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Effects of Flame Temperature and Air-Fuel Mixing on Emission of Particulate Carbon from a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine

  • Chapter
Particulate Carbon

Abstract

The effect of flame temperature on particulate carbon emission from divided-chamber diesel engines was examined by adding various quantities of 02 and N2 to the intake air with the engines operating at several different loads and speeds. At a given operating condition for a fixed combustion chamber geometry, intake gas addition was expected to influence chemical kinetics without affecting the air-fuel mixing. Particulate carbon and CO were found to increase with N2 addition and decrease with 02 addition, whereas NOx emissions exhibited opposite trends.

Since the major portion of the combustion event in diesel engines is known to be diffusion controlled, changes in particulate carbon emissions due to 02 or N2 addition should be related to variations in the stoichiometric adiabatic flame temperature (Tf). Both soot and NOx emissions were correlated with calculated Tf −1, yielding overall activation energies for the processes involved. The overall activation energy for each pollutant was found to be independent of engine speed and load for a given combustion chamber geometry, indicating that the kinetic mechanisms involved in the generation of these species were not altered significantly by these engine parameters. In addition, a one-to-one correspondence was observed in this study between soot and CO, which suggests some similarity between the kinetic and air-fuel mixing processes governing the formation and oxidation of both.

Air-fuel mixing effects were varied by changing the load and speed and by employing different combustion chamber geometries. Variations in particulate carbon emissions with load and speed were characterized by a mixing parameter involving average fuel flow rate, engine speed, and the quantity of fuel injected per cycle, while for NOx the mixing parameter depended on average fuel flow rate and engine speed.

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Abbreviations

Ainj :

Nozzle opening area (Eq. 29)

a:

Constant

B:

Parameter(Table 2)

C, c :

Constant

D:

Combustion chamber diameter (Eq. 8)

Ds :

Effective nozzle diameter (Eq. 4)

d:

Nozzle orifice diameter (Eq. 8)

do :

Injector hole diameter (Eq. 10 and Table 2)

E:

Activation energy

EIC:

Particulate carbon emission index

EINOx :

NOx emission index

EICO:

CO emission index

F:

Quantity of fuel injected per cycle

Fs :

Fraction of cylinder volume containing soot formation zones (Eq. 18)

G:

Jet thrust (Table 2)

Ġo :

Jet maomentum dlux (Eq.2)

g:

Gravitational constant

H:

Depth of combustion chamber (Eq. 8)

J:

Momentum flux ratio (Eq. 8)

K:

Equilibrium constants

k:

Reaction rate constants

L:

Length scale

ṁs :

Mass of soot (Eq. 18)

ṁf :

Fuel flow rate

ṁfref :

Fuel flow rate at a reference condition

ṁfref :

Non-dimensional fuel flow rate

ṁo :

Injector mass flow rate (Eq. 3)

N:

Engine soeed

Nref :

Engine speed at a reference condition

N*:

Non-dimensional engine speed

n:

Number of injector holes (Eq. 10)

n:

Constant (Eq. 18)

P:

Pressure

P:

Constant

Po :

Local partial pressure of 02 (Eq. 19)

Ps :

Partial pressure of unburned soot (Eq. 18)

Q:

Fuel per cycle (Eq. 10)

q:

Constant

R:

Universal gas constant

r:

Constant

Re:

Reynolds number

Ri:

Richardson number

S:

Swirl number

T:

Temperature

Tf :

Flame temperature

To :

Local temperature

T φ :

Burned gas temperature

U:

Mean air velocity

Us :

Average velocity (Eq. 3)

Uinj :

Mean injection velocity

U’:

Turbulence velocity

W:

Stirring factor (Table 2)

Xo 2 :

Mole fraction oxygen

Xs :

Pre-exponential factor (Eq. 18)

Xo :

Pre-exponential factor (Eq. 19)

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  1. General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, USA

    S. L. Plee, T. Ahmad, J. P. Myers & D. C. Siegla

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  2. T. Ahmad
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  3. J. P. Myers
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  4. D. C. Siegla
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Engine Research Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, USA

    Donald C. Siegla (Symposium Cochairman) (Symposium Cochairman)

  2. Physics Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, USA

    George W. Smith (Symposium Cochairman) (Symposium Cochairman)

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© 1981 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Plee, S.L., Ahmad, T., Myers, J.P., Siegla, D.C. (1981). Effects of Flame Temperature and Air-Fuel Mixing on Emission of Particulate Carbon from a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine. In: Siegla, D.C., Smith, G.W. (eds) Particulate Carbon. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6137-5_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6137-5_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6139-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6137-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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