Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent cardiac disorder associated with ischemic stroke. Most, but certainly not all strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation, are due to an embolus dislodged from a left atrial thrombus. A large number of these patients also have cerebrovascular disease that may be responsible for their stroke. Thus the diagnostic dilemma in these patients is to determine which potential stroke mechanism is in fact responsible for their stroke. Once the mechanism is determined a course of rational, if not scientifically proven, therapy can be instituted. What follows is a summary of our current criteria for the diagnosis of cardiogenic brain embolism, observations on the nature of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), and some recommendations regarding the anticoagulant management of these patients.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hachinski VC, Rem JA, Boughner DR, Barnett HMJ. The common coincidence of carotid and cardiac lesions. In: Stober T, Schimrigk K, Ganten D, Sherman D, eds. CNS Control of the Heart. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pub. 1986 pp 215–220.
Bogousslavsky J, Hachinski VC, Boughner DR, Fox AJ, Vinuela F, Barnett HJM. Cardiac and arterial lesions in carotid transient ischemic attacks. Arch Neurol 1986;43:223–228.
Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch Neurol 1986;43:71–84.
Caplan LR, Hier DB, D’Cruz I. Cerebral embolism in the Michael Reese stroke registry. Stroke 1983;14:530–536.
Ramirez-Lassepas M, Cipolle RJ, Bjork RJ, Kowitz JJ, Weber JC, Stein SD. Does cardioembolic stroke have a neurologic profile? In: Stober T, Schimrigk K, Ganten D, Sherman D, eds. CNS Control of the Heart. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pub. 1986 pp 211–214.
Fisher CM. Posterior cerebral artery syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:232–239.
Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, Wolf PA: Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation: 30 year follow-up in the Framingham study. JAMA 1985;254:3449–3453.
Sherman DG, Goldman L, Whiting RB, et al: Risk of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Neurol (Chicago) 1984;41:708–710.
Martin A: Atrial fibrillation in the elderly. Brit Med J 1977;1:712–716.
Svareborg A: Seventy-year old people in Gothenburg: A population study in an industrialized Swedish city. Acta Med Scand (suppl) 1977;611:5–37.
Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE, Kannel WB: Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: The Framingham study. Neurology (Minneap) 1978;28:973–977.
Takahashi N, Seki A. Imataka K, et al: Clinical features of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: An observation of 94 patientts. Jap Heart J 1981;22:143–149.
Fisher CM: Reducing risks of cerebral embolism. Geriatrics 1979;34:59–66.
Aberg H: Atrial fibrillation. Acta Med Scand 1969;185:373–379.
Hinton RC, Kistler P, Fallon JR, et al: Influence of etiology of atrial fibrillation on incidence of systemic embolism. Amer J Cardiol 1977;40:509–513.
Fairfax AJ, Lambert CD, Leatham A: Systemic embolism in chronic sinoatrial disorder. New Eng J Med 1976;295:190–192.
Britton M, Gustafsson C: Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1985;16:182–188.
Lovett JL, Sandok BA, Giuliani ER, Nasser FN: Two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:1–4.
Olsen TS, Skriver EB, Herning M: Cause of cerebral infarction in the carotid territory: Its relation to the size and the location of the infarct and to the underlying vascular lesion. Stroke 1985;16:459–465.
Wolf PAl, Kannel WB, McGee DL: Duration of atrial fibrillation and imminence of stroke: The Framingham study. Stroke 1983;14:664–667.
Harrison MJG, Marshall J: Atrial fibrillation. TIAs and completed strokes. Stroke 1984;15:441–442.
Kelley RE, Berger JR, Alter M, Kovacs AG: Cerebral ischemia and atrial fibrillation: Prospective study. Neurology (Minneap) 1984;34:1285–1291.
Hart RG, Coull BM, Hart D: Early recurrent embolism associated with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. A retrospective study. Stroke 1983;14:688–693.
Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Melski JW, et al: The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A prospective registry. Neurology (Minneap) 1978;28:754–762.
Josrgensen L, Torvik A: Ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in an autopsy series. J Neurol Sci 1966;3:490–509.
Bjerkeland CJ, Orning OM: The efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in preventing embolism related to D.C. electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation. Amer J Cardiol 1969;23:208–216.
Sage JI, Van Uitert RL: Risk of recurrent stroke with atrial fibrillation: Difference between rheumatic and atherosclerotic heart disease. Stroke 1983;14:537–540.
Shields RW Jr, Laureno R, Lachman T, et al: Anticoagulant-induced hemorrhage in acute cerebral embolism. Stroke 1984;15:426–437.
Furlan AJ, Cavalier SJ, Hobbs RE, et al: Hemorrhage and anticoagulation after nonseptic embolic brain infarction. Neurology 1982;32:280–282.
Koller RL: Recurrent embolic cerebral infarction and anticoagulation. Neurology 1982;32:283–285.
Bass E: Anticoagulation in cedrebral embolism. Can J Neurol Sci 1983;10:32–36.
Calandre L, Ortego JF, Berbemo F, et al: Anticoagulation and hemorrhagic infarction in cerebral embolism secondary to rheumatic heart disease Arch Neurol 1984;41:1153–1154.
Martias-Guiu J, Alvarez J, Davalos A, et al: Heparin therapy for stroke. Neurology 1984;34:1619–1620.
Cerebral Embolism Study Group: Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: A randomized trial. Stroke 1983;14:668–676.
Lodder J, van der Lugt PJM: Evaluation of the risk of immediate anticoagulant treatment in patients with embolic stroke of cardiac origin. Stroke 1983;14:42–46.
Lodder J: CT-detected hemorrhagic infarction: Relation with the size of the infarct, and presence of midline shift. Acta Neurol Scand 1984;70:329–335.
Martin GJ, Biller J: Nonseptic cerebral emboli of cardiac origin. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1997–1999.
Cerebral Embolism Study Group: Timing of hemorrhagiic transformation of cardioembolic stroke. In: Stober T, Schimrigk K, Ganten D, Sherman D, eds. CNS Control of the Heart. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pub. 1986 pp229–232.
Cerebral Embolism Study Group: Brain hemorrhage in embolic stroke. In: Stober T, Schimrigk K, Ganten D, Sherman D, eds. CNS Control of the Heart. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pub. 1986 pp 249–253.
Cerebral Embolism Study Group. Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: Brain hemorrhage and management options. Stroke 1984;15:779–789.
Bingham WF: Treatment of mycotic antracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1977;46:428–437.
Drake ME, Shin C: Conversion of ischemic to hemorrhagic infarction by anticoagulant administration: Report of two cases with evidence from serial computed tomographic brain scans. Arch Neurol 1983;40:44–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sherman, D.G. (1987). Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: The View from Neurology. In: Wessler, S., Becker, C.G., Nemerson, Y. (eds) The New Dimensions of Warfarin Prophylaxis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5985-3_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5985-3_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5987-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5985-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive