DR antigens and toxic reaction to sodium aurothiomalate and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl Med 303: 300–302, 1980.
Takehara M, Beardmore T: Self administration of parenteral gold and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: S16, 1990.
Gottlieb NL: Metabolism and distribution of gold compounds. J Rheum 6 (Suppl. 5): 2–6, 1979.
Gottlieb NL: Gold excretion and retention during auranofin treatment: A preliminary report. J Rheum 6 (Suppl. 5): 61–67, 1979.
Kvien TK, Hoyeraal HM, Sandstad B: Gold sodium thiomalate and Dpenicillamine. A controlled, comparative study in patients with pauciarticular and polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 14: 346–354, 1985.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ Jr, Kuzmina N, et al.: Auranofin in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the USA-USSR double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 33:466–476, 1990 (see also correspondence 34: 934–935, 1991 ).
Katz WA, Blodgett RC Jr., Pietrusko RG: Proteinuria in gold-treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 101: 176–179, 1984.
Marcolongo R, Mathieu A, Pala R, et al.: The efficacy and safety of auranofin in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 979–983, 1988.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Person DA: Blood gold concentrations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis undergoing long-term oral gold therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 43: 228–231, 1984.
Giannini EH, Barron KS, Spencer CH, et al.: Auranofin therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of the five-year open-label extension trial, J Rheumatol 18: 1240–1242, 1991.
Bombardier C, Ware J, Russell IJ, et al.: Auranofin therapy and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 81: 565–578, 1986.
Jaffe IA: Penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-rationale, pattern of clinical response, and clinical pharmacology and toxicology. In Munthe E (ed.) Penicillamine Research Rheumatoid Disease (Penicillamine Symposium). Fabritius, Oslo, Norway, 1976. pp. 11–24.
Multz CV: Cholestatic hepatitis caused by penicillamine. JAMA 246: 674–675, 1981.
Hamilton EDB, Dixon A St J, Davis J, et al.: Multicentre trial with synthetic D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 246: 215–218, 1981.
Hill HFH: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with penicillamine. Semin Arthritis Rheum 6: 361–388, 1977.
Kean WF, Dwosh IL, Anastassiades TP, et al.: The toxicity pattern of penicillamine therapy. A guide to its use in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23: 158–164, 1980.
Schairer H, Stoeber E: Long-term follow-up of 235 cases of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with D-penicillamine. In Munthe E (ed.) Penicillamine Research in Rheumatoid Disease (Penicillamine Symposium). Fabritius, Oslo, Norway, 1977, pp. 279–281.
Ansell BW, Hall MA: Penicillamine in chronic arthritis in childhood. J. Rheum 8 (Suppl. 7): 112–115, 1981.
Brewer EJ, Giannini EH, Kuzmina N, Alekseev L: Penicillamine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of severe juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. double-blind placebo-controlled trial. New Eng J Med 314:1269–1276, 1986 (see also editorial pp. 1312–1314).
Prieur AM, Piussan C, P Manigne, et al.: Evaluation of D-penicillamine in juvenile chronic arthritis. A double-blind mutlicentre study. Arthritis Rheum 28: 376–382, 1985.
Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF: Time for changes in the design, analysis, and reporting of rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 33: 140–149, 1990.
Paulus HE, Egger MJ, Ward JR, et al.: Analysis of improvement in individual rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, based on the findings in patients treated with placebo. Arthritis Rheum 33: 477–484, 1990.
Hall CL, Jawad S, Harrison PR, et al.: Natural course of penicillamine nephropathy: a long term study of 33 patients. Br Med J 296: 1083–1086, 1988.
Halla JT, Fallahi S, Koopman WJ: Penicillamine-induced myositis. Observations and unique features in two patients and review of the literature. Am J Med 77: 719–722, 1984.
Jaffe IA: Adverse effects profile of sulfhydryl compounds in man. Am J Med 80: 471–476, 1986.
Benson EA, Healey LA, Barron EJ: Insulin antibodies in patients receiving penicillamine. Am J Med 78: 857–860, 1985.
van Kerckhove C, Giannini EH, Lovell DJ: Temporal patterns of response to D-penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine and placebo in juvenile pheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1252–1258, 1988.
Huskisson EG: Drugs which apparently affect the rheumatoid disease process. In Hart FD (ed.) Drug Treatment of the Rheumatic Disease. Williams and Wilkins, Sydney, 1987, pp. 65–87.
Zvaifler NJ (ed): Update in rheumatology: focus on hydroxychloroquine. Am J Med 85:1–71, 1988.
Laaksonen A, Koskiande V, Juka K: Dosage of antimalarial drugs for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A clinical study with determination of serum concentration of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Scand J Rheum 3: 103–108, 1974.
Stillman S: Antimalarials. In Moore TD (ed.) Arthritis in Childhood. Report of the 80th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Xanadu, Bahamas, December 2–5, 1979. Ross Laboratories. Columbus, OH, 1981, pp. 125–127.
Kvien TK, Hoyeraal HM, Sandstad B: Slow acting antirheumatic drugs in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis—evaluated in a randomized, parallel 50-week clinical trial. J Rheumatol 12: 533–539, 1985.
Maksymowych W, Russell AS: Antimalarials in rheumatology: efficacy and safety. Semin Arthritis Rheum 16: 206–221, 1987.
Rynes, RI, Krohel G, Falbo A, et al.: Ophthalmologic safety of long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment. Arthritis Rheum 22: 832–836, 1979.
Bernstein HN: Ocular Safety of hydroxychloroquine. Ann Ophthalmol 23: 292–296, 1991.
Beultler E: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. N Eng J Med 324: 169–174, 1991.
Fries JF, Singh G, Lenert L, Furst DE: Aspirin, hydroxychloroquine, and hepatic enzyme abnormalities with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1611–1619, 1990.
Jaffe KM, Havens PL, et al.: Childhood chloroquine poisonings—Wisconsin and Washington. JAMA 260: 13–61, 1988.
Ratliff NB, Estes ML, Myles JL, et al.: Diagnosis of chloroquine cardiomyopathy by endomyocardial biopsy. N Eng J Med 316: 191–193, 1987.
Estes ML, Ewing-Wilson D, Chou SM, et al.: Chloroquine neuromyotoxicity: clinical and pathologic perspective. Am J Med 82: 447–455, 1987.
Wallace CA, Bleyer WA, Sherry DD, et al.: Toxicity and serum levels of methotrexate in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32: 677–681, 1989.
Shiroky JH, Watts CS, Neville C: Combination methotrexate and sulfasalazine in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: case observations. Arthritis Rheum 32: 1160–1164, 1989.
Klippel JH, Strober S, Wofsy D: New therapies for the rheumatic diseases. Bull Rheum Dis 38 (#4): 1–8, 1989.
Paulus HE: The use of combinations of disease-modifying antirheumatic agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 113–120, 1990.
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Reading JC, et al.: Comparison of auranofin, methotrexate, and the combination of both in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 35: 259–269, 1992.
Arthritis Foundation: Challenging the pyramid. A new look at therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 17:Suppl 25, Nov. 1990. (See also Editorial, 17: 1115–1118, 1990.
McCarty DJ: Suppress rheumatoid inflammation early and leave the pyramid to the Egyptians J Rheum 17: 1115–1118, 1990.
Jacobs JC: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In Downey JA, Low NL (eds.) The Child with Disabling Illness, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York, 1982, pp. 3–27.
Joint Committee of the Medical Research Council and Nuffield Foundation: a comparison of prednisolone with aspirin or other analgesics in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 18:173, 1959.
Harris ED Jr, Emkey RD, Nichols JE, Newberg A: Low dose prednisone therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind study. J Rheumatol 10: 713–721, 1983.
Jacobs JC: The arthritic child and the family: Staying in the mainstream. Arthritis Rheum 20: 595–597, 1977.
De Palma AF, McKeeve CD, Jubin DK: Process of repair of articular cartilage demonstrated by histology and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. Clin Orthop 48: 229–242, 1966.
Palmoski M, Perricone E, Brandt KD: Development and reversal of a proteoglycan aggregation defect in normal canine knee cartilage after immobilization. Arthritis Rheum 22: 508–517, 1979.
Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt TKD: Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 23: 325–334, 1980.
Johnson RF: The effect of immobilization on ligaments and ligamentous healing. Contemp Orthop 2: 237–241, 1980.
Bernstein B, Forrester D, Singsen B, et al.: Hip joint restoration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 1099–1104, 1977.
Elsasser U, Wilkins B, Hesp R: Bone rarefaction and crush fractures in juvenile chronic arthritis. Arch Dis Child 57: 377–380, 1982.
Jacobs JC, Dick HM, Downey JA, et al.: Weight bearing as a treatment for damaged hips in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 305: 409, 1981.
McAllister WAC, Thompson RJ, Al-Habet SM, et al.: Rifampin reduces effectiveness and bioavailability of prednisolone. Br Med J 286: 923–925, 1983.
Nishioka T, Kurayama H, Yasuda T, et al.: Nasal administration of salmon calcitonin for prevention of glucocorticord-induced osteosporosis in children with nephrosis. J Pediatr 118: 703–707, 1991.
Loftus J, Allen R, Hesp R, et al.: Randomized, double-blind trial of Deflazacort versus prednisone in juvenile chronic (or rheumatoid) arthritis: A relatively bone-sparing effect of Deflazacort. Pediatrics 88: 428–436, 1991.
Liebing MR, Leib E, McLaughlin K, et al.: Pulse methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 94: 21–26, 1981.
Miller JJ: Prolonged use of intravenous steroid pulses in the rheumatic diseases of children. Pediatrics 65: 980–994, 1980.
Barry M: The use of high-dose pulse methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Unproved therapy. Arch Intern Med 145: 1483–1484, 1985.
Silverman ED, Laxer RM, Greenwald M, et al.: Intravenous gamma globulin therapy in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1015–1022, 1990.
Groothoff JW, van Leeuwen EF: High dose intravenous gammaglobulin in chronic systemic juvenile arthritis. Br Med J 296: 1362–1363, 1988.
Becker H, Mitropoulou G, Helmke K: Immunomodulating therapy of rheumatoid arthritis by high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. KIM Wochenschr 67: 286–290, 1980.
Combe B, Cosso B, Clot J, et al.: Human placenta-eluted gammaglobulins in immunomodulating treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 78: 920–928, 1985.
Landsbury J: Quantitation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis. I. A method for recording its systemic manifestations. Am J Med Sci 231: 616–621, 1956.
Bunch TW, O’Duffy JD: Disease modifying drugs for progressive rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 55: 161–179, 1980.
Wallace CA, Bleyer WA, Sherry DD, et al.: Toxicity and serum levels of methotrexate in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthirits Rheum 32: 677–681, 1989.
Rose CD, Singsen BH, Eichenfield AH, et al.: Safety and efficacy of methotrexate therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 117:653–659, 1990. (See also: Correspondence 119: 333–334, 1991.
Singh G, Fries JF, Williams CA, et al.: Toxicity profiles of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 18: 188–194, 1991.
Jeurissen ME, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, et al.: Influence of methotrexate and azathioprine on radiologic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind study. Ann Intern Med 114: 999–1004, 1991.
Kremer JM, Phelps CT: Long-term prospective study of the use of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Update after a mean of 90 months. Arthritis Rheum 35: 138–45, 1992.
Williams HJ, Willkens RF, Samuelson CO, et al.: Comparison of low-dose oral pulse methotrexate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 28: 721–730, 1985.
Truckenbrodt H, Hafner R: Methotrexate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study. Arthritis Rheum 29: 801–807, 1986.
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N, et al. Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. NEJM 326: 1043–1049, 1992.
Graham LD, Myones BL, Rivas-Chacon RF, Pachman LM: Morbidity associated with long-term methotrexate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 120: 468–73, 1992.
Giannini EH, Shaikov A, Maximov A, et al.: Meta-analysis of antirheumatic drug trials in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: S152, 1991.
Wallace C, Sherry D, Salmonson K: Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with higher dose methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 33: S39, 1990.
Jundt JM, Browne BA, Mock D, et al.: Methotrexate pharmacokinetics in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 561, 1990.
Mandel MA: The synergistic effect of salicylates on methotrexate toxicity. Plast Recontruct Surg 57: 733–737, 1976.
Taylor JR, Halprin KM: Effect of sodium salicylate and indomethacin on methotrexate-serum albumin binding. Arch Dermatol 113: 588–591, 1977.
Dupuis LL, Koren G, Shore A, et al.: Methotrexate-Nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drug interaction in children with arthritis. J Rheumatol 17: 1469–1473, 1990.
Weinblatt ME, Weissman BN, Holdsworth DE, et al.: Long-term prospective study of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 84-month update. Arthritis Rheum 35: 129–37, 1992.
Nordstrom DM, West SG, Andersen PA, Sharp JT: Pulse methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 107: 797–801, 1987.
Rau R, Herborn G, Karger T, Werdier D: Retardation of radiologic progression in rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate therapy. A controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 84: 1236–1244, 1991.
Kremer JM, Rynes RI, Bartholomew LE: Severe flare of rheumatoid arthritis after discontinuation of long-term methotrexate therapy. Am J Med 82: 781–786, 1987.
Flowers MA, Heathcote J, Wanless IR, et al.: Fulminant hepatitis as a consequence of reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection after discontinuation of low-dose methotrexate therapy. Ann Intern Med 112: 381–382, 1990.
Alarcon GS, Tracy IC, Blackburn WD Jr.: Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Toxic effects as the major factor in limiting long-term treatment. Arthritis Rheum 32: 671–676, 1989.
Bjorkman DJ, Hammond EH, Lee RG, et al.: Hepatic ultrastructure after methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1465–1472, 1988.
Aponte J, Petrelli M: Histopathologic findings in the liver of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with long-term bolus methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 31: 1457–1464, 1988.
Kremer JM, Lee RG, Tolman KG: Liver histology in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. Arthritis Rheum 32: 121–127, 1989.
Shergy WJ, Polisson RP, Caldwell DS, et al.: Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 85: 771–774, 1988.
Brick JE, Moreland LW, Al-Kawas F, et al.: Prospective anaylsis of liver biopsies before and after methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 19: 31–44, 1989.
Keim D, Ragadalc C, Heidelberger K, Sullivan D: Hepatic fibrosis with the use of methothexate for juvenile arthritis. J Rheumatol 17: 846–848, 1990.
Phillips C, Cera P, Mangan T, Newman E: Severe liver disease (SLD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients on methotrexate (MTX). Arthritis Rheum 33:#5 (Suppl): R15, 1990.
Whiting-O’Keefe QE, Fye KH, Sack KD: Methotrexate and histologic hepatic abnormalities: A meta-analysis. Am J Med 90: 711–716, 1991.
Keim DR, Godoshian-Ragsdale C, Sullivan DB: Liver biopsy with the use of methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 118: 654, 1991.
Hall P ole la M, Ahern MJ, Jarvis LR, et al.: Two methods of assessment of methotrexate hepatotoxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 50: 471–476, 1991.
Carson CW, Cannon GW, Egger MJ, et al.: Pulmonary disease during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with low dose pulse methotrexate. Semin Arthritis Rheum 16: 186–195, 1987.
Furst DE, Kremer JM: Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 305–314, 1988.
Wernick R, Smith DL: Central nervous system toxicity associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 32: 770–775, 1989.
Shupack JL, Webster GF: Pancytopenia following low-dose oral methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. JAMA 259: 3594–3596, 1988.
Scalone J, Bowen JR: Methotrexate osteopathy: case report. Contemp Orthop 17: 46–49, 1988.
Lopez-Mendez A, Bridges SL Jr., Han K, et al.: Methotrexate increases risk of post-surgical complications in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 33:#5 (Suppl) R131, 1990.
Tugwell P, Bombardier C, Buchanan WW, et al.: Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Impact on quality of life assessed by traditional standard-item and individualized patient preference health status questionnaires. Arch Intern Med 150: 59–62, 1990.
Weinblatt ME, Kaplan H, Germain BF, et al.: Low-dose methotrexate compared with auranofin in adult rheumatoid arthritis. A thirty-six week, double-blind trial. Arthritis Rheum 33: 330–338, 1990.
Shiroky J, Neville C, Esdaile J, Skelton J: High dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33:#5 (Suppl), p. R39, 1990.
Hamdy H, McKendry RJR, Mierins E, Liver JA: Low-dose methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A twenty-four-week controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 30: 361–368, 1987.
Kvien TK, Hoyeraal HM, Sandstad B: Azathioprine versus placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A single center double blind comparative study. J Rheumatol 13: 118–123, 1986.
Silman AJ, Petrie J, Hazleman B, et al.: Lymphoproliferative cancer and other malignancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with azathioprine: A 20 year follow up study. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 988–992, 1988.
Jeurissen MEC, Boerbooms AM Th, van de Putte LBA, Kruijsen MWM: Azathioprine induced fever, chills, rash, and hepatotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 25–27, 1990.
Willkens RF, Urowitz MB, Stablein DM, et al.: Comparison of azathioprine, methotrexate, and the combination of both in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 35: 849–856, 1992.
Singh G, Fries JF, Spitz P, Williams CA: Toxic effects of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32: 837–843, 1989.
Hardin JG: Cytotoxic-immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Interm Med 8 (12): 123–137, 1987.
Baker GL, Kehl LE, Zee BC, et al.: Malignancy following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cyclophosphamide. Long-term case-control follow-up study. Am J Med 83: 1–9, 1987.
Parra A, Santos D, Cervantes C, et al.: Plasma gonadotropins and gonadal steroids in children treated with cyclophosphamide. J Pediatr 92: 117–124, 1978.
Puri HC, Campbell RA: Cyclophosphamide and malignancy. Lancet 1: 1306, 1977.
Scott DGI, Bacon PA: Intravenous cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone in treatment of systemic rheumatoid vasculitis. Am J Med 76: 377–383, 1984.
Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Ersboll J, Hansen VL, et al.: Carcinoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 318: 1028–1032, 1988.
Arnold MH, Janssen B, Schrieber L, Brooks PM: Prospective pilot study of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy for refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 32: 933–934, 1989.
Csuka ME, Carrera GF, McCarty DJ: Treatment of intractable rheumatoid arthritis with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine. A follow-up study. JAMA 255: 2315–2319, 1986.
Palmer RG, Varonos S, Dore CJ, et al.: Chlorambucil induced chromosome damage in juvenile chronic arthritis. Arch Dis Child 60: 1008–1013, 1985.
Palmer RG, Ansell BM: Acute leukaemia related to chlorambucil therapy for juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2: 81–83, 1984.
Callis L, Nieto J, Vila A, et al.: Chlorambucil treatment in minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome: A reappraisal of its gonadal toxicity. J Pediatr 97: 653–656, 1980.
Cohen AS, Rubinow A, Anderson JJ, et al.: Survival of patients with primary (AL) amyloidosis: colchicine-treated cases from 1978–1983 compared with cases seen in previous years (1961 to 1973). Am J Med 82: 1182–1190, 1987.
Dhillion V, Woo P, Isenberg D: Amyloidosis in the rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 48: 696–701, 1989.
Shand N, Richardson B: Sandimmun (Cyclosporin A): mode of action and clinical results in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 76: 265–278, (Suppl) 1988.
Bjerkhoel F, Forre O: Cyclosporin treatment of a patient with severe systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 17: 483–486, 1988.
Weinblatt ME, Coblyn JS, Fraser PA, et al.: Cyclosporin A treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30: 11–17, 1987.
Dougados M, Amor B: Cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary clinical results of an open trial. Arthritis Rheum 30: 83–87, 1987.
Forre O, Bjerkhoel F, Salvesen CF, et al.: An open, controlled, randomized comparison of cyclosporine and azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary report. Arthritis Rheum 30: 88–92, 1987.
Dougados M, Awada H, Amor B: Cyclosporin in rheumatoid arthritis; a double blind, placebo controlled study in 52 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 127–133, 1988.
Yocum DE, Klippel JH, Wilder RL, et al.: Cyclosporine A in severe treatment-refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 109: 863–869, 1988.
Tugwell P, Bombardier C, Gent M, et al.: Low-dose cyclosporin versus placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 335: 1051–5555, 1990.
Porter GA, Bennett WM, Sheps SG, et al.: Cyclosporine-associated hypertension. Arch Intern Med 150: 280–283, 1990.
Oates JA, Wood AJJ, Kahan BD: Drug Therapy. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 321:1725–1738, 1990 (see also Letters NEJM 322:1530–1531, 1990.)
Gupta AK, Rocher LL, Schmaltz SP, et al.: Short-term changes in renal function, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels in patients receiving cyclosporine for dermatologic disorders. Arch Intern Med 151: 356–362, 1991.
Ost L: Effects of cyclosporin on prednisolone metabolism. Lancent 1: 451, 1984.
Whitington PF, Emond JC, Whitington SH, et al.: Small-bowel length and the dose of cyclosporine in children after liver transplantation. 322: 733–738, 1990.
van Rijthoven AWAM, Dukmans BAC, The DHSG, et al.: Comparison of cyclosporine and D-penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double blind, multicenter study. J Rheumatol 18: 815–820, 1991.
Zijlmans JMJM, van Rijthoven AWAM, Kluin PM, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoma in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with cyclosporine. NEJM 326: 13–63, 1992.
Symoens J, Schuermans Y: Levamisole. Clin Rheum Dis 6 (Suppl. 5): 603–629, 1979.
Horsely K, Petersen K, Bentsen KD, Engstrom-Laurent A, et al.: Serum amino terminal Type III procollagen peptide and serum hyaluronan in rheumatoid arthritis: relation to clinical and serological parameters of inflammation during 8 and 24 months’ treatment with levamisole, penicillamine or azathioprine. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 116–126, 1988.
Editorial: Levamisole, a cautionary note. Lancet 2: 291–292, 1979.
Prieur AM, Buriot D, Lefur JM: Possible toxicity of levamisole in children with rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 93: 304–305, 1978.
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Lowe C, et al.: A double-blind, controlled study of lymphoplasmapheresis versus sham apheresis in rheumatoid arthritis. N Eng J Med 306: 1406, 1982.
Rothwell RS, David P, Gordon PA, et al.: A controlled study of plasma exchange in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23: 785–790, 1980.
Karsh J, Klippel JH, Plotz PH, et al.: Lymphapheresis in rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum 24: 867–873, 1981.
Nickleson RW, Brewer EJ, Rossen RD, et al.: Plasma exchange in selected patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 98: 194–200, 1981.
Malaise MG, Hauwaert C, Franchimont P, et al.: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with slow intravenous injections of thymopentin. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Lancet 1: 832–836, 1985.
Riskin WG, Gillings DB, Scarlett JA: Amiprilose hydrochloride for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 111: 455–465, 1989.
Cannon GW, Emkey RD, Denes A, et al.: Prospective two-year followup of recombinant interferon-gamma in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 17: 304–310, 1990.
Breedveld FC, Dukmans BAC, Mattie H: Minocycline treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: an open dose finding study. J Rheumatol 17: 43–46, 1990.
Kremer JM, Jubiz W, Michalek A, et al.: Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 106: 497–503, 1987.
Szobor A: Benefit of thymectomy in immune disease other than myasthenia. Lancet 1: 277–278, 1984.
van Zeben D, Hazes JMW, Vandenbroucke JP, et al.: Diminished incidence of severe rheumatoid arthritis associated with oral contraceptive use. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1462–1465, 1990.
Pritchard MH, Munro J: Successful treatment of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis with a specific antiviral agent. Br J Rheumatol 28: 521–524, 1989.
Malawista SE, Trock DH, Edelson RL: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. A pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 34: 646–654, 1991.
Southwood TR, Malleson PN, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Mahy M: Unconventional remedies used for patients with juvenile arthritis. Pediatrics 85: 150–154, 1990.
Jacobs JC: Arthritis as a manifestation of connective tissue diseases. In Moore TD (ed.) Arthritis in Childhood. Report of the 80th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Xanadu, Bahamas, December 2–5, 1979. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH, 1981, pp. 18–23.
Suciu-Foca N, Jacobs J, Godfrey M, et al.: HLA-DR5 in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis confined to a few joints. Lancet 2: 40, 1980.
Myers LK, Ball EJ, Nunez G, et al.: HLA-D region epitopes associated with juvenile arthritis. Recognition by alloreactive T call clones and alloantisera. Arthritis Rheum 30: 744–751, 1987.
Streekawkas AJ, Collery RT, McDowell J, et al.: Direct evidence for loss of human suppressor cells during active autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 75: 5150–5154, 1978.
Vostrejs M, Hollister R: Muscle atrophy and leg length discrepancies in pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 142: 343–345, 1988.
Kanski JJ: Screening for uveitis in juvenile chronic arthritis. Br J Opthalmol 73: 225–228, 1989.
Fernandez-Vina MA, Fink CW, Stastny P. HLA antigens in juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1787–1784, 1990.
Earley A, Cuttica RJ, McCullough CM, Ansell BM: Triamcinolone into the knee joint in juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 6: 153–155, 1988.
Balogh K: The histologic appearance of corticosteroid injection sites. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 1168–1172, 1986.
Gilsanz V, Bernstein BH: Joint calcification following intraarticular corticosteroid therapy. Radiology 151: 647–649, 1984.
Sparling M, Malleson P, Wood B, Petty R: Radiographic followup of joints injected with triamcinolone hexacetonide for the management of childhood arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 821–826, 1990.
Allen RC, Gross KR, Malleson PN, et al.: Intraarticular triamcinolone hexacetonide in the management of chronic arthritis in children. Arthritis Rheum 29: 997–1001, 1986.
Huskisson EC: Intraarticular and soft-tissue injections. In Hart FD (ed.) Drug Treatment of the Rheumatic Diseases Williams and Wilkins, Sydney, 1987, pp. 111–116.
Montgomery SC, Campbell J: Septic arthritis following arthroscopy and intraarticular steroids. J Bone Joint Surg 71–8: 540, 1989.
Hutchinson J: On a peculiar form of iritis which occurs in the children of gouty parents. Lancet 1–3, 1873.
Calabro JJ, Marchesano JM, Parrino GR: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: longterm management and prognosis. J Musculoskeletal Med pp. 17–32, January 1989.
Sherry DD, Mellins ED, Wedgwood RJ: Decreasing severity of chronic uveitis in children with pauciarticular arthritis. Am J Dis Child 145: 1026–1028. 1991.
Spalter HF: The visual prognosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 73: 554–570, 1975.
Kanski JJ: Uveitis in juvenile chronic arthritis: incidence, clinical features and prognosis. Eye 2: 641–645, 1988.
Melin-Aldana H, Giannini EH, Taylor J, et al.: Human leukocyte antigenDRBI*1104 in the chronic iridocyclitis of pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 121: 56–60, 1992.
Rosenberg AM, Oen KG: The relationship between ocular and articular disease activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and associated uveitis. Arthritis Rheum 29: 797–800, 1986.
Olson NY, Lindsley CB, Godfrey WA: Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug therapy in chronic childhood iridocyclitis. Am J Dis Child 142: 1289–1292, 1988.
Dougados M, Berenbaum F, Maetzel A, et al.: The use of sulfasalazine for the prevention of attacks of acute anterior uveitis associated with spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 34: S195, 1991.
Chylack LT, Dueker DK, Pihlaja DJ: Ocular manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Pathology, florescein iris angiography, and patient care patterns. In Miller JJ III (ed.) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. PSG, Littleton, MA, 1979.
Johns KJ, Chandra SR: Visual loss following intranasal corticosteroid injection. JAMA 261: 2413, 1989.
Merrimam JC, Chylack LT, Albert DM: Early-onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a histopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol 101: 1085–1092, 1983.
Wolf MD, Lichter PR, Ragsdale CG: Prognostic factors in the uveitis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Opththalmology 94: 1242–1248, 1987.
Herman DC: Endogenous Uveitis: Current concepts of treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 65: 671–683, 1990.
Palmer RG, Kanski JJ, Ansell BM: Chlorambucil in the treatment of intractable uveitis associated with juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol 12: 967–970, 1985.
Palestine AG, Austin HA III, Balow JE, et al.: Renal histopathologic alterations in patients treated with cyclosporine for uveitis. N Engl J Med 314: 1293–1298, 1986.
Vawter RL, Macsai M, Fakadej A, et al. Methotrexate for inflammatory eye disease. Arthritis rheum 35 #5S: R12, 1992.
b.Bridges AJ, Burns RP. Acute iritis associated with primary Sjogren’s syndrome and high-titer anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B-/La antibodies. Athritis Rheum 35: 560–563, 1992.
Kanski JJ: Juvenile arthritis and uveitis. Sury Ophthalmol 34: 253–267, 1990.
Kanski JJ, Shun-Shin GA: Systemic uveitis syndromes in childhood: an analysis of 340 cases. Ophthamology 91: 1247–1252, 1984.
Praeger DL, Schneider HA, Sakowski AD, Jacobs JC: Kelman procedure in the treatment of complicated cataract of uveitis of Still’s disease. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 96: 168–172, 1976.
Flynn HW, Davis JL, Culbertson WW, Pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataracts in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology 95: 1114–1119, 1988.
Diamond JG, Kaplan HJ: Lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataract secondary to uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 96: 1798–1804, 1978.
Lambert JR, Ansell BM, Stephenson E, et al.: Psoriatic arthritis in childhood. Clin Rheum Dis 2: 339–352, 1976.
Sills EM: Psoriatic arthritis in childhood. Johns Hopkins Med J 146: 49–53, 1980.
Shore A, Ansell BM: Juvenile psoriatic arthritis-an analysis of 60 cases. J Pediatr 100: 529–535, 1982.
Southwood TR, Petty RS, Malleson PN, et al.: Psoriatic arthritis in children. Arthritis Rheum 32: 1007–1013, 1989.
Gerber J, Espinoza LR (eds.) Psoriatic Arthritis. Grune and Stratton, Orlando, 1985.
Seideman P, Fjellner B, Johannesson A: Psoriatic arthritis treated with oral colchicine. J Rheumatol 14: 777–779, 1987.
Steinsson K, Jonsdottir I, Valdimarsson H: Cyclosporin A in psoriatic arthritis: an open study. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 603–606, 1990.
Huckins D, Felson DT, Holick M: Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with oral 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: A pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1723–1727, 1990.
Ellis CN, Fradin MS, Messana JM, et al.: Cyclosporine for plaque-type psoriasis. Results of a multidose, double-blind trial. N Engl J Med 324:277–294, 1991 (see also correspondence pp. 1894–1985).
Randall T: Cyclosporine: vital in today’s transplantation, but questions remain about tomorrow. JAMA 264: 1794–1797, 1990.
van Rijthoven AWAM, Dijkmans BAC, Goei The HS, et al.: Long-term cyclosporine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 18: 19–23, 1991.
Gay RE, Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD, Gay S: Aspirin causes in vivo synthesis of type I collagen by atrophic articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 26: 1231–1236, 1983.
Williams PE: Effect of intermittent stretch on imobilized muscle. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 1014–1016, 1988.
Hinojosa J, Anderson J, Strauch C: Pediatric occupational therapy in the home. Am J Occup Ther 42: 17–22, 1988.
Gallino L, Pountain G, Mitchell N, Ansell BM: Developmental aspects of the hip in juvenile chronic arthritis. A radiologic assessment. Scand J Rhematol 13: 310–318, 1984.
Vostrejs M, Hollister JR: Muscle atrophy and leg length discrepancies in pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 142: 343–345, 1988.
Editorial: joint injury and muscle weakness. Lancet 2:381–382, 1984.
Jacobsen ST, Levinson JE, Crawford AH: Late results of synovectomy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 67-A: 8–15, 1985.
Rydholm U, Elborgh R, Ranstam J, et al.: Synovectomy of the knee in juvenile chronic arthritis: a retrospective, consecutive follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg 68B: 223–228, 1986.
Ovregard T, Hoyeraal HM, Pahle JA, Larsen S. A three-year retrospective study of synovectomies in children. Clin Orthop Rel Res 259: 76–82, 1990.
Combe B, Krause E, Sany J: Treatment of chronic knee-synovitis with arthroscopic synovectomy after failure of intraarticular injection of radionuclide. Arthritis Rheum 32: 10–14, 1989.
Mogensen B, Brattstrom H, Svantesson H, Lidgren L: Soft tissue release of the hip in juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 12: 17–20, 1983.
Scott RD, Sarokhan AJ, Dalziel R: Total hip and total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 182: 90–97, 1984.
Kunec JR: Total hip replacement in patients under thirty-five years of age. Orthopedics 6: 1432–1434, 1983.
Ruddlesdin C, Ansell BM, Arden GP, Swann M: Total hip replacement in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 68B: 218–222, 1986.
Arthritis of the hip in children. Lancet 2: 260, 1986.
Gudmundsson GH, Harving S, Pilgaard S: The Charnley total hip arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. Orthopedics 12: 385–388, 1989.
Dossick PH, England S, Huo M, et al.: Total hip replacement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33 #5(Suppl): R40, 1990.
Sarokhan AJ, Scott RD, Thomas WH, et al.: Total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 65A: 1071–1080, 1983.
Nicholas SA, Figgie MP, Alexiades MM, et al.: Total knee replacement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33 #5(Suppl): R40, 1990.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jacobs, J.C. (1993). Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Pediatric Rheumatology for the Practitioner. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6150-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6150-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6152-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6150-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive